2. • Power Tiller
• It is a walking tractor widely used for rotary or revolving cultivation
in wet puddle soil.
• Power tiller is also called as a single axle walking type tractor, though
a seat is provided in some designs.
• Operation:
The operation of a power tiller involves walking behind the machine
on a tilled or puddle land continuously.
The operator has to guide/control the forward movement of the
machine by actuating hand clutches provided on each handle or
sometimes by pushing/pulling the handles towards sides.
4. The lever can be shifted to on or off position while operating in the
field. When the lever is shifted to on position, the power from the
engine is transmitted through the main clutch to the various parts of
the power tiller. When the lever is shifted to off position the power
from the engine is cut-off from the rest of the transmission.
Components of a power tiller
A power tiller consists of the following main parts:
(1)Engine (2) Transmission gears (3) Clutch (4) Brakes (5) Rotary
unit.
Power transmission in a power tiller:
5. Clutch:
V-belt is usually used to transmit power from the engine to the main clutch,
because V– belt has very high efficiency and it works as a shock absorber.
The main function of clutch in a power tiller are:
To transmit engine power to transmission gears and
To make power transmission gradually and smooth
Clutch may be:
Friction clutch
V – belt tension clutch
• Friction clutch is generally used for bigger power tiller. Usually it is a dry type
multiple disc clutch.
• V – belt tension clutch is used for small power tillers.
6. Causes Remedy
Oil inside the clutch Clean with gasoline and dry it
Worn lining Replace the lining
Spring tension not sufficient Replace the spring
Water inside the clutch Dry it with heater etc.
Poor adjustment of clutch Adjust the clutch
Poor contact of friction surface Grind the surface
Troubles and remedies in Clutch:
7. Transmission system:
Transmission box consists of gears, shafts and bearings.
• Brakes
All power tillers have some braking arrangement for stopping the movement.
Most of the power tillers use inner side expansion type brake.
• Wheels
Usually 2 pneumatic tyres are used in power tillers. The pressure of the type
ranges from 1.1 to 1.4 kg/cm2.
• Rotary unit
Power tiller has a rotary unit for field operation which may be Centre drive
type or side drive type. The Centre drive type has got transmission at the
Centre and the side drive type the transmission at one side.
11. Bulldozer
• Machine Designed preliminary for cutting and pushing
material relatively short distance up to 100m
• Consists of a tractor with a front mounted blade controlled
by hydraulic cylinders use for different cut for different depth
and leveling as per condition of land
12. Purpose of Bulldozer
Clear site of work
Leveling of land
Prepare roads on hilly areas as well as hard ground
Excavate the material and haul in between 100 meters distance.
Backfilling trenches at construction sites by dragging the earth
from one place to another
Maintaining haul roads
13. Classification of Bulldozer:
Depend on their Mountings:
Crawler Tractor Mounted Bulldozers.
Wheel Tractor Mounted Bulldozers.
Based on the control:
Cable controlled
Hydraulic control
14. Crawler Tractor Mounted Bulldozers
There is endless track or chain in place of Pneumatic wheels.
Distinguished by a larger ground contact area and having a good track
adhesion.
Capable of developing high pull.
Larger crawlers have rippers that assist with crushing and clearing
dense terrain.
Horse Power ranges from(65 – 700HP)
15.
16.
17. Rippers:
Rippers are used to break up land to allow agriculture to grow or break down rock and earth to be moved.
Final Drive:
Final drives distribute the load over multiple gear teeth and lifts the drive motor away from suspension.
Tracks :
Tracks and tires greatly impact a bulldozer’s mobility. Tracks are great for navigating hard, uneven terrain while tires are better
suited for soft ground.
Push Frame:
Push frame is essential when positioning materials for different tasks. This bulldozer part is responsible for moving the blade.
Bulldozer Blades
The blade is the heavy metal plate located at the front of the bulldozer that is used to push and dig through materials
18. Advantages:
Speed is low about 8 to 16kmph
Can push large blade loads.
Good for shorter distance jobs.
Greater flotation due to the lower pressure under the track
19. Wheeled Tractor Mounted Bulldozer:
Contains 4 wheels driven by a 4 wheel driven system and has hydraulic
and anti circulated steering system.
Blade is mounted forward of the articulation joint and is hydraulically
actuated.
20.
21. Types of Bulldozer Blades:
Blades are made from mold boards
S Blade:
• A shortest type of blade a dozer can use and does not have side wings.
• The straight blade is best for fine-grained and medium- to hard-density materials
Universal Blade (U-Blade)
• A U-blade has large side wings and a curved shape that makes it ideal for pushing
materials across long stretches of land.
S-U Blade:
• This blade combines features from the S-blade and the U-blade to give it stronger
penetration and better overall versatility
Angle Blade:
This type of blade attaches to the center of the bulldozer’s panel. Its location is useful
for moving debris to the side since it can angle close to 30 degrees left or right
22.
23. Procedure of testing and standard code for testing of tractor performance
The acceptance of farm machinery by the farmers largely depends on their
quality.
Hence, in order to reap the benefits of standardization including manufacture
of high quality products, a need was felt for preparation of India Standards for
agricultural machinery.
Organized efforts in this direction were made by the Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS)
24. Procedure of testing:
The complete testing of a machine involves:
i. Checking of specifications
ii. Development of test facilities and instrumentation
iii. Conduct actual tests
iv. Analysis of the data
v. Presentation of data and report writing
vi. Product certification marks scheme
25. Checking of specifications:
It is mandatory to meet a specific requirement.
Specifications have to be specified by the manufacturer and the testing center has to verify such dimensions within the
tolerance limits.
Development of facilities and instrumentation:
Testing center has to develop a setup which should meet the requirements specified in the test procedure of the test
center.
The high quality instrumentation should be included in the test set ups.
Conduct actual tests:
The actual tests should be carried out on the machine as per the test procedure specified and data recorded in the given
blank tables.
26. Analysis of data: The data obtained during testing is analyzed for presentation in the required format.
Use of computer should be encouraged
Presentation of data and report writing: The report should include the sections for the clauses those
comply with the standard and those do not conform to the standards.
Product Certification Marks Scheme:
The Bureau’s standard Mark (ISI) on an article certifies that the article complies with the requirements
specified in the relevant Indian standards and also guarantees that the manufacturer operates a quality
control system in his production which is monitored in terms of regular inspections and checks in such a
form as to give assurance that the article will comply with the requirements of the relevant Indian
standards. The Certifications Marks schemes also provide an inbuilt mechanism for ensuring the quality
of the product right from the raw material stage to the finished product. The BIS Certification Marks
Scheme is operated on voluntary basis.
27. Tractor Tests Eligible for OECD(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Approval :
Compulsory Tests: Approval shall require checking as follows:
• Main power take-off and five extra points for calculating fuel consumption characteristics
• Hydraulic power and lifting force
• Drawbar power and fuel consumption (un ballasted tractors)
Optional Tests: Approval of any optional tests shall require checking as follows:
• Engine test
• Additional Power take-off ratio (economy)
• Reagent consumption during Power take-off and Drawbar Power testing
• Hydraulic power: optional tests
• Performance at the belt or the belt pulley shaft
• Performance in a hot atmosphere
• Low temperature starting test
• Additional drawbar tests
• Turning area and turning circle
• Centre of gravity
• Braking (wheeled tractors only)
• External noise level (wheeled tractors only)
28. Tractor Test:
Tractor test is carried out in accordance with Indian Standard (IS):5994-1998 as amended from time to
time. A tractor is subjected to the following tests & evaluation
Laboratory Tests
• Checking of specifications
• PTO performance test
• Belt pulley test(optional)
• Drawbar performance test
• Power lift & hydraulic performance test
• Brake test
• Turning ability
• Visibility
• Air cleaner oil pull over test
• Noise measurement
• Mechanical vibration measurement
29. Field tests:
• For Initial commercial tests & batch test 35 h, of field tests with
the following implements
• Mould board ploughing (20 hrs. for I.C.T. only) dry land
• Dry motivation (35 hrs. for I.C.T. & 35 hrs. for Batch tests)
• Puddling under actual field condition ( 15 h for I.C.T. & Batch test both)
Haulage test: Components and assembly inspection is done to
assess the wear, breakdowns, etc.
30. Certificates:
• ISO 9000 series of standards are generic in nature and applicable to the
wide arena of business activity covering all the four main heads: Hardware,
Software, Processed materials and Services
• ISO 9001 is applicable to those manufacturers who have design,
development and production facilities.
• ISO 9002 is applicable to those manufacturers who have only production in
facilities.
• ISO 9003 is suitable only for trade houses.
