The differential system allows the rear wheels of a tractor to rotate at different speeds when turning. It contains a pinion gear, crown wheel, and differential gears that connect to left and right axles. This allows the outer wheel to turn faster than the inner wheel during a turn. The final drive further reduces speed coming from the gearbox before powering the rear wheels. Common final drive types are bull gear, hub reduction, and straight/solid axles, each providing different torque multiplication and load handling abilities.
Routine maintenance involves complete replacement of equipment based on time intervals without any inspections. This is also a common maintenance strategy applied to industrial equipment, for example, for the replacement of filters and wearing components
This presentation will provide you with in insight of what is tractor hydraulics and what are the different parts of a tractor involved and how can it be controlled
INTRODUCTION
Tillage may be defined as the mechanical manipulation of soil for nurturing crops.
The objectives of soil tillage are:
To develop a desirable soil structure for a seedbed
To control weeds or remove unwanted crop plants.
To manage plant residues.
To minimize soil erosion by following such practices as contour tillage
To establish specific surface configurations for planting, irrigating, drainage, or harvesting operations.
To incorporate and mix fertilizers, manure, pesticides
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Routine maintenance involves complete replacement of equipment based on time intervals without any inspections. This is also a common maintenance strategy applied to industrial equipment, for example, for the replacement of filters and wearing components
This presentation will provide you with in insight of what is tractor hydraulics and what are the different parts of a tractor involved and how can it be controlled
INTRODUCTION
Tillage may be defined as the mechanical manipulation of soil for nurturing crops.
The objectives of soil tillage are:
To develop a desirable soil structure for a seedbed
To control weeds or remove unwanted crop plants.
To manage plant residues.
To minimize soil erosion by following such practices as contour tillage
To establish specific surface configurations for planting, irrigating, drainage, or harvesting operations.
To incorporate and mix fertilizers, manure, pesticides
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Agriculture plays partial role in Economy of a country. When it comes to agriculture, tractor is a must thing. So, here in this ppt I have explained tractor insides, tractor technologies in short.
Tractor is a self propelled power unit having wheels or tracks for operating agricultural implements and machines including trailers.
Tractor engine is used as a prime mover for active tools and stationary farm machinery through power-take off (pto) or belt pulley
Introduction
Crop planting operation is the art of placing seed in the soil to obtain good germination and crop stands.
A perfect sowing gives
Correct amount of seed per unit area.
Correct depth of sowing
Correct spacing between row-to-row and plant to plant.
Correct seed rate
A clutch is a mechanism which enables the rotary motion of one shaft to be transmitted at will to the second shaft, whose axis is coincident with that of first. Clutch is located between the engine and gearbox. When the clutch is engaged, the power flows from the engine to the rear wheels through the transmission system and the vehicle moves when the clutch is disengaged, the power is not transmitted to the rear wheels and the vehicle stops, while the engine is still running.
Power Tiller is a walking tractor that is commonly used for soil cultivation. Power Tiller is the best choice for small & medium scale farmers. It helps to reduce animal and man power. It is a machine compiled with a powerful engine & designed to push forward or backward.
Power Tiller is a very capable machine to perform various operations in farm like rotary, puddler, leveler, trailers, plow disc & thresher. One of the most important functions of the Power Tiller is that it correctly seeds the crop to be planted and warms the soil before planting by burying the ruminant in it. Because of controlling weeds it helps to crops growth.
The agricultural tractor is one of the class of mobile machines that involves the ‘traction’ process.
The tractor is also in the class of machines that involves operation under what are known as 'off- road' conditions.
Others in this class include machines used in earth moving, mining and military work.
The word tractor appeared first on record in a patent issued on a tractor or traction engine invented by George H. Harris of ChicagO
Agriculture plays partial role in Economy of a country. When it comes to agriculture, tractor is a must thing. So, here in this ppt I have explained tractor insides, tractor technologies in short.
Tractor is a self propelled power unit having wheels or tracks for operating agricultural implements and machines including trailers.
Tractor engine is used as a prime mover for active tools and stationary farm machinery through power-take off (pto) or belt pulley
Introduction
Crop planting operation is the art of placing seed in the soil to obtain good germination and crop stands.
A perfect sowing gives
Correct amount of seed per unit area.
Correct depth of sowing
Correct spacing between row-to-row and plant to plant.
Correct seed rate
A clutch is a mechanism which enables the rotary motion of one shaft to be transmitted at will to the second shaft, whose axis is coincident with that of first. Clutch is located between the engine and gearbox. When the clutch is engaged, the power flows from the engine to the rear wheels through the transmission system and the vehicle moves when the clutch is disengaged, the power is not transmitted to the rear wheels and the vehicle stops, while the engine is still running.
Power Tiller is a walking tractor that is commonly used for soil cultivation. Power Tiller is the best choice for small & medium scale farmers. It helps to reduce animal and man power. It is a machine compiled with a powerful engine & designed to push forward or backward.
Power Tiller is a very capable machine to perform various operations in farm like rotary, puddler, leveler, trailers, plow disc & thresher. One of the most important functions of the Power Tiller is that it correctly seeds the crop to be planted and warms the soil before planting by burying the ruminant in it. Because of controlling weeds it helps to crops growth.
The agricultural tractor is one of the class of mobile machines that involves the ‘traction’ process.
The tractor is also in the class of machines that involves operation under what are known as 'off- road' conditions.
Others in this class include machines used in earth moving, mining and military work.
The word tractor appeared first on record in a patent issued on a tractor or traction engine invented by George H. Harris of ChicagO
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. Working principle of differential
system and final drive
Presented by
GEETA PATEL
2.
3. Differential unit is a special arrangement of
gears to permit one of the rear wheels of the
tractor to rotate slower or faster than the
other.
• While turning the tractor on a curved path, the
inner wheel has to travel lesser the tractor to
move faster than the other at the turning point.
Differential unit
4. • The output shaft coming from the gear box is
provided with a bevel pinion at the end of the
shaft.
• The bevel pinion is in mesh with a large bevel
wheel known as crown wheel.
• The main functions of crown wheel assembly
are:
• (i) to transmit power through right angle drive
to suit the tractor wheels.
• (ii) to reduce the speed of rotation.
5. Main Functions of Differential
• Further reduces the rotations coming from the gear
box before the same are passed on to the rear axles.
• Changes the direction of axis of rotation of the power
by 90 degree i.e. from being longitudinal to transverse
direction.
• To distribute power equally to both the rear driving
axles when the tractor is moving in straight ahead
direction.
• To distribute the power as per requirement to the
driving axles during turning i.e. more rotations are
required by the outer wheel as compared to the inner
wheel – during turns.
6. The main components of the differential are:
1. Input pinion gear
2. Crown wheel gear
3. Differential cage
4. Differential star
5. Differential axle (sun) gear
7.
8.
9.
10. WORKING
• The differential casing is rigidly attached with the
crown wheel and moves like one unit.
• Two pinions are provided inside the differential
casing, such that they are carried round by the crown
wheel but they are free to rotate also on their own shaft
or stud.
• There are two or more bevel gears in mesh with
differential pinion.
• One bevel pinion is at the end of each half shaft,
which goes to the tractor rear wheel
11. • Thus instead of crown wheel being keyed directly
to a solid shaft between the tractor wheels, the
drive is taken back from the indirect route through
differential casing, differential pinion and half
shaft of the tractor
• When the tractor is moving in a straight line, the
differential pinion do not rotate on the stub shaft
but are solid with the differential casing.
• They drive the two bevel gears at the same speed
and in the same direction as the casing and the
crown wheel.
12. Differential lock:
• Differential lock is a device to join both half
axles of the tractor so that even if one wheel
is under less resistance, the tractor comes out
from the mud etc as both wheels move with
the same speed and apply equal traction.
13. FINAL DRIVE
• Final drive is a gear reduction unit in the power trains
between the differential and the drive wheels.
• Final drive transmits the power finally to the rear axle and
the wheels.
• The tractor rear wheels are not directly attached to the half
shafts but the drive is taken through a pair of spur gears.
• Each half shaft terminates in a small gear, which meshes
with a large gear called bull gear.
• The bull gear is mounted on the shaft, carrying the tractor
rear wheel.
• The device for final speed reduction, suitable for tractor
rear wheels is known as final drive mechanism.
14.
15. Types of final drive
•Bull gear type
•Hub reduction axles
•Straight axle
• Planetary
Ring Gear
• The ring gear is a large circular gear that forms the outer part of the final drive
assembly.
• It is connected to the differential unit or planetary gear set and rotates with the
movement of the tractor's wheels.
• The ring gear engages with other gears in the final drive, transferring power and
torque to the wheels.
Pinion Gear
• The pinion gear is a small gear that meshes with the ring gear.
• It is connected to the tractor's transmission output shaft or axle shaft and rotates with
the transmission's input speed.
• As the pinion gear engages with the ring gear, it transmits the rotational force to the
final drive, thereby turning the tractor's wheels.
16. The bull gear final drive system consists of a set of gears and shafts that
transmit power from the tractor's transmission to the rear wheels. The gears
are called bull gears, which mesh with small pinions attached to the axle shafts.
This system provides high torque and power to the wheels, making it suitable
for heavy-duty applications. Bull gear final drives are commonly found in larger
and older tractors.
17. Hub reduction axles employ a planetary gear system within the wheel hub to
enhance torque and load-carrying capacity. These axles reduce rotational speed
while significantly increasing torque, crucial for heavy-duty tasks like pulling or
carrying substantial loads.
They bolster the off-road capabilities of a tractor to improve the traction in
challenging terrains.
Additionally, they distribute the load among multiple components, reducing axle
stress and enhancing longevity.
18. A straight axle, also known as a solid axle or live axle, is a common type of axle used
in many tractors and other heavy-duty vehicles. It offers simplicity, durability, load
distribution, and excellent traction, making it suitable for heavy-duty agricultural
tasks and off-road operations.
Tractors with straight axles typically employ other mechanisms for steering while
relying on the solid axle for load bearing and stability.
19. The planetary final drive system utilises a set of planetary gears to transmit power
from the transmission to the wheels. These gears are compact and provide a higher
gear reduction. It results in increased torque and traction.
Planetary final drives offer better manoeuvrability. It makes them ideal for smaller
tractors and those used in agricultural applications. Planetary rear axle is also
known as epicyclic reduction.
20. 1. Power Transmission: It transfers power from the tractor's transmission
to the wheels. It ensures efficient power delivery, enabling the tractor to
move with the required torque and speed.
2. Gear Reduction: It helps convert the high-speed, low-torque output from the
transmission into the necessary low-speed, high-torque output at the wheels.
As a result, tractor generates more pulling power to handle heavy loads.
3. Speed Control: It alters the gear ratios within the final drive to help the
operator adjust the speed at which the tractor moves ensuring precise control
and operation in various conditions.
4. Direction Control: It engages different drive shafts and gears to help the
operator determine the direction the tractor moves, whether forward, reverse,
or turning.
5. Traction: Good traction is essential for preventing slippage and ensuring
efficient operation, particularly in challenging terrain.
6. Torque Multiplication: In the case of planetary final drives, they offer
torque multiplication, which is crucial for tasks that require significant pulling
or pushing force, such as tilling or pulling heavy loads.
Functions of the Final Drive in Tractors
