Routine maintenance involves complete replacement of equipment based on time intervals without any inspections. This is also a common maintenance strategy applied to industrial equipment, for example, for the replacement of filters and wearing components

1. Farm Machinery

3. Contents
 Objectives
 Introduction
 Introduction to maintenance of Two Wheel Tractor
 Introduction to maintenance of Four Wheel Tractor
 Equipment used for maintenance of tractors
 Bugs and Fixes

4.  To understand the basic engine operations, tractor
operations and maintenance practices
 To acquire the necessary skills in machinery repairs,
maintenance and safety during maintenance
operations related to 2 wheel & 4 wheel tractors.
 To be familiar with the terms associated with fault
diagnosis.
 To be familiar and to identify the equipment used in
maintaining processes.

5. Introduction
 What is a Tractor??
Tractor is an agricultural or industrial machine that has the following basic elements.
• Self propelled
• Produces Drawbar pull
• Produces Belt or PTO power
• Has clutches to engage /disengage power
• Has a reverse gear
• Steered by the operator
• Hydraulic Capability
• 3 point hitch
A tractor needs to be repaired and maintained because
More care gives better performance!

6. Good tractor maintenance begins with your eyes.
First, read and consult the owner’s manual
for regular service and maintenance information
specific to the model that your own.
Use your eyes for an overall inspection.
Replace missing worn clamps, bolts, nuts or
screws and tighten any loose connections.
Make sure the loader or other attachments are
connected properly, and that all pins and bolts are
in place. Tighten fuel tank mountings if necessary.
Inspect horses for leaks and loose connections and
belts for signs of wear or rot. Also be sure to check
fluid levels in the battery, transmission, radiator
and hydraulic system.
Be alert to possible signs of abnormal wear,
both on the tractor chassis and the tires.

7. A tractor with one axle, self-powered & self-propelled ,
which can pull & power various farm implements such as a
trailer , cultivator or harrow, a plough, or various seeders
and harvesters. Tractor engine is used as a prime mover for
active tools and stationary farm machinary through power
take-off shaft (PTO) or belt pulley.

9. Let’s have a brief look at each part…
Engine
 Engine converts thermal energy into mechanical energy.
 The engine is the heart and soul of any tractor.
 Most modern tractors today run on diesal and biodiesal.
Transmission (Gear box)
 To change the driving torque and the running speed of the
tractor by engaging different pairs of gears.

10. Let’s have a brief look at each part…
Clutch
 The clutch disengages the engine from the gear
box , so the tractor operator can shift gears or
stop the tractors.
Rear Axle
 The rear axle mechanisms increase the driving
torque and transmit it to the driving wheels or
tracks at right angles to the drive shaft.

11. Brakes
 To reduce the tractor speed as well as to
stop the moving tractor when required.
Let’s have a brief look at each part…

12. Maintenance of two Wheel tractor
Maintanance of two wheel tractors are very important to
extend its life span, increase power use efficiency and protect
the tractor from brakers.

13. Maintenance of Two Wheel Tractor
Daily / Every 8 hours
Gear box oil
V belt
Gear box of the Rotawator
The stick which connects the blades of the
Rotawator
Rotawator chain case
Pressure of the tyres
Balts and hub of tyres
Trailer tyres, brake, Hub of tyres
Engine oil
Air cleaner
Radiator
Fan belts
Every week/ Every 50 hours
V belt
Main clutch lever
Brake lever
Stirring clutch lever
Other levers and cables
Every 6 months/ every 600
hours
Change gear box oil
Change rotawator gear box oil
Clean The stick which connects the
blades of the Rotawator
Clean Rotawator chain case

14. 1) You should Familiarise with the manual of the tractor.
 Many tractors required specific types of lubricants and hydraulic fluids.
 Different types of tractors in the market required wide variety of applications and
associated accessories.

15. 2) Give the tractor a visual inspection
 Give a visual inspection before and after each use of tractor to identify any damages,
overly worn and note down those things.
3) Do a tire pressure check
 Use a tire pressure gauge on each tire and compare it to
the tire’s pressure rating written on the side wall.
 Under inflated tires cause the tractor to burn more fuel in
normal operations.
 Reducing tire pressure on slick surfaces like mud can help
increase tractions.
 Tires loss pressure more quickly when temperatures
change from cold to hot.

16. 4) Test the lights.
 If a light fails to work, it may be a blown out bulb or fuse that
needs to be replaced.
 find the correct type of bulb or fuse needed to fix a bad light.
5) Inspect the belts and hoses
 A tractor’s engine relies on a number of rubber hoses and
usually at least one belt.
 Excessively worn rubber components should all be replaced.
 Any rubber that has cracked should be replaced.
6) Replace the air filter as needed.
 Should change the air filter more or less frequently according
to the environment.
 Locate the air filter using the tractor’s user manual, then
visually inspect it.
 Dirty air filter should be cleaned and replaced.
 You should check your air filter after 8 hours of use or so.

17. 7) Avoid operating tractor near ditches, embankment and holes
 Keep tractors and implements away from the irrigation ditches to avoid tractor upsets.
 Edges may be weak and break from the weight of the equipment.
 When you are travelling down hill use low gears and when go up a slope back up to increase stability.
 Look ahead at your path. ( holes, rocks, slopes )
8) Test the hydraulic system
9) Checking and replacing fluids
 Vertify the oil level
 Shut off the tractor
 Change the oil every 100 hours (or as specified in the manual)
Different tractors are designed to operate for different amounts of time
between oil changes.
To change the oil, remove the drain plug from the oil pan and let the oil
drain out into an appropriate container.
 Change the hydraulic fluid
You should have change hydraulic fluid every 400 hours of use. Also change the
hydraulic fluid filter changed.

18. 10)Reduce speed when turning
 When operating a tractor, avoid sharp turms and high speeds.
 High speeds coupled with rough ground and narrow wheel
settings increases the chance rollover.
 make turns slowly and at wide angles.
11) Cleaning and properly storing a tractor
 Keep the tractor clean
 Disconnect the battery before storing it
 Seal off the air filter before storing the tractor
 Drain the fluids from the tractor before winter

19. Four-wheel tractors can be divided into 3
categories;
 two wheel drive,
 front wheel assist or unequal four
wheel drive and
 equal four wheel drive tractors.
Each one of these tractors has different tire
configurations and different ballast
requirements.

20. The biggest advantage of this type of tractor over other 4 wheel tractors is:
 Smaller turning circle,
 Simplicity of design,
 Fewer mechanical parts, and
 Lower purchase price.
Front Wheel Assist or Unequal Four Wheel Drive (FWA) is the most popular 4
wheel tractor used in rice production.
These tractors range in size from 4-180 kW and are capable of delivering between
50-55% of the rated power at the drawbar. As the name suggests the front drive
tires, whilst larger than two wheel drive tractors, are smaller than the rear tires.
Front wheel drive should be used at all times when the tractor is working in the
field. If not at least 10% efficiency will be lost.

22. Maintenance
of Four-wheel
Tractor

23. Maintenance of Four Wheel
Tractor
Daily
Engine oil
Air cleaner
Rubber hose connected to
the air cleaner
Radiator
Hose connected to the
radiator
Diesel tank
Tyres
Wheel Nuts
Every 100 hours
Clean diesel tank
Check the main clutch
Check the steering and its grees
Check front axel and its grees
Check leveling box and grees
Check brakes and grees
Check battery and grees
Every 250 hours
Change engine oil
Change engine oil filter
Clean Air filter check
rubberhose connected to the
radiator
Check Gear box
Check Hydraulic system
Check steering box
Check Alternator/ Dynamo
Every 1000 hours
Change Gear box
Change hydraulic system
Change Diesel filter
Clean injector pump
Clean valve clearance

24. 1) Familiarize yourself with your
tractor’s manual.
There are many different types of tractors on the
market with a wide variety of applications and
associated accessories. To be sure properly maintain
specific make and model of tractor, should read
through the manual that came with it.
 Many tractors require specific types of lubricants
and hydraulic fluids that can identify in the
manual. Using the wrong kind could damage your
tractor.
 If you do not have a manual for your tractor, you
may be able to find the information on the
manufacturer's website.

25. 2) Give the tractor a visual inspection.
Before you get started with any planned
maintenance on your tractor, give the whole thing a
good once over to see if anything looks overly worn,
broken, or dirty. Many newer model tractors even have
plastic windows on fluid reservoirs to check things like
hydraulic fluid levels.
 Give your tractor a visual inspection before and
after each use.
 Make note of any issues you identify to make sure
you address them before the next time you use the
tractor.

26. 3) Do a tire pressure check.
Use a tire pressure gauge on each tire and compare it to the
tire’s pressure rating written on the sidewall. Tractor tires can last
years, but operating a tractor with under-inflated tires can ruin
the sidewall and cause the tires to wear faster than they should.
Under-inflated tires will also cause the tractor to burn more fuel
in normal operations.
 You may want to adjust tire pressure for different types of
jobs. For instance, if you plan on driving your tractor on the
road, you might want to add a few more pounds of air.
Reducing tire pressure on slick surfaces like mud can help
increase traction.
 Tires lose pressure more quickly when temperatures change
from cold to hot, so you may want to check your tire
pressure more frequently in the spring and fall.

27. 4) Inspect the belts and hoses.
Just like in a car, a tractor’s engine relies on a number of rubber hoses and
usually at least one belt. Look all of the rubber components over for signs of
wear or damage. Excessively worn rubber components should all be
replaced.
 Look for glazing on the sides and bottom of any belts that may indicate
that it’s been slipping.
 Any rubber that has cracked should be replaced.
5) Replace the air filter as needed.
Depending on the environment you use your tractor in, you may need to
change your air filter more or less frequently. Locate the air filter using the
tractor’s user manual, then visually inspect it. If it’s really dirty, it should be
replaced.
 There’s no real rule of thumb with air filters; they should just be
replaced as they appear dirty.
 You should check your air filter after 8 hours of use or so.

28. 6) Test the hydraulic system.
You need specialized tools to check your tractor’s
hydraulic system. If you have the correct coupler fitting and a
pressure gauge, you can connect it to any of the black ports
on the hydraulic system while it’s running, and compare that
figure to the correct specifications outlined in the manual.
 If you don’t have the correct tools, it’s recommended
that you have your hydraulic system serviced by a
professional after every 500 hours of use.
7) Verify the oil level.
Start your tractor up and let it run for a few minutes to
warm up, then remove the oil dipstick, wipe it off, and reinsert
it into the engine. Pull it out again and look at the oil level
indicated on the stick.
 The dip stick will show the high and low marks for you
to compare your oil levels.
 If it’s low oil, you should add some, or just change the
oil if it’s due

29. 8) Shut off the tractor.
Doing any kind of maintenance on a tractor that’s still running is dangerous.
After you shut the tractor off, remove the keys and set them aside to ensure no
one accidentally starts it back up.
 Tractors with mowers can be especially dangerous to work on while running.
 If you let the tractor warm up to check the oil, you may want to wait a bit as
it cools.
9) Change the oil every 100 hours (or as specified in the manual).
Different tractors are designed to operate for different amounts of time
between oil changes, so be sure to consult the manual to determine how
long you can go between them. To change the oil, remove the drain plug from
the oil pan and let the oil drain out into an appropriate container.
 Once the oil has been drained put the drain plug back in and remove
the oil filter.
 Screw on the new oil filter and fill the tractor with the right amount of
oil, as specified by its user manual.

30. 10) Check the radiator fluid level.
It’s totally normal for the level of coolant and water in your radiator to
diminish over time, and it may need the occasional topping off. However,
checking the fluid level regularly will also provide you with an early warning if
there’s a serious leak anywhere in the cooling system.
 Check the owner’s manual for your specific tractor to know what type of
coolant to add to the radiator.
 Don’t operate the tractor until it’s been repaired if you notice a serious
drop in radiator fluid.
11) Change your hydraulic fluid.
You might want to consider having your hydraulic fluid changed by a professional, as it will require capturing and
disposing of as much as 15 gallons (57 L) of fluid in some cases and involves the use of specialized tools.
 You should have your hydraulic fluid changed every 400 hours of use.
 You should also have the hydraulic fluid filter changed.

31.  vises
vises are mechanical tools that are used to support
certain metal works on various work pieces by
securing them to stay firm.
type of vise:
1. Pipe vise
• This is a type of vice that deals with holding a pipe or
tube securely so that it can be cut or threaded.
• It is a plumbing tool that can also be used as an
apparatus in the assembly of components for pipelines

32.  Vacuum vise
• This is among the multiple types of bench vise that is
portable and be mounted neatly on any flat surface.
• It is a versatile tool that can have its base lever twisted as
it immediately locks in place.
• Its base can swivel up to 360 degrees and can lock at any
preferred angle.
 Clamp-on vises
• Clamps on vise are designed to perform clamping of thick work
pieces to flat, smooth surfaces.
• They include sturdy jaws that can accommodate general purpose,
light-duty bench work which tends to keep a work piece steady.
• The clamp on vise is known to work effectively for holding wood
or metal to cut or plan.

33.  Combined vise
• Combination vises are the types of bench vises that are
constructed to securely clamp straight work pieces and irregular-
shaped objects.
• They are vises that merely merge the activities of a vise with that
of a metalworker’s.
• A paradigm for combination vises includes a revolving design that
enhances the exercises of both pipe and bench jaws.
 Handheld vise
• This is a tool used to clamp small-sized work pieces as they are worked
upon.
• Deducing from its most significant feature, the vise is portable and can
be used in any environment where needed.
• The hand-held vise tends to undergo fastening onto a bench vice in
order to hold objects locked down.
• Relatively, it operates much lighter on work pieces compared to many
other vises.

34.  Angle vise
• This is known as a tilting machine vise that tends to tilt in order to set
up a clamped work piece at any specific angle for machining.
• The body of the vice can be subjected to an angular (90 degrees)
position while the base remains fixed at a point on the machine’s bench
surface.
 Cross vise
• Among the flexible types of vise is the adjustable cross vise which
constitutes of jaws placed at different positions such that the base
is not removed from the bench.
• One of its significant structural difference is its double mounts (not
single) because the tool supports directional changes of an object
clamped to it towards north or south positions

35.  Off center vise
• The off-center bench vise is mainly applied to the aspect of
irregularly shaped or longer objects compared to other vises.
• It has the swivel feature that can be extended up to 360degrees
upon locking down of the work piece to the machine.
 Rotary vise
• When it comes to the use of a rotary vise, there is the ability of
the tool to rotate around the same axis with that of the hook’s
shank.
• This feature allows its user to tie down material and rotate the
hook to apply the work piece.

36.  Sine
• Sine vises are typically known to use gauge blocks to bring about a highly accurate angle on
a work piece.
 Saw
• A good tool to keep at arm’s reach when dealing with saw sharpening activities is the saw
vise.
 Diemakers’ Vise
• This is a bench vise usually produced of high-quality steel, carburized to surface hardness
which makes the tool relatively efficient compared to other inferior types.

37. Rigging Vise
• This type of vise can also be referred to a triangular vise or splicing vise with its prominent
characteristic of having three jaws.
• The rigging vise is ideal for performing tasks on a work piece involving closing thimbles, splice
rope, wire rope, and cable.
• It is normally made of aluminum alloy.
 Chisel
• Used in metal work can be divided into two main categories.
hot chisel – used to cut heated metal
cold chisel – used for cutting cold metal

38.  Hack saw
• A saw with a narrow pine – toothed blade set in a frame used
for cutting metal
 Scraper
• Scraper are heavy – duty machines that can be used for digging and
hauling and leveling out those materials
Type of scrapper:
1. Single engine wheeled scrapper – it consist bowl, an apron that is
drops over load of earth for transport
2. Dual – engine wheels scrapper
3. Elevating scrapper
4. Pull type scrapper

39.  Dril bits
• Used to remove materials to create holes almost always
of circular cross section
 Reamer
• Type of rotary cutting tool used in metal working

40. Types of reamers
1. Hand reamer – it has a longer laper at the front. This is
compensate for the difficulty of starting a hole by hand power
alone.
2. Machine reamer- it only has a very slight lead because the reamer
and work piece are pre – aligned by the machine there is no risk of
wandering
3. Expending reamer
4. Taper reamer - tapered reamer is used to make a
tapered hole a later receive a tapered pin.

41.  Hammers
• Chances are, you’ve heard of these hammers, and may even own a few.
• They are an excellent addition to any home workshop, and owning a full set of these will allow
you to complete almost any task.
Types of hammers
1. Ball Peen Hammer
• Used primarily by engineers, the pein of this hammer is
rounded.
• It’s commonly used for rounding the edges of metal pins
and fasteners, closing rivets, and shaping metal

42. Framing Hammer
• Closely resembling a claw hammer, the framing hammer has a
straight claw and waffled head.
• It is named after its primary function, which is assembling house
frames.
 Club Hammer
• Often referred to as a drilling hammer or lump hammer,
this tool has a short, double-faced head similar to that of a
sledge hammer.
• While not well-suited for commercial work, the club
hammer is useful for driving steel chisels and masonry
heads, as well as light demolition work.

43. It has happened to everyone at one time or another. You’re ready to
begin a day’s work – but your compact utility tractor has other ideas!
Whether you run a big farm or a small one, having a functioning tractor can be
invaluable. Unfortunately, as with anything that has an engine, occasionally it breaks
down. You can hire a mechanic to come out to your farm and repair it, or you can
pay to have your tractor towed to a repair shop. Both of these options can be
expensive, though.
Normally these both tractors are worked by diesel using as a fuel there for very
deferent from the petrol engines. Maintenance also very different other than petrol.
When consider about farm tractor troubles and fixings that can be fix in different
way according to the troubles in farm tractors.

44. First, take a look at your tractor. Does it run on diesel fuel or
gasoline? Diesel engines are more common in tractors, but some
newer models do run on gasoline simply because it’s cheaper in
the long run. While it can save you money on fuel, gasoline
tractor engines tend to be more complicated and have more
parts that can break down.
Once you’ve identified the type of tractor, it’s time to break out
your notebook. Make sure you note all abnormal symptoms as
you’re trying to start or use your tractor. Even if you can’t figure
out what’s wrong with it, it will be an invaluable tool for your
mechanic.

45. • Battery and charging troubles(not valued for wheel
tractor)
• Barack system troubles
• Hydraulic system troubles
• Bearing troubles
• Nipple troubles
• Engine gives out black smoke
• Gasket trouble
• Engine Head breakdown
• Gear box breakdown
• Tap art adjustment

46. Battery and charging troubles
These kind of troubles will not occur in 2 wheel tractors but in 4 wheel tractors!
Here, the main problem is that the engine is not starting properly.
• Reasons
• Alternator and wire system breakdowns
• Fuse board issues (burning of fuses because of shots)
• Low elecsity holding capacity of Battery
• Low battery acid content in battery
• Cell breakdowns in battery
• Solutions
• Repairing or replacing alternator and wire system.
• Replacing proper ampere value of fuses 15A,20A
• replacing battery or filling battery acids if it is not damages to cell or other
components

48. Barack system troubles
These kind of troubles will not occur in 2
wheel tractors but in 4 wheel tractors!
 Reasons
• Wearing of brake drums and pads
• Wearing oil seal in cylinders
 Solutions
• Replacing break drums, oil seals, and cylinders
if there is not reuse ability

49. Hydraulic system troubles
These kind of troubles will not occur in 2 wheel
tractors but in 4 wheel tractors!
• Reasons
• Hydraulic system does not function
properly.
• Solutions
• Remedy Lack of hydraulic oil
• Fill it up to mark Pipe sucks air
• Remove the leakage Filter clogged
• Clean the filter Broken control valve
• Replace it Broken cylinder - Replace the
cylinder

51. Gasket trouble
Common trouble in both tractors
• Reason
• Low coolant with engine running
• Low engine oil with engine running
• Over heating
• features
• Abnormal sound out from engine
• Mix with water or coolant with engine oil
• Color changing of oil
• Solutions
• Replace gasket kit

52. Engine Head breakdown
Common trouble in both tractors
• Reasons
• Low engine oil with running
• Low coolant with running
• Over heating
• Features
• Pistons do not function properly
• Mix engine oil with coolant
• Solutions
• Repair engine had
• Replace engine head

53. Gear box breakdown
Common trouble in both tractors
• Reasons
• Wearing pressure plat and clutch plate
• Gear arm does not function properly
• Features
• Breakdown connection between engine and gear box
(that mean breakdown of movement of the vehicle)
• Hard to connect to gear by gear
• Abnormities of clutch off and on
• Solutions
• Replace pressure plat and clutch plate
• Gear box fill with suitable gear oil (SAE value)

54. Tap art adjustment
Here, after whole engine repair tap art
adjustment is compulsory otherwise
engine abnormities can be taken place.
That is done by using small blade and
tool. Following picture shown how tap
art adjustment is done in engine.

55. Let’s have a look back at what we have discussed about so far….!!
First, we have discussed about
the usage of two wheel tractor,
parts of two wheel tractor and
basic maintenance of two
wheel tractor
Then, we were focusing about
usage of four wheel tractors,
parts of four wheel tractor and
basic maintenance of four
wheel tractor.
We have also discussed
about the tools, equipment
which are being used for
the maintenance purposes
of tractors
Finally, We have discussed
about the troubleshooting and
fixing of two wheel and four
wheel tractors

56. Thank You!