Cranial Nerve is a very important topics in field of ophthalmology and optometry. a stuent with knowledge with cranial nerves can easily understand muscle palsy and diagnosis of neuroohthalmology
Vestibular and Cerebellar Ataxia - Julius King KwedhiDr. Julius Kwedhi
The word "ataxia", comes from the Greek word, "a taxis" meaning "without order or incoordination". The word ataxia means without coordination. (http://www.ataxia.org/learn/ataxia-diagnosis.aspx)
Inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements; unsteady movements and staggering gait. (WordWeb Dictionary)
Vestibular and Cerebellar Ataxia - Julius King KwedhiDr. Julius Kwedhi
The word "ataxia", comes from the Greek word, "a taxis" meaning "without order or incoordination". The word ataxia means without coordination. (http://www.ataxia.org/learn/ataxia-diagnosis.aspx)
Inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements; unsteady movements and staggering gait. (WordWeb Dictionary)
Dystonia
Dystonia is a movement disorder in which your muscles contract involuntarily, causing repetitive or twisting movements.
The condition can affect one part of your body (focal dystonia), two or more adjacent parts (segmental dystonia) or all parts of your body (general dystonia). The muscle spasms can range from mild to severe. They may be painful, and they can interfere with your performance of day-to-day tasks.
Dystonia: Causes, Types, Symptoms, and Treatments
Dystonia is a movement disorder in which a person's muscles contract uncontrollably. The contraction causes the affected body part to twist involuntarily, resulting in repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Dystonia can affect one muscle, a muscle group, or the entire body.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems
MYOPATHIES A SPECIAL AND SEPERATE ENTITY WITH SPECIFIC FEATURES IN EACH DISORDER MAKING US EASY FOR DIAGNOSIS,CONFIRMATION BY MUSCLE BIOPSY.THE SEMINAR WAS PRSENTED ON 06/07/2011...AT 09.00AM
HAVE A LOOK ..AND COMMENT..WITHOUT BIAS..
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Central canal surrounded by an H-shaped gray matter region containing neurons
Outer myelinated nerve tracts, termed white matter, surround the central gray matter
Central canal is lined with ependymal cells
Astrocytes support gray matter neurons and white matter axons
Cranial nerve assessment..Simple and Easy to perform for medics and Physiothe...pawan1physiotherapy
Cranial Nerve Assessment is a crucial step in neurological assessment. By following the simple theoretical aspects it can be made on your fingertips....here is an try to make the stuff easier for you....
Dystonia
Dystonia is a movement disorder in which your muscles contract involuntarily, causing repetitive or twisting movements.
The condition can affect one part of your body (focal dystonia), two or more adjacent parts (segmental dystonia) or all parts of your body (general dystonia). The muscle spasms can range from mild to severe. They may be painful, and they can interfere with your performance of day-to-day tasks.
Dystonia: Causes, Types, Symptoms, and Treatments
Dystonia is a movement disorder in which a person's muscles contract uncontrollably. The contraction causes the affected body part to twist involuntarily, resulting in repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Dystonia can affect one muscle, a muscle group, or the entire body.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems
MYOPATHIES A SPECIAL AND SEPERATE ENTITY WITH SPECIFIC FEATURES IN EACH DISORDER MAKING US EASY FOR DIAGNOSIS,CONFIRMATION BY MUSCLE BIOPSY.THE SEMINAR WAS PRSENTED ON 06/07/2011...AT 09.00AM
HAVE A LOOK ..AND COMMENT..WITHOUT BIAS..
Spinal Tumors: approach and managementAmit Agrawal
The spinal cord consists of
Central canal surrounded by an H-shaped gray matter region containing neurons
Outer myelinated nerve tracts, termed white matter, surround the central gray matter
Central canal is lined with ependymal cells
Astrocytes support gray matter neurons and white matter axons
Cranial nerve assessment..Simple and Easy to perform for medics and Physiothe...pawan1physiotherapy
Cranial Nerve Assessment is a crucial step in neurological assessment. By following the simple theoretical aspects it can be made on your fingertips....here is an try to make the stuff easier for you....
Estes são os slides do Exame Físico Neurológico que apresentei no evento da Liga de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia da Ulbra em 215. Mais slides no slideshare e no blog da nossa Neuroliga Ulbra: http://neuroligaulbra.blogspot.com.br/
A Liga de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia traz um evento inovador:
Uma monitoria de Neurologia Clínica diferente, focada nas dúvidas -e curiosidades- dos acadêmicos. Teremos 5 temas, em 5 quintas-feiras
às 12h pelos monitores da Neuro e membros da NeuroLiga e pelos nossos professores experts da Neurologia I e II presentes.
Quintas-feiras, 12h-13h
26/03 – Exame Físico na neuro 16/04 – Tumores Cranianos 07/05 – Cefaleia28/05 – AVC 18/06 – Infecções SNC e S. de Guillain Barré
http://neuroligaulbra.blogspot.com.br/2015/04/revisando-topicos-essenciais-em.html
Some slides are taken from different textbooks of medicine like Davidson, Kumar and Clark and Oxford, and some from other presentations made by respected tutors. I'm barely responsible for compilation of various resources per my interest. These resources are free for use, and I do not claim any copyright. Hoping knowledge remains free for all, forever.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Cranial Nerves.ppt
1. CRANIAL NERVES
The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are part of the
peripheral nervous system.
The Roman numeral is based on descending order
of the cranial nerve's attachment to the CNS.
As a rule, cranial nerves do not cross in the brain.
Cranial nerves may be sensory, motor both
somatic or parasympathetic, or have mixed
function.
General Characteristics:
2. CN I - OLFACTORY
Use aromatic substances,
i.e. coffee, lemon, garlic,
etc.
Test each nostril separately.
ORIGIN: Cerebral hemisphere
INNERVATION: Nasal mucous membranes.
FUNCTION: Sense of smell
DYSFUNCTION: Anosmia
CLINICAL EVALUATION
3. CN II - OPTIC
Blurred vision or complete blindness.
Ipsilateral vision loss - Optic atrophy, retinal/optic nerve lesions, trauma.
Visual loss (one or both eyes) - Optic chiasm or occipital lobe lesions.
Cortical blindness - Lesion of occipital cortex bilaterally, pupil reflexes intact.
Papilledema - Optic nerve tumor, venous obstruction, chronic increased ICP.
Optic atrophy - MS, optic neuritis, increased ICP.
Scotomas- (Abnormal blind spots on visual fields) - optic neuritis or atrophy.
Hemianopia - (loss of half of visual field in one or both eyes) - Lesions of optic
chiasm, tracts, or radiations.
CLINICAL EVALUATION
VISUAL ACUITY: Snellen chart for distant
vision, newspaper or fingers for near vision.
VISUAL FIELDS: Confrontation.
FUNDI AND OPTIC DISCS:
Visualization of the termination of
the optic nerve by looking through
pupil with ophthalmoscope.
SPECIFIC DYSFUNCTIONS
4. CN III - OCULOMOTOR
CLINICAL EVALUATION
Observe for eye opening and symmetry.
Direct light response - brisk, sluggish, or non-reactive.
Consensual response - present or absent.
Pupil size and shape.
Accommodation.
Extraocular movement (EOM's) (Abducens).
ORIGIN: Midbrain
INNERVATION: EOM's; eyelid; ciliary; and sphincter of iris.
FUNCTION: Eye movement inward (medially), upward, downward, and outward; pupil
constriction, shape and equality; elevates upper eyelid; accommodation
reflex.
DYSFUNCTION:Unable to look up, down, or medial (dysconjugate gaze); ptosis, pupil
dilatation - bilateral or ipsilateral, and loss of accommodation reflex.
5. CRANIAL NERVE FUNCTION & MUSCLE INNERVATION
RELATIVE TO EYE MOVEMENT
Superior rectus
CN III
Inferior oblique
CN III
Lateral rectus
CN VI
Medial rectus
CN III
Superior oblique
CN IV
Inferior rectus
CN III
6. CN IV - TROCHLEAR
Extraocular movements (EOM's)
CN IV (Trochlear) and CN VI tested with CN III (Oculomotor)
ORIGIN: Midbrain
INNERVATION: Superior oblique muscle.
FUNCTION: Down and inward movement of
the eye.
DYSFUNCTION: Loss of downward, inner
movement of eye, dysconjugate gaze.
CN VI - ABDUCENS
ORIGIN: Pons
INNERVATION: Lateral rectus muscle.
FUNCTION: Outward, lateral movement of
eye.
DYSFUNCTION: Loss of lateral eye
movement, dysconjugate gaze.
CLINICAL EVALUATION
7. CN V - TRIGEMINAL
ORIGIN: Pons. The sensory nucleus extends from the pons to the midbrain, and
also to the medulla and spinal cord.
INNERVATION: Three branches of CN V:
Ophthalmic, maxillary, & mandibular. Motor
innervation to masseter & temporal muscles.
Sensory innervation to skin & mucous
membranes in head; teeth, tongue, external
auditory canal, and cornea.
FUNCTION: Sensation of pain, touch, hot, &
cold; motor movement of masseter & temporal
muscles.
Brain Stem = Onion skin
sensory deficit
DYSFUNCTION: Loss of sensation - if affecting all three branches, indicative of peripheral
injury. Brainstem or upper cervical cord injury may result in loss of sensation to one or more
branches of the trigeminal nerve.
- Loss of corneal reflex.
- Paresthesia and/or severe pain indicative
of nerve compression or irritation (Trigeminal neuralgia)
-Deviation of jaw, loss of sensation.
Inability to bite down and chew, inability to close jaw.
Nerve Root Patterns
8. CN V - TRIGEMINAL
SENSATION: Test with patients eye closed. Evaluate pain, temperature, & light
touch to jaw, cheeks, and forehead. Observe response and symmetry.
MOTOR: Open jaw, check for deviation. Have patient bite down, palpate masseter
and temporal muscles. Move jaw laterally against resistance to evaluate weakness
or paralysis.
CLINICAL EVALUATION
CORNEAL REFLEX: Cotton wisp across cornea, observe for
blink (function of CN III)
JAW JERK: Tap lower jaw with mouth open - check for slight
elevation of mandible.
9. CN VII- FACIAL
ORIGIN: Pons & medulla.
INNERVATION: Anterior two-thirds of tongue; facial muscles, scalp, ear, and neck.
FUNCTION: - Control of facial muscles (expressions)
- Motor limb of blink & corneal reflexes
- Secretion of salivary & lacrimal glands
- Sensation of taste, anterior two-thirds tongue.
DYSFUNCTION:
Motor = Facial asymmetry - Ipsilateral weakness/paralysis, right or left, indicative of
damage to motor nucleus or peripheral component (lower motor neuron lesion) EX:
Bell's palsy
Contralateral weakness/paralysis of lower face indicative of contralateral motor
cortex damage (upper motor neuron lesion) or hemispheric lesion, i.e. massive CVA.
Bilateral weakness or paralysis , E.g. myasthenia gravis or Guillian Barre.
Parasympathetic -Loss or excessive tearing or salivation
Sensory= Loss of taste
Combined problem = speech difficulty and drooling/difficulty handling food
10. CN VII - FACIAL
Observe for facial symmetry
Ask patient to wrinkle forehead, puff cheeks,
smile, show teeth, open eyes against
resistance, and whistle.
Test each side of tongue separately.
Test for sweet (tip of tongue); sour (sides of
tongue); salty (over most of tongue, but
concentrated on sides).
Give sip of water between tastes.
CLINICAL EVALUATION
MOTOR FUNCTION:
SENSORY FUNCTION:
11. CN VIII - ACOUSTIC
ORIGIN: Pons and medulla
INNERVATION: Cochlear - ear
Vestibular - ear
FUNCTION: Cochlear - Hearing
Vestibular - Balance, maintenance of body position, and proprioception.
DYSFUNCTION (Cochlear)
- Unilateral deafness
- Loss of sound appreciation
- Tinnitis
- (Rinne Test) AC >BC or both diminished indicative of nerve damage,
BC> AC middle ear disease.
- (Weber Test) Lateralization to good ear is nerve damage, lateralization to
bad ear is, middle ear disease.
DYSFUNCTION (VESTIBULAR)
- Vertigo
- Balance disturbances
Vestibular branch normally not tested unless patient gives history of vertigo or balance
Disturbance history is positive, caloric testing is done by physician.
12. CN VIII - ACOUSTIC
CLINICAL EVALUATION
HEARING: Test bilaterally, whisper or watch tick
CONDUCTION: Weber and Rinne tests (Differentiate between conduction
deafness and nerve deafness)
Rinne Test: Evaluates air (AC) and bone
conduction (BC). Place the base of a vibrating
tuning fork on the mastoid process until patient
can no longer hear sound; then quickly move
tuning fork near ear canal. Ask the patient if he
hears it, compare hearing times.
Rinne test: AC > BC normal result.
Weber Test: Evaluates lateralization. Use
vibrating tuning fork on top of patient's head,
ask patient where he hears it (one or both
sides).
13. Glossopharyngeal (IX) Vagus (X)
ORIGIN: Medulla Medulla
INNERVATION:
Mucous membranes of tonsils,
pharynx, posterior one-third of
tongue, pharyngeal muscles,
carotid sinus and carotid body
Muscles of larynx, pharynx, and
soft palate. Parasympathetic
innervation of thoracic and
abdominal viscera.
FUNCTION:
Taste from posterior one-third of
tongue - Afferent limb of gag,
swallow, and cardiac reflexes.
Muscles of larynx, pharynx, and
soft palate;- Sensation conveyed
from the heart, lungs, digestive
tract, carotid sinus, & carotid
body; Efferent limb of gag and
swallow
DYSFUNCTION: Loss of taste; Neuralgia
Loss of gag & swallow reflex;
Loss of carotid sinus &
oculocardiac reflex; Dysphagia
CN IX- GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
and CN X - VAGUS
14. CN IX and X considered jointly, actions are seldom compared separately; they are
always tested together.
CLINICAL EVALUATION
- Evaluate voice quality (hoarseness or dysarthria)
- Ask patient to open mouth, say "ah", observe for
elevation of soft palate, midline position of uvula.
- Gag reflex, bilaterally
- Swallowing
- Taste (bitter) posterior one-third tongue*
CN IX- GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
and CN X - VAGUS
Negative Findings
- Loss of voice quality, (dysarthria or hoarseness)
- Deviation of uvula toward non-paralyzed side
- Swallowing difficulty or nasal regurgitation
- Vagal irritation (bradycardia)
*usually not tested
15. CN XI - SPINAL ACCESSORY
Palpate trapezius muscle as patient shrugs
shoulders against resistance; evaluate strength.
Ask patient to turn head to one side and push
against examiners hand, palpate and evaluate
strength of sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Evaluate both right and left side, compare for
symmetry.
ORIGIN: Medulla
INNERVATION: Sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscles
FUNCTION: Motor function sternocleidomastoid & trapezius
DYSFUNCTION: Muscle weakness.
CLINICAL EVALUATION
16. CN XII -Hypoglossal
ORIGIN: Medulla
INNERVATION: Muscles of the tongue
FUNCTION: Movement of the tongue
Unilateral
Flaccid paralysis (peripheral lesion)
- Tongue deviates to side of lesion.
- Isilateral atrophy
- Fasciculation
Spastic paralysis (cortical pathways)
- Tongue deviates to opposite side of lesion
- No atrophy
- Dysarthria and ataxia of tongue
DYSFUNCTION:
Bilateral
Flaccid paralysis (medullary lesion, MG)
- Dysphagia
- Dysarthria
- Difficulty chewing food
17. IV Trochlear
III Oculomotor
VII Facial
VI Abducens
V Trigeminal
CEREBRAL
HEMISPHERE
MIDBRAIN
PONS
MEDULLA
CRANIAL NERVES
II Optic
I Olfactory
VIII Acoustic
XII Hypoglossal
XI Accessory
X Vagus
IX Glossopharyngeal