Aspects that involve travel and tourism planning and development fundamentals.

1. Introduction to Tourism
Planning and Development
Mrs C. Marikite
marikitecc@cut.ac.zw

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Concepts and definitions of tourism planning
• Identifying the factors that determine the success
of a tourism destination
• Relate tourism planning to tourism policy
• Discover what the goals of tourism development
should be
• Recognize that some serious barriers to tourism
development must be overcome if a desired growth
is to occur

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES CONT’D
• Learn the political and economic aspects
of development including those related
to developing countries
• Appreciate the importance of architectural
design and concern for heritage
preservation, local handicrafts, and use of
indigenous materials in creating tourist
facilities

4. Defining Tourism - Recap
• Tourism comprises the activities of
persons traveling to and staying in places
outside their usual environment for not
more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes.
• These activities need to be planned for so as
to reap benefits from the billion-dollar
industry.

5. Definition of Tourism
• Tourism may be defined as the processes,
activities, and outcomes arising from the
relationships and the interactions among
tourists, tourism suppliers, host
governments, host communities, and
surrounding environments that are
involved in the attracting and hosting of
visitors.

6. Tourism Planning and
Development
• Tourism as an opportunity for economic
development:
– Many governments see tourism as a major
opportunity for economic development and
a tool for creating a better community.
• An engine of employment
• Wealth redistribution
• Potential in restoring blighted areas.

7. Tourism Planning and
Development cont’d
– Tourism becomes a potentially attractive
replacement for businesses that have shut
down or moved away.
– Many communities have pursued tourism
development either without planning or
without considering larger planning or
community economic development processes.

8. Tourism industry sectors:
 Transportation
 Accommodation
 Attractions
 Events
 Commercial Outdoor Recreation
 Commercial Visitor Service
 Destination Management Organization (DMO)
 Culture/Heritage Groups
 Social/Health/Education Groups

9. Structure of the tourism industry

10. Tourism Industry Characteristics
• Tourism as a means of wealth
redistribution
• Tourism as a labor - intensive industry
• Protectionism
• Multitude of industries
• Price flexibility
• Seasonality
• High operating leverage/fixed costs

11. Advantages Of Tourism
• Provide employment opportunities
• Generates foreign exchange
• Increases incomes
• Increases GNP
• Development of tourism infrastructure
• helps to stimulate local commerce and
industry – how?
• Justifies environmental protection and
improvement

12. • Increase governmental revenues
• Diversifies the economy
• Creates a favorable worldwide image for
the destination
• Facilitates the process of modernization
• Provides tourist and recreational facilities
for the local population
• Provides foreigners opportunities to be
impressed by little-known nations or regions

13. Disadvantages Of Tourism
1.Develops excess demand
2.Creates leakages so great that economic benefits do
not accrue
3.Diverts funds from more promising forms of
economic development
4.Creates social problems from income differences,
social differences, introduction of prostitution,
gambling, crime, and so on???? How true is this? Is
tourism poison in a luxury bag?

14. 5. Degrades the natural physical
environment
6.Degrades the cultural environment
7.Poses the difficulties of seasonality
8.Increases vulnerability to economic and
political changes
9.Adds to inflation of land values and the
price of local goods and services

15. WHAT IS PLANNING?
 Planning is a management function - PLOCCC
 Planning is the process of identifying objectives and
defining and evaluating methods of achieving them.
 In its simplest form, planning is about identifying
appropriate steps to achieve some predetermined
goal
 Planning is concerned with the future.
• Most simply - planning is the implementation of
policy????
• brings in the elements of economic feasibility and
social acceptance.

16. WHAT IS PLANNING?... Cont’d
• Planning is concerned with anticipating and
regulating change in a system to promote orderly
development so as to increase the social, economic
and environmental benefits of the development
process.
• To do this, planning becomes ‘an ordered sequence
of operations, designed to lead to the achievement
of either a single goal or to a balance between
several goals’

17. Definition of Tourism
Planning
• Gunn（1992）pointed out that tourism industry
originates from tourists’ desire to travel, and ends
with the satisfaction of the desire.
• Therefore planning should make meeting tourists’
desire its initial target.
• Tourism planning is a course to determine an
appropriate prospective action after a series of
choices.
–The course is dynamic and interactive.
–The prospective action is the achievement of
goals as well as the formulation of policies.

18. Tourism Planning
• Planning for such a diverse industry is difficult –
why?
• Decisions that need to be made in tourism planning
–Timing of development
–Allocation of resources
–Size of infrastructure and superstructure
–Targeting of promotional efforts
–Enhancement and preservation of resources,
natural and man-made

19. • a tourism plan is a document that
has been the focus of political
debate and is publicly available.

20. Purposes Of Tourism Planning
• Five basic purposes
–Identifying alternative approaches;
–Adapting to the unexpected;
–Maintaining uniqueness;
–Creating the desirable;
–Avoiding the undesirable.

21. Goals of Tourism Development
1. Provide a framework for raising the living standard of
the people through the economic benefits of tourism
2. Develop an infrastructure and provide recreation
facilities for visitors and residents alike
3. Ensure development within visitor center and resorts
is appropriate to those areas
4. Establish a development program consistent with the
cultural, social,
and economic philosophy of the government and
people of that region
5. Optimize visitor satisfaction

22. Forms of Tourism Planning
• Comprehensive planning considers economic,
environmental, social, and institutional aspects
of tourism development. Many different forms
of planning include:
– Economic development planning
– Land use planning/ Safety planning
– Infrastructure planning (roads, airports, utilities)
– Social Service planning (education,
employment, public health)

23. The Need for Tourism Planning
 The need to have a common vision, direction and
commitment for tourism.
 Tourism’s socio-cultural and environmental impacts,
and the need for a long-term perspective in
planning in assessing those impacts.
 Destination survival in an increasingly competitive
market and the need to respond to change in the
travel market.
 Provide investment funds to private sector with a
certain stability

24. Tourism and Economic
Development
 Tourism planning include:
A plan to increase the foreign exchange
earnings of a nation by encouraging the
growth of tourism.
A plan to designate specific areas for the
development of resorts
A plan to improve local employment through
the tourism industry.

25. Forms of Tourism Planning Cont’d
 Public and Private Planning
Public planning generally involves public
resources and objectives, such as creation
of land, construction of highways, and other
infrastructure.
Private sector planning consists of product
development, building, finance, marketing,
management and operations etc,.

26. Tourism and Economic
Development
 Tourism Master Planning
 Master plan defines a strategic plan that
integrates all aspects of tourism, including
human resources, environmental impacts,
and social and cultural impacts.
 .

27. Tourism Development
Planning
• Tourism development planning is a series of
systems of goals and overall arrangements
based on regional tourism, history, current
situation and market factors.
• Tourism development plan by the planning scope
and level of government is divided into the
national tourism development planning, regional
tourism development planning and local tourism
development planning.

28. • Tourism area planning is an overall co-
ordination arrangements for the rational
exploitation of tourism areas.
• Tourism area planning by planning
levels is divided into the overall
planning, detailed plan, site plan, etc.

29. Barriers to tourism planning
• The objections to the principle of tourism
planning;
– Cost of this process is high;
– The complexity (ownership) of tourism and
the large number of government agencies
involved;
– The diversity of tourism business (sector,
size);
– The seasonality
– The high ownership turnover in tourism
businesses – e.g. Monomotapa – Crowne
Plaza - Legacy

30. The Destination Area Without
Tourism Planning
Consequences of unplanned
development:
–Physical
–Human
–Marketing
–Organizational
–Other

31. Main Forms of Tourism Development
• Low-impact to high-impact tourism
• Ecologically sustainable tourism
development (ESTD)
• Alternative tourism
• Mass tourism
• Resort tourism

32. Sustainable Tourism Development
“Tourism which is developed and maintained in
an area in such a manner and at such a scale
that it remains viable over an indefinite period
and does not degrade or alter the environment
(human and physical) in which it exists to such
a degree that it prohibits the successful
development and well-being of other activities
and processes.”
Butler, R. W. (1993)

33. Principles of Sustainable Tourism
Development
1. To improve the quality of life of the host
community
2. To provide a high quality experience for
visitors
3. To maintain the quality of the environment
on which both the host community and the
visitors depend
Ding, P., & Pigram, J. (1995)