This document provides information about trachoma including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Trachoma is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and is the world's leading infectious cause of blindness. It is endemic in poor, rural areas with lack of water and sanitation. Clinical stages include active trachoma and scarring trachoma which can lead to trichiasis and corneal opacity. Treatment involves antibiotics and surgery. Prevention focuses on hygiene, sanitation and the SAFE strategy promoted by WHO to eliminate trachoma by 2020.
Ophthalmia Neonatorum or Neonatal ConjunctivitisAakanksha Bajpai
This presentation describe the condition of eye which is very common among neonates i.e. ophthalmia neonatorum which is otherwise also known as neonatal conjunctivitis. the major causes,diagnostic tests and manqgement is described here. Also ways to prevent it are explained.
Ophthalmia Neonatorum or Neonatal ConjunctivitisAakanksha Bajpai
This presentation describe the condition of eye which is very common among neonates i.e. ophthalmia neonatorum which is otherwise also known as neonatal conjunctivitis. the major causes,diagnostic tests and manqgement is described here. Also ways to prevent it are explained.
A presentation covering all aspects of Trachoma, one of the oldest infectious disease which is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness. Present day scenario and management.
Simple eye education for EHW, Ophthalmic eye student, school eye education & first - second year optometry students only .
common eye lid inflammatory conditions .
stye or hordeolum ( external / internal hordeolum ), lid abscess , chalazion or mebomian retention cyst, accessory lacrimal glands , lacrimal gland etc...
The corneal diseases are one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. in most cases, these infections are preventable or treatable.
This seminar provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the cornea, as well as an overview of common conditions.
A presentation covering all aspects of Trachoma, one of the oldest infectious disease which is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness. Present day scenario and management.
Simple eye education for EHW, Ophthalmic eye student, school eye education & first - second year optometry students only .
common eye lid inflammatory conditions .
stye or hordeolum ( external / internal hordeolum ), lid abscess , chalazion or mebomian retention cyst, accessory lacrimal glands , lacrimal gland etc...
The corneal diseases are one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. in most cases, these infections are preventable or treatable.
This seminar provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the cornea, as well as an overview of common conditions.
This slide contains information regarding trachoma, entropian and ectropian. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
Trachoma History :-
Trachoma was previously known as Egyptian ophthalmia and endemic in the Middle East since prehistoric times.
Name comes from Greek word for ROUGH.
Other name :- Granular conjunctivitis, blinding trachoma, Egyptian ophthalmia
Trachoma is the most common infectious cause of blindness in the world Due to recurrent ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis.
Trachoma is the leading cause of preventable irreversible blindness in the world.
Repeat infection with this organism leads to conjunctival inflammation and scarring, trichiasis, and ultimately blinding corneal opacification
Epidemiology:-The World Health Organization (WHO) reports trachoma is endemic to more than 50 countries, with most blinding trachoma in Africa.
Worldwide, an estimated 2.2 million people are visually impaired as a result of trachoma, of whom 1.2 million are blind.
India has become free from Trachoma-with an overall prevalence found to be only 0.7% in the National Trachoma Survey Report (2014-17).
fungal / mycotic corneal ulcer power point presentation for O.A 2nd year stud...Vinitkumar MJ
Belong suborder Acanthopodina and the genus Acanthamoeba
• Family of free-living cyst-forming protozoans that are ubiquitous in air, soil, dust and water.
• 11 species of which A. Castellanii and A. polyphaga are the most common in keratitis
• Life cycle consist of motile trophozoite and cyst dormant stage
this document is designed and serving to successfully help students, teachers or ophthalmic clinicians to deliver a sustained and effective management of conjuctiva disorders
The eyelids are mobile tissue curtains placed in front of the eyeballs. These act as shutters protecting the eyes from injuries and excessive light. These also perform an important function of spreading the tear film over the cornea and conjunctiva and also help in drainage of tears by lacrimal pump system.
This slide contains information regarding corneal ulcer and glaucoma. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
3. TRACHOMA
• one of the major blinding diseases
• most common infectious cause of blindness.
4. EPIDEMILOGY
• The WHO estimates that 84 million people
suffer from active trachoma and most of these
are under 15 years of age.
• over 7 million have trichiasis (ingrown
eyelashes
• Up to 1.3 million are thought to be blind due
to the eye disease
5. CONT’D
Endemic in 50 countries
Confined to poor developing countries
-Africa
-Middle east
-Asia
-Latin America
-Pacific Island
6. ETIOLOGY
• Trachoma is caused by the organism
Chlamydia trachomatis which is a
- highly infectious
- subdivided into a number of serotype
serotype( A,B,C) - associated with eye to
eye infection
serotype (D-K) - associated with genital
tract infection and ophthalmic neonatrem(newborn
conjunctivitis)
8. TRANSMISION
By direct contact with
Eye secretion
Nasal secretion
Throat affected secretion
By contact with fomites such as
Hand kerchiefs
Towels or
wash cloths contaminated with these secretion
Eye seeking flies
9. • Episodes of infection usually begin in
childhood, while blindness from corneal
scarring occurs after repeated infection,
untreated inflammation,scarring of the
eyelids, distortion of the eyelashes, associated
trauma and secondary bacterial infection.
10.
11. Risk Factors for Trachoma
• Environmental factors
-lacks effective sanitation, and adequate
fresh water supplies
-presence of animals kept near to
dwellings and piles of animal dung provide
breeding places for flies
- Flies are attracted to red eyes with
discharge, and carry the organism Chlamydia
trachomatis to the eyes of others within a family
or a community, both children and adults
12. Risk factor
o Dry
o Dusty
o Dirty
o Dung
o Discharge
o Density (overcrowding in the home
13.
14. factors which influence transmission of
infection
-Flies
-Faeces
-Faces
-Fingers
-Fomites (contaminated material or
objects such as clothing or towels)
15.
16. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
• The clinical manifestations of trachoma can be
divided into two phases:
1- active trachoma and
2- cicatricial trachoma
17. ACTIVE TRACHOMA
Active trachoma
- mostly seen in young children
-majority are asymptomatic
-cause mild self limited follicular
conjunctivitis
- Mild irritation
-Red eyes
18. CONT’D
-Discharge - 2ry bacterial infection
-Eyelid or Conjunctival edema
-Pain and photophobia
-Blurring of vision
Physical finding of active trachoma is
- follicle on upper tarsal conjunctiva
19. CIACATRICIAL DISEASE
• Commonly seen in adult
Repeated episodes of infection cause marked conjunctival
inflammation
leading to eyelid scarring→Eyelid scar tissue eventually
contracts
distort the lid margin leading to entropion (inward rolling of
the eyelid) and
subsequent trichiasis (ingrown eyelashes).
20. CONT’D
Eyelash abrasion on the cornea leads to
corneal edema,
ulceration and
scarring.
If untreated, corneal pannus (inflammatory
vascular tissue) eventually develops followed
by corneal opacification, and loss of vision.
22. TF-FOLLICULAR
• Cxed by
- presence of 5 or more follicle
-each 0.5 mm in diameter
-Rounded
-Slightly raised
-Usually paler than the remaining conjunctiva
surface
-on the flat surface of the upper tarsal
conjunctiva
- which are tiny accumulation of lymphoid cell
23.
24. TI - INTENSE
• The tarsal conjunctiva
-thickened and inflamed
-diffuse inflammatory infiltration
with edema and enlarged vascular papillae
-more than one half of the deep
conjunctival vessel must be covered with
inflamed conjunctiva so that the blood vessel
are no longer visible.
25.
26. Trachomatous Scarring
• Presence of scarring and fibrosis in the tarsal
conjunctiva.
• Appear as white lines.
• Common in the older pts.
• Causes distortion of the upper eyelid.
27.
28. Trachomatous Trichiasis
• Trichiasis is defined as 1 or more eyelashes
rubbing against the eyeball or evidence of lash
removal.
• Common in women and starts at adolescence.
• Due to advanced conjunctival scarring and the
distortion of the upper eyelid.
29.
30. Corneal Opacity
• This is when the scarring is central and very
dense enough to obscure part of the pupil
margin.
• Usually after 20 yrs.
• Reduced vision.
• Much improvement is not expected even after
treatment.
33. Allergic conjunctivitis
Usually Present in children and is a chronic
condition
Particularly common spring and summer
- itching , red eyes, irritable
-In the florid state, papillae appear on
the tarsal conj. ---Cobblestone appearance.
Thickening of tissue at the CSM helps
distinguish it from trachoma.
35. Neonatal Chlamydia Conjunctivitis
• It is caused by Chlamydia
trachomatis serovars D to
K acquired from the
mother during delivery.
• Presentation is 5-12 days
postpartum with
mucopurulent discharge,
eyelid edema and
papillae.
40. CONT’D
NO
Azithromycin or tetracycline ointment are
effective only against active trachoma,
particularly follicular trachoma (TF) and intense
inflammatory trachoma (TI).
41. • Scarring of the eyelids causes the eyelashes to be distorted
and these may constantly rub against the eyeball.
• When only one or two eyelashes are causing trouble, a
simple temporary measure is to remove each eyelash using
forceps.
42. CONT’D
• A little mirror or polished surface may help in the
removal of irritating eyelashes.
• The eyelashes grow again in 4 to 6 weeks, the
procedure has to be repeated when irritation recurs.
43. CONT’D
• A more permanent method of dealing with an
isolated ingrowing eyelash is to apply
electrolysis, after injecting local anesthetic
into the eyelid at the base of the eyelash.
44. BILAMELLAR TARSAL ROTATION
Patient who has severe eyelid scarring causing the eyelid to
turn inward (entropion) with many eyelashes rubbing on
the cornea are treated with eyelid surgery called Bilamellar
tarsal rotation.
which is designed to rotate the eyelashes and give
considerable relief to the patient.
46. If the cornea is considerably scarred, then it is seldom
possible to improve the eyesight. Corneal grafting is
not usually successful in these eyes.
However, if there is an area of one cornea which does
remains clear, where the scarring effects of trachoma
involve the cornea in each eye, an optical iridectomy
may be considered.
47. • In this surgical procedure, the pupil of the eye
is made bigger so that the patient can look
through the widened pupil which has been
surgically enlarged behind the clear area of
cornea.
49. Personal and Community Hygiene
1. Regular daily face-washing (and handwashing).
2. The basic need of a suitable water supply near
at hand.
50. Cont’d
3. Ventilated pit latrines to improve community
hygiene.
4. Animals, especially cattle, housed, if possible,
some distance from the family home.
52. WHO launched Global Elimination of
Trachoma 2020 (GET).
• The World Health Organization (WHO) is aiming to
eliminate trachoma as a blinding disease by 2020. A
useful strategy is the SAFE strategy:
- Surgery for in-turned eyelashes,
-Antibiotics for active disease,
53. Cont’d
• Face washing (or promotion of facial cleanliness),
and
Environmental improvement to reduce
transmission