The document outlines the principles and benefits of universal e-learning, emphasizing accessibility, interoperability, and the importance of content structure separation from presentation. It discusses the unique features of e-learning and its capability to support diverse learners, including those with disabilities. Key elements include adherence to web standards, the use of assistive technologies, and the semantic web's role in enhancing learning environments.

1. Toward Universal e-Learning June 17, 2004 Greg Shin ( 신승식 ) http://ituniv.or.kr http:// gregshin.pe.kr /blog e-Learning 센터 , 정보통신사이버대학

2. Table of Contents E-learning features Unique features E-Learning outreach Universal design Universality of the Web Self-checkpoints Principles of universal e-learning Universal e-learning content Interoperability Accessibility Semantics Separate structure from presentation Benefits of universal e-learning Problems to be solved

3. I. Features of E-Learning Unique features of e-learning E-learning outreach

4. 1. Unique Features of e-learning E-learning is the only window to the knowledge world for some people. People with disability People alienated People not affordable for classroom training of high quality Only e-learning can accommodate for the individual learner. Learner control Learner preference Sustainable (human) contact with learners I. Features of E-Learning

5. 2. E-Learning Outreach What SCORM does for! e-learning content e-learning service I. Features of E-Learning Accessibility Interoperability Semantic Richness Machine Readable Machine Searchable Automatically Organized Knowledge Quality Learning for All Different People Old Inexperienced Cognitive Disabled Blind Low vision Color Blind Deaf Mobility Impaired PhotoSensitive Epilepsy Temporally Disabled Different Culture Different Language Different System Different Servers Different Clients Different OS’s Different Browsers Different Versions Black&White Display Printed Voiced Different LMS Different Vendors Different Server Environments Environmental Difference Noisy Environment Public Library Slow Connection Low Resolution On the go Unaffordable

6. II. Universal Design Universality Web Non-normative Checkpoints

7. 1. Universality of the Web independence of Hardware platform Software platform - OS Application Software Network access Public, Group, or Personal scope Scribbled idea to polished publication Language and culture Disability Data for machines or Documents for people Source: The future of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee II. Universal Design

8. 2. Is your learning content…? valid with HTML 4 and CSS2, DOM spec? acceptable on Mac/Linux, Mozilla/Opera? flexible enough for small screens? easily understandable for novice learners? operable via keyboard? readable through screen readers? ready for i18n, or l10n? excluding some learners intentionally? reachable by general search robot? II. Universal Design

9. III. Principles of Universal E-Learning Universal e-learning content Interoperability Accessibility Semantics Separate structure from presentation

10. 1. Universal e-learning content Traditional learning objects Universal learning objects III. Principles of Universal e-Learning within domain across domains within domain across domains SCORM 1.2 SCORM 2004

11. Universal e-Learning Model Universal E-Learning Human Involvement Collaboration Mentoring Guiding Discussion Interaction III. Principles of Universal e-Learning Self-Expanding Learning Self-Organizing Learning Material Universal Web Accessible Regardless of Learner Difference Interoperable Regardless of Machine Difference Semantic Regardless of Vocabularies Robust Regardless of Presentation Mode

12. 1. Interoperability Standard Compliance HTML 4 (XHTML 1, XML 1) CSS 2 ECMA-262 DOM Robustness of Structure Browser Compatibility Utilizing CSS Scalability Avoidance of Proprietary Technologies ActiveX Extended tags(element, attributes), objects Non-standard scripts, applets Deprecated technologies III. Principles of Universal e-Learning

13. 1. Interoperability: Example Viewport Independence III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 1. Interoperability

14. 2. Accessibility: Norms World wide W3C(1999), Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 US(1998), Section 508 of Rehabilitation Act UK(1995), Disability Discrimination Act Australia(1992), Disability Discrimination Act IMS(2002), Guidelines for Developing Accessible Learning Applications IMS(2003), Learner Information Package Accessibility Domestic 정통부 (2002), 장애인 노인 등의 정보통신 접근성 향상을 위한 권장지침 K-WCAG 1.0 (in processing) III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 2. Accessibility

15. Assistive Technologies For input and output III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 2. Accessibility Braille Display Screen Reader Screen Magnifier Speech Recognition One Hand Keyboard Foot Mouse Joystick Eye Gaze System

16. Design guidelines for the disabled Examples of design requirements for people with different kinds of disabilities include: Visual: described graphics or video; well marked-up tables or frames; keyboard support, screen reader compatibility; Hearing: captioning for audio, supplemental illustration; Physical, Speech: keyboard or single-switch support; alternatives for speech input on voice portals; Cognitive, Neurological: consistent navigation, appropriate language level; illustration; no flickering designs. Source: http://www.w3.org/Talks/WAI-Intro/slide6-0.html III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 2. Accessibility

17. Accessibility: General Principles Provide alternate access route. Provide multi-modality. Use gracefully transforming technology. Think device independence. Organize robust structure. (not necessarily same as “robust design”) Think forward & backward compatibility. Maximize user control. III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 2. Accessibility

18. Accessible Learning Products Content Thomson NETg Web Conference Horizon Live, … Learning Management System Black Board, THINQ, Pathlore, ATutor Authoring(Developing) Tools Macromedia Flash MX Trivantis Lectora III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 2. Accessibility

19. Accessible Products: Example 1 Horizon Live III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 2. Accessibility

20. Accessible Products: Example 2 Thomson NETg : Learning Studio III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 2. Accessibility

21. 3. Semantic Web Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries. is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning , better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation. III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 3. Semantics

22. Semantic e-Learning HTML has already limited semantic features! Link types Alternate, Stylesheet, Next, Prev, Contents, Index, Glossary, Copyright, Chapter, Section, Subsection, Appendix, Help, Bookmark Structural Markup <h1>, <h2>, <q>, <dl>, <ol>, <acronym>, <title>, title,… URI, Unicode, UTC Correction history: <del>, <ins> Metadata (DC) III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 3. Semantics

23. Semantic (Learning) Material: Example Semantic Presentation Slides III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 3. Semantics Overview Slide1 slide14 Slide12 Slide20 Overview Screen.css Lee Copyright Doc Korean Translations Printer.css First Prev Top TOC Next Last Author Copyright Alternate Style Primary Style Alternate Version

24. 4. Separation of Presentation Content-Form Separation Content creator needs to focus on content! Designer needs to focus on how it shows! How? Use standard compliant, structural markups! Utilize CSS and XML(including SVG, SMIL, MathML)! III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 4. Separate Structure from Presentation

25. Separation of Presentation: Example CSS Zen Garden III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 4. Separate Structure from Presentation

26. IV. Benefits of Universal E-Learning Technical efficiency Increase usability. Reduce maintenance cost. Become search engine friendly. Repurpose content for multiple formats. Forward compatibility (semantic web, device independence…) Business benefits Increase market/audience reach. Be ready for internationalization. (eg. caption, alt text, Section 508) IV. Benefits of Universal E-Learning

27. V. Yet to be Solved Complex interaction (including simulation) Traditional design practice Universal learning environment Authoring tool accessibility Accessible application, OS Assistive technologies Individual preference smart card? Collaboration, Integrated learning Learning goals and result (effectiveness) V. Problems to be Solved