Tourism planning involves considering many social, economic, political, and technological factors. Tourism planning in India began in the 1980s with the announcement of India's first tourism policy. Various five-year plans advocated for policies to promote domestic and international tourism, develop tourist areas, restore heritage sites, and encourage private sector participation. Tourism planning occurs at different levels from individual businesses to national governments. The types of tourism planning include spatial, sectoral, integrated, complex, centralized, and decentralized approaches. The tourism planning process involves defining objectives, data gathering, analysis, preliminary planning, approval, final plans, and implementation. Tourism can provide economic benefits like boosting balance of payments, employment, and investment, but also poses risks such as leak

1. Tourism planning

2. Tourism planning
Tourism is generated by two major powers
Demand & supply
Demand – diversity of traveler interests and abilities
Supply – all the physical and program developments required to serve tourists
Planning is multidimensional activity and seek to be integrative.
It embraces social, economic , political, psychological, anthropological and technological factors

3. Tourism Planning In India
First tourism policy being announced by the Government of India in November, 1982 after
tourism was recognized as an industry by the Planning Commission of India in June, 1982.
In July, 1986 the Planning Commission of India set up the National Committee on Tourism in
order to formulate plans for this sector.

4. Tourism Planning In India
In May, 1992 the National Action Plan for tourism was announced.
The objectives of this landmark plan for tourism planning in India were:
To improve the economy category domestic tourism
 To develop the tourist are as socially and economically
 To preserve the environment and the national heritage
 To encourage international tourism
To improve in world tourism India’s share–
To increase opportunities for employment in this sector

5. Tourism Planning In India
India tourism planning increased with the seventh five year plan India(1985-1989).
 The various polices advocated by the seventh plan for tourism planning in India are:–
To promote aggressively domestic tourism– It laid stress on creating more beach resorts– To
conduct conferences, trekking, conventions, and winter sports so that various options are
available to the foreign tourists

6. Tourism Planning In India
These polices of the seventh five year plan gave a boost to the tourism planning India
To further encourage tourism planning in India, the eighth five year plan (1992- 1997) that the
private sector should increase its participation in the sector.

7. Tourism Planning In India
The various polices advocated by the eighth plan for tourism planning in India are:–
To develop the tourists places– To develop winter sports, beach resort, and wildlife tourism–
To restore the projects of national heritage– To provide in tourists centers economy class
accommodation

8. Levels of Tourism Planning
Levels of Tourism Planning
1. Individual level
2. Firm Level
3. Industry Level
4. Economy as a whole
 State Level
 National Level
Regional Level

9. Types of Tourism Planning
Spatial Tourism Planning– The space as well as the environment is scrutinized for creating
good quality infrastructure. Eg. Corbett
 Sectorial Tourism Planning– Region to be developed is divided in to various broad sections
called sectors.– Eg. South East Asia
 Integrated Tourism Planning– Parts of a tourist region are integrated so that the region
becomes a hot destination

10. Types of Tourism Planning
Complex Tourism Planning– When several regions are considered for planning which are far
away– Eg. Char dham Yatra
 Centralized Tourism Planning– Single authority, usually state or central govt, no private sector
intervenes

11. Types of Tourism Planning
Decentralized Tourism Planning– Parties who are keen to develop the spot, govt do not
interfere– But it provides financial support– Eg. Nedumbassary airport
 Urban & Rural Tourism Planning– Urban – modern infrastructure– Rural – culture, history,
built from scratch

12. Planning Process
DEFINE THE SYSTEM:
What is the scale, size ,market, character and purpose?
FORMULATE OBJECTIVES:
Without a set of objectives the development concept has no direction.
The objectives must be comprehensive and specific and should include a timetable for
completion.

13. Planning Process
DATA GATHERING:
Fact finding, or research , provides basic data that are essential to developing the plan
Examples of data gathering are preparing a fact book, making market surveys, undertaking site
and infrastructure surveys and analyzing existing facilities and competition.

14. Planning Process
 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:
Once collected , the many fragments of information must be interpreted so that the facts
gathered will have meaning.
From this step results a set of conclusions and recommendations that leads to making or
conceptualizing a preliminary plan.

15. Planning Process
PRELIMINARY PLANNING:
Based on the previous steps, alternatives are considered and alternative physical solutions are
drawn up and tested.
Frequently, scale models are developed to illustrate the land use plans; sketches are prepared
to show the image the development will project; financial plans are drafted from the market
information, site surveys and layout plan to show the investment needed in each phase of the
project, the cash flow expected, the legal requirements, etc

16. Planning Process
APPROVING THE PLAN:
The parties involved can now look at plans, drawings, scale models, estimates of costs,
estimates of profits and know what will be involved and what the chances for success or failure
would be.
 While a great deal of money may have been spent up to this point, the sum is a relatively small
amount compared to the expenditures that will be required once the plan is approved and its
implementation begins.

17. Planning Process
FINAL PLAN:
This phase typically includes a definition of the various aspects covered. For example, in the
case of a destination a definition of land use; plans for infrastructure facilities such as roads;
airports; bike paths; horse trails; pedestrian walkways ; sewage; water and utilities; architectural
standards; landscape plans, zoning and other land use regulations; economic analysis, market
analysis and financial programming are to be covered.

18. Planning Process
IMPLEMENTATION:
Implementation is operationalizing the tourism plan.
It also follows up, monitors and evaluates.
Good planning provides mechanisms that give continuing feedback on the tourism project and
the levels of consumer satisfaction reached

19. Tourism Impacts
Positive Economic Impacts
 Balance of payments
 Employment
 Income
 Investment and Development
 Multiplier Effect

20. Tourism Impacts
Balance of Payments (BOP)
 The difference between the amount of money leaving a country and the amount of money
coming into the same country
 Tourism can help minimize BOP– Tourist brings currency in to country and spends– Benefits
the host country
 Particularly ones that have tourists from‘ high value’ are as such as the UK, EU, US

21. Employment
Employment
Tourism creates many various jobs via:–
Direct employment
Directly involved in tourism e.g. hotel, travel agency
 Indirect employment• Jobs in the tourism supply sector e. g. catering company providing food
to an airline
Induced employment• Created because of an increase wealth of the locals from tourism; locals
spend more money in their local economy

22. Income
Money created in local economy at a destination through:– Wages and salaries
 Locals employed in the local area– Profits
 Local businesses benefitting from tourist spending-Rent
Leasing accommodation to tourists and ‘migrating’ workforce-Tax
Value Added Tax (VAT);local or national tax gained from tourists pending

23. Investment and Development
Investment and Development
Public or private sector
Public– Government wants to develop a destination– Invests in infrastructure (roads, airports,
buildings etc)– Make destination more appealing to tourists
Private– TNCs or MNCs (Multinational Companies) invest at a destination in order to set up their
own organizations there– Can lead to other companies investing in the same area

24. Multiplier Effect
Multiplier Effect
 A ‘knock on’ effect within the economy at a destination
 “tourist expenditure will inject additional cash flow into the regional economy and increase
regional income” (Page and Connell, 2006)
Employment– More jobs because of tourism
 Income– Tourist spending in local area brings more money to the destination– Locals earn
from tourist spending and in turn spend that money in the local area also,
Tourist spend– Money directly spend by tourist whilst on holiday

25. Cont’d..
Income– Tourist’s money received by hotel and facility owners
 Taxes– Hotel and facility owners have to pay government tax (council, corporation tax etc) at
local and national level
Saving– Some money received by hotel and facility owners will be kept as profit

26. Cont’d..
 Spend– Owners of businesses who receive money from tourists, spends on wages for
employees, supplies (stock) in the local economy or outside local area (imports)
 Local items– Employees and locals spend wages in local shops e.g. supermarkets

27. Negative Economic Impacts
Negative Economic Impacts
Leakages
Opportunity Costs
Inflation
Tourism Dependency

28. Leakages
Leakages
 Money spent on goods and services outside local economy
Money saved (in banks etc)
Investment from MNCs or TNCs means that some money earned by that organization will leave
the local economy e.g. headquarters in a different destination
 Importing goods means another economy is benefitting from spending

29. Opportunity Costs
Opportunity Costs
Also known as ‘displacement effect’
• “developing tourism at the expense of other activities or areas of investment” (Page and
Connell, 2006)
• Public money invested in tourism that is not invested elsewhere e.g. local infrastructure at
another location
• Cost-benefit analysis best way to minimize opportunity costs

30. Inflation
Inflation
Increase in demand leads to increase in inflation
Inflation = value and price of land, and products increases
Locals may not be able to afford to live in a particular area, local businesses may suffer– Can
lead to negative socio-cultural impacts

31. Tourism Dependency
Some countries rely heavily on tourism in order to maintain the country’s economy
Occurs quite often in developing countries
If tourism suffers in a country, the whole economy suffers – a huge negative impact

32. Positive Environmental Impacts
Conservation and preservation
Enhancement of environment
 Environmental awareness
 Financial contributions
 Protection

33. Conservation and preservation
Can be done by ‘zoning’ areas of the natural environment e.g. national parks– Strict guidelines
to follow for developments, and visitors
Built or man-made constructions can also be preserved– Restricted access to certain areas–
Money raised from visitors can help restorations– E.g. castles, cathedrals

34. Enhancement of environment
Make an area look visually more pretty to visitors
Can involve cleaning areas, reforestation , installation of public spaces (e.g. public art)– Funded
by money from tourism industry
E.g. London 2010 Olympic Park

35. Environmental awareness
Public more aware of environmental issues
Private and public sectors inform consumers of environmental impacts– Hotels will inform
customers of laundry process and how to save energy and water etc
Tourism industry adapting to tourist’s needs– Sustainable tourism, ecotourism etc

36. Financial contributions
Money directly given towards the environment
Can be from:– Park entrance fees– Hunting and fishing fees– Rental equipment fees etc
Used to pay for conservation and preservation of environmentally sensitive areas– Projects,
maintenance , salary for park rangers etc Protection

37. Environmental protection
• Conservation of environment (flora and fauna)
• Sustainable use of natural resources
• Achieved through tourism and government involvement– Energy efficient building , effective
waste treatment removal, pollution prevention etc

38. Negative Environmental Impacts
Depletion of natural resources
Loss of natural habitats
Pollution

39. Depletion of natural resources
 Water resources– Overuse of water for hotels ,swimming pools, golf courses , personal use–
Local population don’t have enough water for their own needs
 Local resources– Energy, food, raw materials used excessively in tourism → damages
environment physically
 Land degradation– Land destroyed due to tourist activities– Construction of facilities and
attractions damage natural environment– Tourist activities e.g. walking , skiing, cause erosion of
the earth

40. Loss of natural habitats
On land (terrain)– Flora and fauna displaced (moved)due to tourism construction– F&F damaged
in natural environment
Offshore (water-based, marine)– Damage to fish and water pollution due to development in the
water (e.g. marina development) or tourist activities in the water (e.g. diving, sailing, water
sports etc)– Coral reefs suffer worldwide from damages– Over-fishing, trampling by tourists and
divers, pollution etc

41. Pollution
Air– CO2 emissions (carbon dioxide)damage the air and effects the Ozone layer– Lots of
transport used for tourism e.g. cars, coaches, planes etc
Noise– Traffic noise from transport– Entertainment (bars and nightclubs)– Disturb natural
wildlife and have negative impact of destination

42. Cont’d….
Visual– Littering– Barren land due to construction of tourism infrastructure– Pollution of rivers,
beaches, sea, natural scenic areas etc– Constructions can be ‘eyesores’
Water– Tourist activities, development, waste disposal contaminates water – effects wildlife and
humans

43. Positive Socio-cultural Impacts
Education and training
Enhanced quality of life
 Pride
Socio-cultural awareness and peace

44. Education and training
 Provides opportunity for locals to learn new skills and qualifications
Skills and qualifications are essential in tourism industry
 Staff training and development within organizations– e.g. customer services, IT etc

45. Pride
Increase in local pride as:– more tourists visit a destination and– as increase in investment into
local area
 Pride in local traditions, customs, culture, food, crafts, ceremonies etc
 Can renew interest in host population’s culture

46. Enhanced quality of life
 Positive economic impacts of tourism effect the quality of life locals will experience
 Increase in tourist spending in tourist destination leads to an increase in disposable income for
locals
Public sector investment in an area can improve local infrastructure(roads, facilities etc)

47. Socio-cultural awareness and peace
Tourism allows people to understand and learn about new cultures and experiences
Learning about a culture ‘firsthand’ can increase a better understanding of different
backgrounds and heritage
 Can benefit both the locals and the tourists

48. Negative Socio-cultural Impacts
Commodification
Crime
Démonstration effect
Displacement
Economic
Exploitation

49. Commodification
Turning a product or service into something different in order to please the tourist
 Performances and ceremonies are commodified (made more attractive and dramatic) in order
to appeal to tourists
 Not representing the true culture of the locals– Also known as ‘staged authenticity

50. Crime
Where there are more tourists, crime rates are higher
 Tourists are ‘easy targets ’for thieves– Tourists carry a lot of valuables when travelling– Appeals
to poor locals who cannot afford these goods
 Tourists may also become involved in illegal experiences– Prostitution and drugs etc– Tourists
therefore help to develop the illegal industries

51. Demonstration effect
Locals observe tourists and try to copy (emulate) them
This can be in terms of:– Behavior, culture, clothes ,food etc
 Leads to a loss of identity and culture– More apparent in younger generations–
‘Westernization’ – western culture favored over other local cultures

52. Displacement
Development of tourism areas can lead to an area becoming too expensive for locals to continue
living there
Land needed for large constructions can also move local inhabitants– Governments believe that
the tourism infrastructure will outweigh the need for displacement

53. Economic
Increase in prosperity within host population can lead to new social classes
 Can create tension between:– Locals– Locals and tourists– Migrant workers and locals
 Resources become more expensive:– Cost of living increases e.g .foods, service, housing etc–
Causes resentment between locals and tourists

54. Exploitation
Employment opportunities may seem exciting to begin with but may become a negative socio-
cultural impact
Some companies may exploit (abuse) local populations for their own benefits through:– Child
labor– Forced labor– Cheap labors that the large corporations reap most of the economic
benefits

55. Cont’d….
DOXEY’S IRRITATION INDEX(IRRIDEX)
 Created in 1975
 Designed to measure a host population’s perception of tourists as a destination develops over
time
 Linked to Butler’s Tourist Area Life Cycle

56. 4 stages of Doxey’s Irridex
Euphoria
 Occurs in early stage of Butler’s TALC
 Destination has few visitors, tourism relatively new to locals
 Locals happy that tourists are interested in their destination
 Welcoming host population
Good, informal relationships between locals and tourists

57. 4 stages of Doxey’s Irridex
Apathy
 As destination develops, tourist numbers increase
 Relationship between locals and tourists become more informal
Visitors are taken for granted – tourists are only seen as a source of money

58. 4 stages of Doxey’s Irridex
Annoyance
Destination has developed to ‘saturation’ point
Development of attraction, facilities and services are occurring everywhere
 This continuous over-development annoys the locals and
they are frustrated with the tourism industry –stakeholders and tourists

59. 4 stages of Doxey’s Irridex
Antagonism
 Development at tourist destination is now only producing negative impacts
 Host population blame tourists for all the negative impacts tourism has brought to the
destination
 Host population angry at tourists and expresses their ange rtowards them