The document discusses various teaching methods and principles including review lessons, problem method, project method, and appreciation lessons. It provides details on the nature, types, purposes, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. Review lessons aim to reinforce and assess learning through recall and reorganization. The problem method uses reasoning to solve difficulties. The project method involves hands-on learning through goal-oriented activities. Appreciation lessons cultivate understanding and enjoyment of topics.

1. TRADITIONAL
METHOD
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT
Master in Arts Education- General Education
Divine Word College of Laoag

2. VYGOTSKY’S SOCIO-
CULTURAL THEORY
ACTUAL
LEVEL
POTENTIAL
LEVEL
SCAFFOLDING
LEARNING
ZONE OF
PROXIMODISTAL
DEVELOPMENT
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

3. REVIEW LESSON
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

4. Review Lesson
• to renew study of the same subject matter
• to recall what has been taken up in the
past and view this again from a different
perspective or point of view
• new associations, new relationships, new
interpretations may be discovered
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

5. Purpose of Review
• Retention of the material learned.
• Organization of materials and experiences
into large wholes.
• Development of ability to evaluate
material.
• Supplementation of materials and
experiences.
• Foundation for further learning.
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

6. Purpose of Review
• Diagnosis of weakness.
• Development of interest in old materials.
• Stimulation of original thinking and
creativeness.
• Tracing the core or main thought
throughout a unit.
• Reorganization of previously organized
information into a new pattern.
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

7. Types of Review
• The short pre-lesson daily review
• The post-lesson unit review
• Extensive large unit review
• Oral or written reports
• Topical outlines
• Problem review
• Cooperative review
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

8. Techniques of Review
• Time of Review
• Length of the Review
• Preparation of Review
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

9. Principles of Review
• The review must be of value to the learner.
• The review should be interesting.
• The review should follow the psychological
principles of learning.
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

10. Conditions for Good Review
• Previous lessons must have been studied
• Too much should not be covered in one
lesson
• The teacher should have thorough
mastery of the subject and organize it as a
whole
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

11. Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

12. May isang babae ang nagnakaw ng P100 sa
isang tindahan. Pagkalipas ng 10 na minuto,
bumalik ang babae sa tindahan at bumili ng
P70 worth ng goods. Sinuklian siya ng may-
ari ng tindahan ng P30. Ang tanong,
magkano ang nawala sa may-ari?
A. 30 D. 130
B. 70 E. 170
C. 100 F. 200
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

13. PROBLEM METHOD
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

14. Nature
• It is the purposeful activity that will remove
a difficulty or perplexity through a process
of reasoning.
• Problem solving is both a learning and
teaching procedure.
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

15. • Reflective thinking is utilized in problem
solving; it consists of two phases:
(1)statement of the perplexity or difficulty
which gives rise to thinking, and
(2) the act of searching, or inquiry to find the
material that will solve or dispose of the
perplexity.
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

16. Types
• Mental.
• Symbolic.
• Real.
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

17. Functions
• To discover a new process
• To improve judgement
• To create a new idea
• To improve knowledge
• To entertain others
• To help another solve a problem
• To satisfy curiosity
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

18. Characteristics of a Good
Problem
• A difficulty exists which demands solution.
It is thought provoking.
• The problem is clear, definite, suitable to
the level of the learners and of practical
value.
• It is real, interesting and worthwhile to the
class.
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

19. Advantages
• It gives direction to a discussion and
prevents wandering off from the topic
• It contributes to the development of
personality
• It builds proper attitudes.
• The learners attitude toward schoolwork is
improved
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

20. Disadvantages
• Superficial thought
• Over rationalization
• Forming hasty conclusions
• Losing sight of the main thought
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

21. PROJECT METHOD
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

22. Characteristics
• Problematic in nature
• The activity should work toward a definite
attainable goal
• The activity should be purposeful, natural,
lifelike, and significant
• The pupil should plan, direct, and execute
the activities
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

23. Types of Problem Method
• Physical or Material Projects.
• Learning projects.
• Intellectual or Problem Projects.
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

24. Values
• It trains learners to be responsible and to
develop initiative.
• It trains learners to solve problems in
practical life situations.
• It develops the spirit of cooperation.
• It gives training in perseverance.
• It develops judgement.
• It encourages creative activity.
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

25. Advantages
• It emphasizes the practical in learning.
• It increases interest as it is practical and
tangible.
• It gives experience in making plans and in
selecting tools and materials.
• It encourages independent research in
applying criteria in a series of related
activities.
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

26. Disadvantages
• It is a slow way of learning and it is time
consuming
• It is expensive
• It is a failure in the hands of poor teachers
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

27. APPRECIATION
LESSON
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

28. Nature
• It is one that is designed to lead the class
to understand and enjoy something.
• One cannot fully appreciate what one does
not understand and enjoy something.
• Appreciation then is a combination of
understanding and enjoyment, or
intelligent enjoyment of something.
• It is also possible to learn to enjoy
something that is not for one’s good
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

29. Sources
• Literature
• Music
• Nature
• Arts
• Religion
• Culture
• Environment
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

30. Purposes
• is intelligent enjoyment of what is
worthwhile
• providing them with ways of spending
leisure hours in a wholesome and
profitable manner
• the activity of most values becomes an
interest and later, this may become a
hobby
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

31. Types of Appreciation
• Aesthetic appreciation.
• Ethical-social appreciation.
• Technical or intellectual appreciation
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

32. Procedure
• There is no single road to enjoyment and
therefore no hard-and-fast rule for
arousing appreciation.
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

33. Conditions for an Effective
Appreciation Lesson
• Knowledge on the part of the teacher of
what is to be appreciated
• Appreciation of the piece by the professor
himself
• Stimulation of the learners to appreciation
the piece
• Encouragement of the learners to discuss
the parts worth appreciating without the
teacher dictating or requiring it
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

34. REFERENCES
• Lardizabal, A. & et. Al. 2000. Principles
and methods of teaching. Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc. Phoenix Press,
Inc. 927 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City.
• Salandanan, G. & Corpuz B. 2007.
Principles of Teaching 1. Lorimar
Publishing, Inc. 176. Aurora Blvd., cor.
Boston St., Cubao, Quezon City, Metro
Manila
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT

35. THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
Karen Grace M. Alvaro, LPT