The document provides information on tractors and their systems. It discusses the definition and requirements of tractors, the development of tractors over time including key inventions and manufacturers, classifications of tractors based on construction type and purpose, components of tractors including engines, transmissions, differentials, and hydraulic systems, and the selection and functions of tractors for different uses.

1. Tractors & its systems
FMP - 211
Lecture - 4
Er.A.Sivarajan
Assistant Professor
Department of Agriculture Engineering
CAT Theni
E-mail: sivamalai17@gmail.com

2. Introduction
• TRACTOR is a word which is derived from TRACTION
and MOTOR .
• Tractor is a vehicle specifically designed to deliver a
high tractive effort at slow speeds, for the purposes
of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture
or construction

3. Requirements of Tractor
• It should withstand load when tractor is working
in field with implements in uneven fields.
• It should have a provision for running other
stationary machines like Threshers, Fertilizer,
Sprayers etc. that is it should have PTO shaft
arrangement.
• It should have suitable hydraulic system for
handling implements or equipments.

4. Development of Tractor
YEAR INVENTION INVENTOR
1890 The word tractor is appeared and invention of
tractor engine
George H. Harris
1906 Gasoline tractor was introduced Charles W.Hart & H.Parr
1908 First winnipeg tractor trials were held -
1911 First Winnipeg tractor trials were held -
1920-1924 All purpose tractor was introduced -
1936-1937 Diesel engine was used in tractor -
1960-1961 First started manufacturing tractor in india M/S.Eicher Good Earth

5. Year Invention
1971 Escort Tractor Ltd. Started Producing Ford Tractor
1973 Manufacture Of Hmt Tractor Was Started
1974 Pitti And Kirlosker Tractors Were Started
1975 Harsha Tractors Were Established
1981 Auto Tractor Was Started
1982 Universal Tractors Were Established
1983-2003 Gtcl Tractors, M.M.Tractors,sonalika, L&t, Ptl, Bajaj Tractors Are
Introduced
Development of Tractor

6. Classification
Tractors are classified in Two different ways
1. Type of construction
a. Track type
b. Wheel type
2. The purpose for what it is used

7. 1.Type of construction
• Tractor in which driver can sit and drive
• Tractor with which the operator walks along

8. a. Track type
• In such tractors there is endless chain or track in place of
pneumatic wheels

9. b. Wheel type

10. c. walking type tractor
- Power tiller
• Usually fitted with two wheels only

11. 2. The purpose for what it is used
1.Utility Tractor
2.Row crop Tractor
3.Orchard Tractor
4.Industrial Tractor
5.Garden Tractor
6.Rotary Tractor
7.Implement Carrier
8.Earth Moving Tractor

12. • It is used for row crop cultivation.
• It has high ground clearance to save damage of crops.
• Wide wheel track can be adjusted to suit inter row distance
Row crop tractors

13. Orchard Tractor
• These are made very height in height so that while sitting on the
tractor fruits can easily plucked from the trees or trees can be
trimmed.

14. General purpose tractor
• It is used for major farm operations such as ploughing, sowing,
harvesting and transporting works.

15. Earth Moving Tractors
• These are heavy in weight and strongly built available both in track and
tire type.
• Used for earth moving work on dams, quarries and other constructional
works.

16. Industrial Type Tractor
• They are used for pulling loads or fitted with crane boom for lifting
loads.

17. Garden Tractor
• These are very small in construction.
• Used for grass cutting or making flower beds in the
garden

18. SELECTION OF TRACTOR
1.Land holding : one tractor 20-25 hp is suitable for 40 hectare farm
2.Cropping pattern:
3.Soil condition:
4.Climatic condition: hot zone and desert area -- air cooled engines
higher altitude area -- air cooled engines
5.Repair facilities:
6.Running cost:
7.Initial cost and resale value:
8.Test report:

19. Components
1. I.C Engine
2. Clutch
3. Transmission gears
4. Differential unit
5. Final drive
6. Rear wheel
7. Front wheels
8. Steering mechanism
9. Hydraulic control and hitch system
10. Brakes
11. Power-take-off unit
12. Tractor pulley
13. Draw bar
14. Control panel

20. 1. I.C Engine
• Internal combustion of suitable horse power is used as a
prime mover in a tractor.
• Engines ranging from 8 to 200 hp are used in agricultural
tractors.
• In India , four wheel tractors = 25-80 hp.
• Walking type tractors = 8-12 hp engines
2. Clutch
• To connect and disconnect the tractor engine from
the transmission gears and drive wheels.
• Clutch transmits power by means of friction
between driving members and driven members

21. 4. Transmission gears
• A tractor runs at high speed, but the rear wheel of the
tractor requires power at low speed and high torque.
• That’s why it becomes essential to reduce the engine
speed and increase the torque available at the rear
wheel of the tractor

22. 3. power transmission system of a tractor
• Transmission is a speed reducing mechanism,
equipped with several gears.
• It may be called a sequence of gears and shafts,
through which the engine power is transmitted to
the tractor wheels.
• Which cause forward and backward movement of
tractor to suit different field conditions.
• The complete path of power from engine to wheel
is called power train

23. Power Transmission System

24. Power Transmission System

25. Power Transmission System

26. Functions of power transmission system
1. To transmit power from the engine to the rear wheels of
the tractor
2. To make reduced speed available, to rear wheels of the
tractor
3. To alter the ratio of wheel speed and engine speed in
order to suit the field conditions
4. To transmit power through right angle drive, because
the crankshaft and rear axle are normally at right angles
to each other.
The power transmission system consists of
1. Clutch 2. Transmission gears
3. Differential 4. Final drive
5. Rear axle 6. Rear wheels

27. 4. Transmission gears
• A tractor runs at high speed, but the rear wheel of the
tractor requires power at low speed and high torque.
• That’s why it becomes essential to reduce the engine
speed and increase the torque available at the rear
wheel of the tractor
• If engine power is constant, it is obvious that for higher
torque at wheels , low speed is required and vice versa..

28. 4. Transmission gears
• A tractor runs at high speed, but the rear wheel of the
tractor requires power at low speed and high torque.
• That’s why it becomes essential to reduce the engine
speed and increase the torque available at the rear
wheel of the tractor

29. 4. Transmission gears
• A tractor runs at high speed, but the rear wheel of the
tractor requires power at low speed and high torque.
• That’s why it becomes essential to reduce the engine
speed and increase the torque available at the rear
wheel of the tractor

30. 4. Transmission gears

31. 5. Differential unit
• It is a special arrangement of gears to permit one of the rear
wheels of the tractor to rotate slower or faster than the other.
• While turning the tractor on a curved path, the inner wheel
has to travel lesser distance than the outer wheel.
• The inner wheel requires lesser power than the outer wheel.

32. 5. Differential unit
• It is a special arrangement of gears to permit one of the rear
wheels of the tractor to rotate slower or faster than the other.
• While turning the tractor on a curved path, the inner wheel
has to travel lesser distance than the outer wheel.
• The inner wheel requires lesser power than the outer wheel.

33. 5. Differential unit
• It is a special arrangement of gears to permit one of the rear
wheels of the tractor to rotate slower or faster than the other.
• While turning the tractor on a curved path, the inner wheel
has to travel lesser distance than the outer wheel.
• The inner wheel requires lesser power than the outer wheel.

34. 6. Differential lock
• Differential lock is a device to join both half axles of
the tractor so that even if one wheel is less
resistance , the tractor comes out of the mud etc. as
both wheels move with the same speed and apply
equal traction.

35. 7. Final drive
• It is a gear reduction unit in the
power trains between
differentials and drive wheels.
• Final drive transmits the power
finally to the rear axle and the
wheels.
• The device for final speed
reduction, suitable for tractor
rear wheels is known as final
drive mechanism.

36. 8. Steering mechanism
• The system, governing the angular movement of
front wheels of a tractor is called steering system.
• To turn the front wheels either right side or left side
so that tractor turns right or left.

37. 9. Hydraulic control system
• It is a mechanism in a tractor to raise , hold or lower the
mounted implement or semi mounted equipments by
hydraulic means.
• This system for operating three point hitch of the tractor.
• Hydraulic system works on PASCAL’s Law

38. 9. Hydraulic control system
• It is a mechanism in a tractor to raise , hold or lower the
mounted implement or semi mounted equipments by
hydraulic means.
• This system for operating three point hitch of the tractor.
• Hydraulic system works on PASCAL’s Law

39. 10. Brakes
• Brake is used to stop or slow down the motion of
the tractor.
• It is mounted on the driving axle and operated by
two independent pedals.
• Each pedal can be operated independently to assist
the turning of tractor during field work or locked
together by means of a lock.
Types of brakes
a) Mechanical brake
b) hydraulic brake

40. 10. Brakes
hydraulic brake Mechanical brake

41. 11. Power take off
• It consists of a shaft, a shield and a cover.
• The shaft is externally splined to transmit tortional power to
another machine.
• As per ASAE standards PTO speed is 540+ 10 rpm when
operating under load.
• In order to operate 1000 rpm PTO drive machine, a new
standard has been developed.
PTO drive

42. 12. Control board or dash board
1. Main switch
2. Throttle lever
3. Decompression lever
4. Hour meter
5. Light switch
6. Horn button
7. Battery charger indicator
8. Oil pressure indicator
9. Water temperature gauge