2. According to Professor Hunziker and Krapf of
Bern University, Switzerland
Tourism is the sum of phenomena and
relationships arising from the travel and stay
of Non- residents, in so far they DO NOT lead
towards permanent residence and ARE NOT
CONNECTED to any EARNING activity
3. According to Goeldner and
Ritchie:-
• TOURISM is the processes,
activities, outcomes arising from
relationship and Interaction among
tourists, tourism suppliers, host
governments, host communities and
surrounding environment that are
involved in attracting and hosting of
visitors.
4. Accordingly to Britain
• TOURISM is the temporary
short –term movement of
people to destinations outside
the places where they
normally live and work their
activities during their stay at
these destinations.
5. Reformulated definition
• TOURSIM may be defined in
terms of particular activities
selected by choice and
undertaken outside the home
environment.
6. • Because of it’s complexity,
TOURISM is a COMBINATION
of Phenomena and Relation
ships.
7. • TOURISM has two essential
elements.
1. DYNAMIC ELEMENT-THE
JOURNEY.
2. STATIC ELEMENT----- THE STAY.
The Journey and stay are to and
from the destinations outside the
place of residence and work.
8. • The movement to destinations
is temporary and short –term
with the intention to return
within a few days, weeks or
months.
• Destinations are visited for the
purposes not connected with
paid work that is , not to be
employed and not for business
or vocational reasons.
9. TOURISTS
• RECREATION TOURISTS
• RELIGION TOURISTS
• SPORT TOURISTS
• HOLIDAY TOURISTS
• HEALTH TOURISTS
• BUSINESS TOURISTS
• NATURE TOURISTS
• CULTUTRAL AND SOCIAL TOURISTS
• ADVENTURE TOUIRISTS
10. EXCURSIONISTS
• Temporary visitors staying
less than 24 hrs in the
destination visited and not
making an overnight stay,
including cruise travelers
but excluding travelers in
transit.
12. Factors that Motivate People to Travel
• To spend Holidays Leisurely.
• To visit friends and Relatives.
• To attend Business and Professional
Engagements.
• To get Health Treatment.
• To undertake Religious Piligrimages.
• Any Other Personal Motives.
13. The Nature of Tour
• DOMESTIC TOURISM- Travel taken Within the
boundaries of ones country.
• INTERNATIONAL TOURISM- Travel from one
country to other country.
• Package Tour
• Independent Tour
14. BENEFITS OF TOURISM
• EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES.
• SOCIAL BENEFITS
• CULTURAL ENRICHMENT
• EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE
• A VITAL FORCE FOR PEACE
15. • NO MATTER WHY AND WHERE YOU
TRAVEL, THERE IS ALWAYS
SOMETHING WONDERFULLY NEW TO BE
FOUND (ANONMOUS).
• Tourism Industry contributes to 9% of
the Global GDP.
• TOURISM offers one from every 11 Jobs.
• Number of Tourists have doubled over
the past 20 years.
• Tourism industry has an intensive
potential to grow and generate Revenues
16. New Trends in Tourism.
Tourism is an ever changing Industry.
A few previously unknown forms tourism is
establishing today.
Polar Tourism
Space Tourism
Dark Tourism
Chernobyl, Prypiat and Ukraine
Ground zero, USA
Auschwitz, Poland
Costa concordia-
17. FUTURE ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT IN TOURISM
• Understand the projected growth in international
tourism globally.
• Understand the determinants of tourism growth.
• Understand the distinction between tourism led
growth and growth led tourism.
• Understand the challenges to tourism growth in lesser
developed countries (LDCs).
• Understand the types of policies that can help
countries achieve and maintain destination
competitiveness
18. DRIVERS OF TOURISM GROWTH
• Demand side: shifting demographics,
increased longevity, increasing
urbanization, higher standards of health
care, changing work patterns allowing
for more flexibility of travel plans, wider
spread of education, migration, stress
management through holiday escapes,
changes in people’s values and needs,
aspirations and expectations.
19. • Supply side: globalization drives the expansion of a
unified global market facilitating the movement of
capital, goods and people, including mass tourism;
new information technologies give consumers more
power and control through knowledge of travel and
destination options; advances in the technology of air,
water and ground transportation systems and
electronic data systems continues to reduce real travel
costs and facilitate the making of travel arrangements.
The continued deregulation and liberalization of air
transport further supports the growth of trade and
tourism.
20. TOURISM AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
• The greatest generator of tourism flows
worldwide, international and domestic, is
increasing income (Growth led tourism; GLT).
• Proponents of the tourism-led growth (TLG)
hypothesis emphasise that international
tourism can generate foreign exchange,
generate employment, spur local
investments, exploit economies of scale and
diffuse technical knowledge.
21. Issues
o Economic equality.
o Interindustry effects of tourism growth.
o Challenges to tourism growth in LDCs.
o Estimating tourism’s economic contribution.
o Dependency.
o Neglect of domestic tourism.
o Industry consolidation.
o Leakages.
22. THE COSTS OF TOURISM GROWTH
• On the standard view, economic growth is paramount – more is better,
despite the fact that tourism’s obsessive drive for expansion is destroying
the very natural and socio-cultural environments that attract visitation.
• Critics argue that tourism growth can generate income inequalities, destroy
local industries and create greater dependency of developing economies
on developed ones, with adverse effects on small business. Local level
negative effects include increased prices of consumer goods and services,
increased price of land and housing beyond local affordability, increasing
inequality between rich and poor and increased demands on public
services and facilities.
• Some critics advance stronger claims that increased industry growth,
through the operation of TNCs, include resource exploitation, loss of
biodiversity, habitat destruction, pollution, social alienation and
degradation of culture, the displacement of indigenous peoples from lands,
human rights abuses, unfair labour and wages, commodification of cultures
and environmental degradation
23. POLICIES TO ENHANCE DESTINATION
COMPETITIVENESS.
• Researchers have developed frameworks for
assessing destination competitiveness.
• To build advantage over competing countries,
policymakers and destination managers need to
identify and leverage capabilities that make their
destination distinctive.
• Factors driving stable inbound tourism growth:
o Affinity for travel and tourism.
o Policy rules and regulations.
o Price competitiveness.
o Environmental sustainability.
o Safety and security
24. CONCLUSIONS
• The causes of future tourism growth, on both the demand side and
supply side must be understood by tourism stakeholders in both
developed and lesser developed countries.
• Researchers have determined links between tourism growth and
economic growth.
• A focus on economic forces has led to a neglect of the costs of tourism
growth to the socio-cultural fabric of destinations as well as to the
quality of environmental resources that are important attractors of
visitation.
• Understanding the challenges to tourism growth is particularly important
for LDCs if they are to avoid the mistakes of more developed
destinations.
• The particular strategies developed will depend on the characteristics of
the destination, and the type of tourism development favoured by the
host community
