Triangular interactions among climate, erosion and tectonics happen during the course of formation and development of a mountain range. In this study mountain range of Nyainqentanglha of Himalaya has been focused to assess which element played the vital role in this case. Altitude data of the catchments have been used as the primary key of analysis. Significant concentration of catchment areas near glacier equilibrium line altitudes (ELA) proved the presence of glacial buzzsaw mechanism. Swath analysis confirmed the presence of Teflon peak. Finally web of interrelationship has been explored behind the development of this mountainous range.
M6.0 2004 Parkfield Earthquake : Seismic AttenuationAli Osman Öncel
HRSN isimli kuyu içi sismik istasyonlar kullanılarak, San Andreas fayı boyunca meydana gelen büyük depremler öncesi sismik azalımın varlığının olup olmadığı araştırılıyor.
Deprem Verilerinin H/V Oranının Mevsimsel Değişimi Ali Osman Öncel
H/V oranının zaman içinde değişimi konusu bana oldukça ilginç gelmişti ve bu tür bir çalışma yapıldı mı sorusunu netleştirmek için araştırma yaptım ve 2021 yılında bu konuda GJI gibi bir dergide yayınlanmış bir çalışma buldum. Bu çalışma oldukça iyi bir referans H/V çalışmaları için. Önemli referans düşünceler şöyle; 1) Mevsimsel olarak yağışa bağlı olarak yeraltı kaynaklarında ki azalma ve yükselmeye bağlı olarak H/V yükseliyor, 2) H/V pik değerleri kaya zemin üzerinde yaklaşık BİR (1) oranında seyreder ve PİK vermezken, kaya zeminden uzaklaşıldıkça zemin etkisi ile PİK değerleri değişir, 3) Deprem ve Gürültü sinyallerinden hesap edilen F(PİK) nerede ise sabitken, H/V oranları %10 değişir, 4) M6.8 büyüklüğünde meydana gelen bir deprem H/V değişimlerini etkiler.
Yapılan çalışmada kullanılan yaklaşım SESAME (2004) kriterlerine uygun olarak 1) 60 dakikalık veriler analizi, 2) 1000 günden fazla gözlem süresi 3) 10'dan fazla farklı zeminlerde istasyon 4) 60 dakikalık birbirinden ayrı verilerin analiz edilmesi. Oldukça emek yoğun bir çalışma
Marmara ve İstanbul için ayrı ayrı 2 senaryo yapılmış. Coulomb Stress etkisi önemli ölçüde deprem olasılığını yükseltiyor. Özellikle, KAFZ boyunca meydana gelen depremlerin yüzey kırıklarının Dünya'da ki benzer büyük depremlerin yüzey kırıklarından oldukça farklı ve büyük.
Deprem nerede olacak?
Neden OBS Deprem İzleme çalışması?
10 aylık OBS sismisite verisi ile Marmara denizi içinde çok aktif ve az aktif alanların tespiti yapılmış. Aynı süre içerisinde normal deprem istasyonları ile yapılan deprem verisinin 7 misli daha fazla verinin bu şekilde kayıt edildiği belirtiliyor. İlave olarak, deniz tabanında ki faya yakın OBS kayıtçılar ile dış merkez hataları çok minimize ediliyor ve ilave olarak sismik tomografi çalışması fay boyunca yapılabiliyor.
OBS depremler ile deprem tehlikesini doğru anlamak
Aktif olmayan alanların değişimi Marmara denizinin Doğu-Batı yönünde EŞİT değil ve bu farklılık üzerinden ekte verilen çalışmada bir sonuç öneriliyor. Beklenen İstanbul depreminin olacağından şüphe yok fakat esas araştırılan konu fay zonu'nun hangi alanının bu tür büyük bir depremi üretecek enerji birikimi kapasitesini araştırmak.
Aşağıda ki soruları doğal olarak bu paylaşımı okuyan birisi sorabilir.
Nerede olacağını bilmek neden önemli?
İstanbul deprem riski açısından olacak depremin hangi enlem ve boylam (dış merkez) ve derinlikte (iç merkez) olmasının bilinmesi ne yarar sağlar?
Kaynak: Figure 8 of Yamamato et. al., 2016. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/2016JB013608
M6.0 2004 Parkfield Earthquake : Seismic AttenuationAli Osman Öncel
HRSN isimli kuyu içi sismik istasyonlar kullanılarak, San Andreas fayı boyunca meydana gelen büyük depremler öncesi sismik azalımın varlığının olup olmadığı araştırılıyor.
Deprem Verilerinin H/V Oranının Mevsimsel Değişimi Ali Osman Öncel
H/V oranının zaman içinde değişimi konusu bana oldukça ilginç gelmişti ve bu tür bir çalışma yapıldı mı sorusunu netleştirmek için araştırma yaptım ve 2021 yılında bu konuda GJI gibi bir dergide yayınlanmış bir çalışma buldum. Bu çalışma oldukça iyi bir referans H/V çalışmaları için. Önemli referans düşünceler şöyle; 1) Mevsimsel olarak yağışa bağlı olarak yeraltı kaynaklarında ki azalma ve yükselmeye bağlı olarak H/V yükseliyor, 2) H/V pik değerleri kaya zemin üzerinde yaklaşık BİR (1) oranında seyreder ve PİK vermezken, kaya zeminden uzaklaşıldıkça zemin etkisi ile PİK değerleri değişir, 3) Deprem ve Gürültü sinyallerinden hesap edilen F(PİK) nerede ise sabitken, H/V oranları %10 değişir, 4) M6.8 büyüklüğünde meydana gelen bir deprem H/V değişimlerini etkiler.
Yapılan çalışmada kullanılan yaklaşım SESAME (2004) kriterlerine uygun olarak 1) 60 dakikalık veriler analizi, 2) 1000 günden fazla gözlem süresi 3) 10'dan fazla farklı zeminlerde istasyon 4) 60 dakikalık birbirinden ayrı verilerin analiz edilmesi. Oldukça emek yoğun bir çalışma
Marmara ve İstanbul için ayrı ayrı 2 senaryo yapılmış. Coulomb Stress etkisi önemli ölçüde deprem olasılığını yükseltiyor. Özellikle, KAFZ boyunca meydana gelen depremlerin yüzey kırıklarının Dünya'da ki benzer büyük depremlerin yüzey kırıklarından oldukça farklı ve büyük.
Deprem nerede olacak?
Neden OBS Deprem İzleme çalışması?
10 aylık OBS sismisite verisi ile Marmara denizi içinde çok aktif ve az aktif alanların tespiti yapılmış. Aynı süre içerisinde normal deprem istasyonları ile yapılan deprem verisinin 7 misli daha fazla verinin bu şekilde kayıt edildiği belirtiliyor. İlave olarak, deniz tabanında ki faya yakın OBS kayıtçılar ile dış merkez hataları çok minimize ediliyor ve ilave olarak sismik tomografi çalışması fay boyunca yapılabiliyor.
OBS depremler ile deprem tehlikesini doğru anlamak
Aktif olmayan alanların değişimi Marmara denizinin Doğu-Batı yönünde EŞİT değil ve bu farklılık üzerinden ekte verilen çalışmada bir sonuç öneriliyor. Beklenen İstanbul depreminin olacağından şüphe yok fakat esas araştırılan konu fay zonu'nun hangi alanının bu tür büyük bir depremi üretecek enerji birikimi kapasitesini araştırmak.
Aşağıda ki soruları doğal olarak bu paylaşımı okuyan birisi sorabilir.
Nerede olacağını bilmek neden önemli?
İstanbul deprem riski açısından olacak depremin hangi enlem ve boylam (dış merkez) ve derinlikte (iç merkez) olmasının bilinmesi ne yarar sağlar?
Kaynak: Figure 8 of Yamamato et. al., 2016. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/2016JB013608
Gravity anomaly across reagional structuresAmit K. Mishra
Gravity Anomaly across continents and ocean, gravity anomaly across mid-oceanic ridges, gravity anomaly across orogenic belts, and gravity anomaly across subduction zones.
An Integrated Study of Gravity and Magnetic Data to Determine Subsurface Stru...iosrjce
:The present study wascarried out to delineate the location, extension, trend and depth of subsurface
structures of Alamein area. To achieve this aim, the gravity and aeromagnetic data have been subjected to
different analytical techniques. The Fast Fourier Transform technique was used to separatethe residual
components from the regional ones. The resulted maps showed that the area was affected mainly bytheENE, EW,
WNWand NWtectonic trends. In addition, spectral analysis technique was applied on magnetic anomalies to
estimate the depth to basement surface, which varies from 3.03 in southern part to 7.24 Km in northern part.3DEulerdeconvloution
and tilt angle derivative techniques were carried out to detect the edges of magnetic sources
and to determine their depths.Correlation between them shows acoincidence between Euler solution and zero
lines of tilt angle map. A tentative basement structure map is constructed from the integration of these results
and geological information. This map shows alternative uplifted and downfaulted structure trending in the ENE,
NE and E-W directions. In addition, the NNW to NW strike-slip faults intersected them in later events. Finally,
2-D modeling technique was run on three gravity and magnetic profiles in the same location. Different drilled
wells and the constructed basement structure map support these modeled profiles. Theyshow an acidic basement
rocks. A general decreasing of Conrad discontinuity depths from about 20.5 km at southern part to 17.9 km at
northern part can be noticed. Moreover, the crustal thickness (depth to Moho discontinuity), varies between
31.5 and 28.5 km revealing visibly crustal stretching and thinning northerly
Bouguer anomaly and free-air anomaly correlation signatures in parts of Benue...Premier Publishers
Topographic values in the study area range from 80m to 170m. The rock type comprises Basement Complex at the west bounded by River Niger, and sedimentary rock type in the east. Density measurements of various rocks were taken with the highest bulk density from the metamorphic schist (2.77gm/cm3), followed by igneous rock olivine gabbro (2.73gm/cm3), and sandstone (2.35gm/cm3). Results of gravity survey revealed a mean Bouguer anomaly of +12.15 mgals and a mean free air anomaly of +22.0 mgals. Interpretation of gravity measurements revealed the existence of a fracture at Gboloko NE-SW axis, a synclinal fold axis at about 5.5km west of Gboloko (between the Staurolite Schist and Cordierite-Tourmaline schist). The Basement-Sedimentary boundary is characterized by a drop in residual Bouguer anomaly from positive to negative at about 6km east of Gboloko. The thickness of the sediments is about 0.90km at the northern part of the Basement-Sedimentary boundary, and about 2.0km in the south, thus suggesting a progressive increase in sedimentary thickness at the western edge of the Benue trough. The Free-air anomaly ‘highs’ correspond to Bouguer anomaly ‘highs’ and tied to areas of high topography and bands of weathered, lateritized sediments. The Bouguer anomaly profiles exhibited reliable signature changes at the rock boundaries, thus a supportive tool for delineation of those border areas.
C.K. Morley a,⇑, A. Alvey b
a Department of Geological Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
b Badley Geoscience Ltd., North Beck House, North Beck Lane, Hundelby, Spilsby, Lincolnshire PE23 5NB, UK
Does Distribution of Schools Matter in Human Development? - A Case Study of B...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
This paper investigates relationship between the distribution patterns of the schools and the human development index value of the respective study areas. In this study 50 upazilas have been selected out of 460 upazilas in Bangladesh. The distribution patterns of the primary and high school in each selected upazila have been analyzed through the “Nearest Neighbor Analysis” method. Then the value of Human Development Index (HDI) for each upazila has been determined. Finally a positive correlation between those two indices has been determined. This research can assist the policy makers to take proper decisions while selecting locations for schools keeping the broad view in mind which is development of that particular area.
Gravity anomaly across reagional structuresAmit K. Mishra
Gravity Anomaly across continents and ocean, gravity anomaly across mid-oceanic ridges, gravity anomaly across orogenic belts, and gravity anomaly across subduction zones.
An Integrated Study of Gravity and Magnetic Data to Determine Subsurface Stru...iosrjce
:The present study wascarried out to delineate the location, extension, trend and depth of subsurface
structures of Alamein area. To achieve this aim, the gravity and aeromagnetic data have been subjected to
different analytical techniques. The Fast Fourier Transform technique was used to separatethe residual
components from the regional ones. The resulted maps showed that the area was affected mainly bytheENE, EW,
WNWand NWtectonic trends. In addition, spectral analysis technique was applied on magnetic anomalies to
estimate the depth to basement surface, which varies from 3.03 in southern part to 7.24 Km in northern part.3DEulerdeconvloution
and tilt angle derivative techniques were carried out to detect the edges of magnetic sources
and to determine their depths.Correlation between them shows acoincidence between Euler solution and zero
lines of tilt angle map. A tentative basement structure map is constructed from the integration of these results
and geological information. This map shows alternative uplifted and downfaulted structure trending in the ENE,
NE and E-W directions. In addition, the NNW to NW strike-slip faults intersected them in later events. Finally,
2-D modeling technique was run on three gravity and magnetic profiles in the same location. Different drilled
wells and the constructed basement structure map support these modeled profiles. Theyshow an acidic basement
rocks. A general decreasing of Conrad discontinuity depths from about 20.5 km at southern part to 17.9 km at
northern part can be noticed. Moreover, the crustal thickness (depth to Moho discontinuity), varies between
31.5 and 28.5 km revealing visibly crustal stretching and thinning northerly
Bouguer anomaly and free-air anomaly correlation signatures in parts of Benue...Premier Publishers
Topographic values in the study area range from 80m to 170m. The rock type comprises Basement Complex at the west bounded by River Niger, and sedimentary rock type in the east. Density measurements of various rocks were taken with the highest bulk density from the metamorphic schist (2.77gm/cm3), followed by igneous rock olivine gabbro (2.73gm/cm3), and sandstone (2.35gm/cm3). Results of gravity survey revealed a mean Bouguer anomaly of +12.15 mgals and a mean free air anomaly of +22.0 mgals. Interpretation of gravity measurements revealed the existence of a fracture at Gboloko NE-SW axis, a synclinal fold axis at about 5.5km west of Gboloko (between the Staurolite Schist and Cordierite-Tourmaline schist). The Basement-Sedimentary boundary is characterized by a drop in residual Bouguer anomaly from positive to negative at about 6km east of Gboloko. The thickness of the sediments is about 0.90km at the northern part of the Basement-Sedimentary boundary, and about 2.0km in the south, thus suggesting a progressive increase in sedimentary thickness at the western edge of the Benue trough. The Free-air anomaly ‘highs’ correspond to Bouguer anomaly ‘highs’ and tied to areas of high topography and bands of weathered, lateritized sediments. The Bouguer anomaly profiles exhibited reliable signature changes at the rock boundaries, thus a supportive tool for delineation of those border areas.
C.K. Morley a,⇑, A. Alvey b
a Department of Geological Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
b Badley Geoscience Ltd., North Beck House, North Beck Lane, Hundelby, Spilsby, Lincolnshire PE23 5NB, UK
Does Distribution of Schools Matter in Human Development? - A Case Study of B...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
This paper investigates relationship between the distribution patterns of the schools and the human development index value of the respective study areas. In this study 50 upazilas have been selected out of 460 upazilas in Bangladesh. The distribution patterns of the primary and high school in each selected upazila have been analyzed through the “Nearest Neighbor Analysis” method. Then the value of Human Development Index (HDI) for each upazila has been determined. Finally a positive correlation between those two indices has been determined. This research can assist the policy makers to take proper decisions while selecting locations for schools keeping the broad view in mind which is development of that particular area.
Public Participation and Lay Knowledge in Environmental Governance: A Case St...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
This paper analyzes the debate of public participation within environmental governance process. In doing so, significance of local knowledge in climate change adaptation process has been evaluated. An adaptation project from the coastal areas of Bangladesh has been selected to reveal more specific result and to focus the study in a very specific angle. Local knowledge has been proved as a vital factor within the adaptation planning for coastal areas in the face of threat posed by climate change. Insights from similar studies has been drawn and evaluated. Finally public participation within the broader domain of environmental governance has been found inevitable.
Assessment of the Extent to which Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) ca...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
In this study the extent of addressing climate change mitigation and adaptation through SEA will be trying to explore based on available literatures, which is very few due to this domains infancy till date. In doing so present context of climate change will be described concisely. Following that, nexus between climate change and SEA will be highlighted based on SEA principles, guidance and best practice manual and empirical evidences of the integration in several countries. Drawing insights from the prior discussions, deficits and recommendations will be stated for future research agendas.
Image of Chawk Bazar an Analysis from Physical and Socio Economic PerspectivesShahadat Hossain Shakil
The ancient city Dhaka which is located on the left bank of the river ‘Buriganga’ has some significant history of 400 years. It has passed through many vicissitudes. It got priority as trade centre as well as military post in Mughal period and as capital city after the war of Independence. The pre-Mughal Dhaka had 52 bazars and 53 lanes. It was known for its industrial and commercial activity. During Mughal period among these bazars, Chawk Bazar became the centre of commercial sector and social interaction. The name of the bazar was ‘Badshahi bazar’ at that time which was mainly a place for retail business. But gradually the bazar was occupied by the wholesale business. This transformation has completed by the year 1930. At present, it is one of the major wholesale business areas. Maximum development of Chawk Bazar took place during the Mughal period. But now-a-days it has started to lose its charm and traditional glory for increasing density and congestion.
Chawk Bazar area though signifies a lot, but the existing situation can never support the future growth unless the old city is immediately brought under a redevelopment scheme.
Background: Ecological Footprint assessment helps to identify what activities are having the biggest impact on nature and opens up possibilities to reduce our impact and live within the means of ‘one planet’. It provides measurement of collective consumption of the population whether they are exceeding the earth’s ecological limits or not. The introduction of ecological footprint has been very necessary for the context of Bangladesh especially in Dhaka, where the unplanned consumption pattern of the population is producing a very unsustainable situation. Objective: This study intends to introduce this new concept through calculating the Ecological Footprint Account (usually 90% of it consists with Carbon Footprint/Emission Account) of the prestigious residential area Dhanmondi, which is one of the major resource consuming area of Dhaka city. Method: A blending of ‘component’ and ‘direct’ method has been used. Questionnaire survey (in 240 HH) has been conducted to gather information about the consumption pattern for different components (i.e. energy, food, service etc.) in the households for the year 2011. Biocapacity of Dhanmondi RA is also measured from the bioproductive lands available within the area. Following the generated results, sustainability analysis has been done. Results: An enormous gap between demand (1.19 global hectare/person) and supply (0.02 global hectare/person) of natural resources has been observed from the scrutiny. Conclusion: Natural gas consumption for domestic purpose has been found as the main motive behind the high footprint figure compared to the national average followed by Electricity, Food and Transportation. Biocapacity has been discovered as very petite amount because of unplanned urban agglomeration.
Effectiveness of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Bangladesh PerspectiveShahadat Hossain Shakil
EIA as an environment management tool has been successful in terms of global awareness rising over the last four decades. Due to its rationalist approach it has been criticised about the inherent aim of influencing development decision and protecting the environment. Numerous researches have been performed to measure the ‘effectiveness of EIA’ which is still evolving as a domain. Four major criteria’s have been established till date. Effectiveness of Bangladesh EIA system has been explored with the help of those criteria’s. Procedural ineffectiveness seeks government measure in a couple areas mainly through institutional arrangement and capacity building. Substantive ineffectiveness reflects the global trend of failure to influence the development decision truly. Transactive effectiveness will be far reaching for a country like Bangladesh, depended on foreign aid largely. Normative effectiveness is still little known, but mass awareness about the environment through the debate regarding an ES report is a recent experience.
Climate Change Adaptation through Multi-level Governance: Perspectives from C...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
Multi-level governance/hybrid governance and proliferation of actors in Environmental Governance can address the multi-scalar (spatially, socio-politically, and temporally) character of environmental problems (Lemos and Agrawal 2006; Ostrom 2010). On the other hand this proliferation or fragmentation can cause conflict among the actors and networks in terms of power balance and incentives (Siebenhüner 2003; Bulkeley 2005; McCormick 2011).
The multidimensional nature of climate change requires responses at multiple geographical and jurisdictional scales, levels of social and administrative organisation, and policy and resource sectors (Keskitalo 2010; Termeer et al. 2011). For this reason, multilevel governance – decision- and policy-making that involve multiple actors and take place across multiple jurisdictions and sectors – is critical for adaptation (Termeer et al. 2010). On the other hand multilevel governance, despite comprising a promising approach to cope with multi-scale and multi-sector issues, faces significant challenges in a climate adaptation context. One such challenge refers to the policy context in which it is implemented, which is very often complex and fragmented, and is characterised by a diversity of interacting climate and non-climate strategies (e.g., programs, plans, policies and legislation) (Termeer et al. 2011). Interaction between and among those strategies can create both synergetic and conflicting outcomes (Adger et al. 2005; Young 2006; K. Urwin and Jordan 2008).
This study will examines how climate change adaptation takes place in a complex multilevel governance system comprised by Coastal Areas of Bangladesh. It will map adaptation strategies (what are the existing adaptation policies and strategies?) and responsibilities (who has been developing/adopting such strategies?) at National, Divisional, District, Upazila (sub-disrict) and Union levels.
It will examines examples of adaptation strategies in terms of type of adaptation, its manifestation, purposefulness, drivers and triggers, and geographic and temporal scope. Interactions between strategies (how adaptation strategies relate to each other) will be investigated both at the same level of governance (horizontally) and across governance levels (vertically).
This will be the pioneer study regarding environmental governance in Bangladesh with a special focus on climate change adaptation. Moreover the insights and findings of this study can be used in other cross-cuting sctors (socio-economic) within the country.
Sustainable City Design: Developing Conceptual Planning Proposal for Eastern ...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
The Eastern fringe of Dhaka city is a low lying area along the bank of Balu River. According to DMDP, 32% of the total population of Dhaka city will be living there by 2020. This area is now facing scattered private housing development projects and rapid urbanization. So this paper aims at preparing a conceptual planning proposal for a planned sustainable urban environment. Objective of this study is planning a sustainable city environment for eastern fringe for projected population (2.6 million) of 2020 and conservation of retention pond areas. Before preparing the plan various town development plans were studied (Delhi Master Plan 2021, Navi Mumbai plan, Putrajaya town development plan etc). Then population for the year 2020 in the study area is projected. Afterwards land use distribution, road network design, zoning, detailed neighborhood design for different income groups etc is done. The study area is divided into four zones. A transit based transportation network is planned. Residential land use is the major land use in the study area. This site is planned as a poly-centric urban form with hierarchy of CBDs, adapted from Delhi Master Plan 2021. 15% area is conserved for retention ponds. A regional scale hospital, university, light industrial zone and waste treatment plant is planned. Agricultural lands and land for future expansion is also planned. Thus all the planning processes are applied to design a sustainable urban environment.
Environmental Impact Assessment as a tool for decision making has been formally initiated in late sixty’s at USA through National Environmental Protection Act, 1969 (Glasson et al., 2012, p.50) which has been now adopted by majority of countries of the world (Sadler, 1996, p.25; Petts, 2009; NCEA, 2013).
To monitor the quality of Environmental Statements (on which the overall success of the process depends most) review packages or criteria’s has been first developed in 1987 by Ross for Canadian ESs (Lee and Colley, 1992). Following several initiatives in this arena, Lee and Colley developed their review package in 1990, which has been amended at 1999 lastly (Lee et al., 1999), and it is being used widely for assessing ESs. European commission guideline on EIS review is another precise guideline to evaluate (EC, 2001). Both process has been criticized for the inadequacies to address all the issues (Põder and Lukki, 2011) and variability of scrutiny by reviewers depending on their personal skills and competencies (Peterson, 2010).
Parking Demand & Supply Analysis of Different Commercial Land Uses Along Mirp...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
“Parking” this term is one of the most important topics of discussion in the developing cities. In the cities like Dhaka where unplanned urbanization prevails in a greater extent; parking problem is the most common scenario there. In the developing countries cities are growing without considering the inherent increasing parking demand. Mirpur road is one of the most problematic roads of Dhaka city in context of parking problem. To assess the current scenario of the problems and to formulate some policy measures is the main focus of this study. In this study some major parking generators along Mirpur has been surveyed and their parking demand-supply situation has been analyzed. Considering the Parking Policy for the Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan Area, 2002 and the results from the analysis some policy measures has been formulated to manage the parking demand more efficiently.
Stakeholder Debate in Policy Implementation:An Evaluation of Bangladesh Leat...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
This paper focuses on stakeholder debate and conflict during policy implementation. In doing so it analyzed the reason behind the implementation snag of Bangladesh leather processing industry relocation policy, which is extreme stakeholder negotiation. Relevant stakeholders have been identified and their influence over the policy measure has been formulated. Underlying interactions among the stakeholders has been conceptually depicted to retrieve an image of the extreme stakeholder dispute behind this policy failure. Finally, based on the empirical evidence this policy measure has been evaluated in light of the effective participation of the concerned stakeholders.
Promotion of Agricultural Product (Jute, Sweetmeat) in Districts (Shariatpur,...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
Bangladesh is traditionally an agro-based country for geographical reasons. Historically agricultural products play a major role in the GDP of the country. Recent statistical data shows that agricultural products are now at 3rd position in the sectoral share of GDP.
The economic condition, per capita income and quality of life of Bangladesh can be improved if proper emphasis is given on the agricultural sector and appropriate promotion strategy for the agricultural industry is undertaken. This promotion strategy should be undertaken in different scales on the basis of need and priority.
In Bangladesh there are lots of National level goals and policies for industrial promotion and there are also some Local level plans; but the intermediate stage (Regional level) between these two is always neglected. National level plans are always too broad on the other hand Local level plans are too specific. A combination of these two scales of planning is needed for quick and efficient improvement strategy.
In this study Regional promotional strategy for two agricultural products in two different districts (Jute-Shariatpur; Sweetmeat-Rajbari) is discussed to minimize the above mentioned gap between National and Local level.
Technical and Financial Proposal-Consultancy Services for the Preparation of ...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
The cities and towns of Bangladesh are growing largely in an unplanned manner. Planned spatial and socio-economic development is essential for living and environmental quality of spaces. To ensure such quality of space for better living environment planned growth of Bakerganj region can hardly be over emphasized. The project titled 'Preparation of Bakerganj Upazilla Master Plan' comprises a small area in the south east region of the country. The approach & methodology, and work task to be performed to accomplish the stated objectives and activities stated in the Terms of Reference (ToR) are presented in this section.
Impact of Different Types of Land Use on Transportation System of Dhaka City ...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
Land use distribution and transportation both are very important issue for Dhaka city in recent period. To relate these two issues with each other is also a very effective job but a difficult one indeed. This study intends to find out the impact of different land use changes on the transportation system of Dhaka city. One of the most important roads of Dhaka city, Mirpur Road has been taken to understand and to analyze for this study. This study will help to take significant decisions and generate proper policies in transportation sector. It will also contribute to the attempts of combining land use planning and transportation planning. By assessing the land use change impact on transportation system, traffic management, congestion control and improvement of road network will be possible to make
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Presentació per part de Hermann Haeusler (Departament de Geociències Ambientals, Universitat de Viena, Àustria) en el marc de l’acte de clausura del projecte europeu CIRCLE 2 MOUNTain co-organitzat per l'Oficina Catalana del Canvi Climàtic durant els dies 26 i 27 de setembre de 2013.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Subglacial drainage in porous aquifer and sediment consolidation patterns in the glaciated valley of Andorra (Pyrenees). The poster was presented for the IAG/AIG (International Association of Geomorphologists) Regional Conference on Geomorphology Geodiversity of polar landforms which was held in Longyearbyen (Spitsbergen, Norway) on August 1-5, 2007. Conference was organised on the occasion of the International Polar Year 2007/2008 by the Association of Polish Geomorphologists.
The Effects of Variable Precipitation on Discharge and Sediment Transport in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Discharge and sediment distributions control the efficiency of sediment transport and incision into bedrock units in active stream channels. The efficiency of stream erosion is an important factor influencing the evolution of mountain landscapes. Variations in yearly precipitation affect the timing of snowmelt, and therefore, the water availability for discharge in high elevation streams. This study explores how differences in annual precipitation can impact alpine stream erosion. Water discharge, bed load sediments, and suspended solids were observed for major streams draining watershed areas between 10 km² and 43 km² in the Teton Mountain Range in northwestern Wyoming, USA. The maximum sediment sizes capable of being moved through the stream channels at late summer flow conditions were determined using basal shear stress and critical shear stress calculations. Annual precipitation data over 2 years was compared with sediment transport conditions to compare how precipitation impacted erosion. Erosion proved to be effective in both high and low precipitation conditions; however higher precipitation resulted in prolonged snowmelt, higher discharge, greater sediment transport, and therefore higher erosional efficiency.
Induction of Alternaria blight resistance using in vivo and in vitro mediated...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Rapeseed-mustard crops in general, show low average productivity due to the prevalence of various biotic and abiotic stresses. Among biotic stresses, Alternaria blight caused by Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. is an important and a widespread destructive disease. In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate Alternaria blight resistant mutants in the susceptible variety ‘Jayanti’ of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) using in vivo and in vitro mutagenic techniques. Dry and uniform coloured seeds were mutagenised by gamma rays (50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110kR) in 60Co gamma cell and Ethyl Methyl Sulphonate (EMS, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5%). About 46 mutants in M2 generation were isolated which showed segregation for Alternaria brassicae resistance. Ten mutants showed very less sporulation intensity along with less halo and concentric ring diameter. Screening of different mutagenised population under Alternaria-sick plots resulted in the isolation of two mutants viz., P(4)2 in 80kR and P13 in 100kR doses exhibiting moderate resistance/tolerance (PDI <25.0 %, scale 2) compared to the parental check ‘Jayanti’. The resistance of theses mutants was further confirmed by in vitro studies using cultural filtrate and detached leaf techniques. The Alternaria blight tolerant mutants also exhibited dwarfness and earliness in comparison to parental variety while the yield potential of both tolerant mutants remained at par with the checks used in the study. Thus, the induced mutagenesis through irradiation and EMS treatments could be effectively used for the induction of Alternaria blight tolerance and the isolated mutants can be the potential genetic stocks for breeding Ethiopian mustard lines with tolerance to Alternaria blight coupled with earliness and dwarfness.
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Topographic Analysis Linkages among Climate, Erosion and Tectonics
1. Topographic Analysis: Linkages among Climate, Erosion and Tectonics
Shahadat Hossain Shakil
ABSTRACT
Triangular interactions among climate, erosion and tectonics happen during the course of formation and
development of a mountain range. In this study mountain range of Nyainqentanglha of Himalaya has been focused
to assess which element played the vital role in this case. Altitude data of the catchments have been used as the
primary key of analysis. Significant concentration of catchment areas near glacier equilibrium line altitudes (ELA)
proved the presence of glacial buzzsaw mechanism. Swath analysis confirmed the presence of Teflon peak. Finally
web of interrelationship has been explored behind the development of this mountainous range.
……
INTRODUCTION
Since Dahlen and Suppe (1988)
explored that „erosion can affect the
tectonics of the region undergoing that
erosion‟, researchers have been drived to
discover the interactions among not only
erosion and tectonics but also climate,
which affects erosion and is affected by
tectonics (Molnar, 2009).
Topography represents the net product
of tectonic and surficial processes.
Interactions between tectonic and
surficial processes are complex and
involve coupling with feedback through
diverse mechanisms (Fig. 1).
Fig.1. Feedback loops within the
dynamic system defined by tectonics,
climate and erosional surface processes.
There are two feedback loops; a direct
path (I) whereby tectonics increases
erosion rates by increasing elevation,
relief and drainage basin areas and an
indirect loop (II), whereby increased
elevation induces increased erosion rates
through changes in climate (Adopted
from Willett et al. 2003, p.33)
Mountains are created and shaped not
only by the movements of the vast
tectonic plates that make up Earth‟s
exterior but also by climate and erosion
(Pinter and Brandon, 2005). In
particular, the interactions between
tectonic,
climatic
and
erosional
processes exert strong control over the
shape and maximum height of
mountains (Brozović et al., 1997) as
well as the amount of time necessary to
build or destroy a mountain range
(Pinter
and
Brandon,
2005).
Paradoxically, the shaping of mountains
seems to depend as much on the
destructive forces of erosion as on the
constructive power of tectonics (Zeitler
et al., 2001).
The geology of the Himalaya (stretch
over 2400 km) is a record of the most
dramatic and visible creations of modern
plate tectonic forces (USGS, 1999). This
immense mountain range was formed by
tectonic forces and sculpted by
weathering
and
erosion.
Topographically, the belt has many
superlatives: the highest rate of uplift
(nearly 10 mm/year at Nanga Parbat),
the highest relief (8848 m at Mt. Everest
Chomolangma), among the highest
erosion rates at 2–12 mm/yr (Burbank et
al., 1996), the source of some of the
greatest rivers and the highest
concentration of glaciers outside of the
polar regions.
Nyainqentanglha
Mountains
of
Himalaya forming the eastern section of
a mountain system in the southern part
of the Tibet Autonomous Region of
south-western China, is a 700-kilometer
(430 mi) long mountain range (Fig. 2). It
has an average latitude of 30°30'N and a
longitude between 90°E and 97°E. The
range is divided into two main parts: the
West and East Nyainqentanglha, with a
division at Tro La pass near Lhari. The
Nyainqentanglha Mountains bound the
northwest side of the Yangbajian graben
and are parallel to it (Pan and Kidd,
1992). The average elevation of the
Nyainqentanglha Mountains is about
6000 m. West Nyainqentanglha includes
the four highest peaks in the range, all
above 7000m. It lies to the southeast of
Namtso Lake. East Nyainqentanglha
located in the prefecture of Nagchu,
Chamdo and Nyingchi marks the water
divide between the Yarlung Tsangpo to
the south and the Nak Chu river to the
north. The area is of special interest for
glacio-climatological research as this
[1]
region is influenced by both the
continental climate of Central Asia and
the Indian Monsoon system, and it is
situated at the transition zone between
temperate and sub-continental glaciers
(Bolch et al., 2010).
Fig. 2. NQTL Range Location, bounded
by Tibetan Plateau-north, Bhutan-south,
Himalayan-West, Namcha Barwa-East
REGIONAL SETTING
Geologic mapping in the eastern
Himalayan syntaxis confirmed the three
regional tectonic elements outlined by
previous geologic workers. The Namche
Barwa and Nyainqentanglha crystalline
complexes lie below and above the
Indus-Yarlung Tsangpo suture (IYS),
respectively, and both were parts of the
northern Indian plate basement rocks.
Uplift and exhumation have been the
most recent dominant tectonic processes
in the late Cenozoic for the High
Himalayan crystalline rocks (Namche
Barwa Group) in the core of the Namche
Barwa antiform (Quanru et al., 2006).
Results of a recent study led by Wang et
al. (2013) showed high variation in
extent of glaciers and lakes with
increased temperature and precipitation
in the past 40 years in this area. These
variations include glacial retreat,
increased water level of inland lakes and
increased number of glacier lakes to
higher altitudes.
2. In contrast According to Kang et al.
(2007), an intensification of atmospheric
circulation and increase of sea-surface
and air temperatures, resulting in
intensified moisture availability and
moisture transport, have been a major
cause for the increase of ice-core
accumulation
over
the
Mt.
Nyainquentanglha region since 1980s.
RATIONALE AND METHODS
The aim of this study is to analyze the
topography
of
Nyainqentanglha
mountain range and to find out the
linkages between erosion, climate and
tectonics, and to determine which played
the dominant role in the development of
mountain range.
DEM; seed point of catchment and a
glacier ELA dataset of the study area has
been collected for analysis. TAS GIS
and MATLAB have been used for the
investigation and illustration purpose.
To determine the catchment size, holes
within the DEM has been filled first to
model the stream flow uninterruptedly.
Then using the FD8Quinn algorithm
Specific Contributing Area (SCA) has
been determined. Visually 79 major
catchments have been identified then
with the help of their grid reference a
Seed Point file has been created which
contains these outlets co-ordinates.
Afterwards, watersheds have been
delineated with TAS and converted to
vector for area calculation.
Min, max and avg. elevation and
average slope from DEM has been
extracted for further evaluation. Swath
analysis in MATLAB has been also
performed to visualise the physical
scenario across the range.
Swath
analysis
simplifies
the
topographic
data
for
better
understanding and observations. This
practice is also termed as data reduction
technique. To extract and analyze data
(i.e. correlation with ELA glacier and
elevation) from the complex data
structures of DEM (i.e. plan view) and
to make insights and decision from it
(i.e. following the glacial buzzsaw
hypothesis?). During this process a
DEM is divided into number of clusters
based on visual and statistical symmetry.
Then considering variation of the field
along or across the range, orientation of
Swath is determined. To cover the
identical area within one frame as well
as considering the length of range, width
of the Swath frame is figured out. Each
swath frame records the maximum,
minimum, and average elevation for
each pixel band.
To cover near about eight identical zone
across the range in terms of catchment
size, and to visualize the difference
between the northern catchments (1-46)
and southern catchments (47-79), swath
width has been fixed at 25 km (Fig. 3;
Fig. 4). Orientation of the swath frame
has been fixed across the range
(perpendicular with the longer axis of
the range) to visualize the difference
between north and south catchments.
During this process each swath frame
recorded the maximum, minimum, and
average elevation for each pixel band
(90m by 25 km) perpendicular to the
25–40 km swath length (Fig. 4). Similar
type of approach has been adopted by
Dortch et al. (2011) to determine the
longitudinal topographic variation of the
central Ladakh Range and Kühni and
Pfiffner (2001) in case of topographic
analyses of Swiss Alps mountain belts
along cross-sections perpendicular to the
main structures of different orogens.
Fig. 3 Catchments shape and location;
ID: 1-46, northern side catchments; ID:
47-79 southern side catchments
Swath Analysis: Glaciers concentrate
within the elevation of 5500 – 6000
meter (Fig. 8; Swath 1 – Swath 6). In
swath 1 and 2 glaciers distributes evenly
within the two regions. But in swath 3-6
glaciers concentrates largely in the
southern region (right hand side of the
Divide). No glaciers have been found in
swath 7-8, comparatively lower altitude
region of both zones (Fig. 8).
RESULTS
Spatial Pattern of Catchment Size: area
of northern catchments (1-46) range
between 1.65 ~ 86.33 sq.km with an
average of 24.55 sq.km. Whereas area of
southern catchment lies between 7.44 ~
250.7 sq.km with an average of 47.81
sq.km (Fig. 5). Southern part of the
range contains an exceptional catchment
area of 250.7 sq.km which increased the
average value of this part, while the
normal average is slightly higher than
the northern part (Fig. 5).
Elevation vs. Catchment Size: In case of
smaller catchments, southern parts have
lower higher elevation than the northern.
But the reverse scenario exists in case of
bigger catchments, higher maximum
elevation for southern zone (Fig. 6). In
both cases southern catchments have
lower minimum elevation than northern,
resulting higher relief in the southern
zone (Fig. 8). In case of increase in
catchment area for both zones after
certain point elevation decreased, with
couple of exceptions for southern zone.
A positive but weak trend can be seen
for maximum (R2 = 0.352) and average
elevation (R2 = 0.297) and catchment
size. Whereas a negative but very weak
correlation can be seen for minimum
elevation (R2 = 0.041).
Average Slope vs. Catchment Size: For
both smaller and larger catchments,
southern zone have higher average slope
than the northern zone. Southern zones
slope range between 24.81 0 ~ 18.140
(degree), with an average of 22.470. In
contrast, northern catchments average
slope lies between 21.95 0 ~ 14.090, with
an average of 18.960.
[2]
Glaciers are closely related with the
maximum and average elevation line in
swath 1-3. But due to the presence of
some exceptional peak in the southern
zone (Fig. 6), glaciers correlate with the
average elevation line in swath 4-6.
DISCUSSION
Concentration of high proportion of
catchment area (Fig. 6) within the range
(5500 – 6000) of glacier equilibrium line
altitudes (ELA) (Fig. 8) suggesting that
operation of a Glacial Buzzsaw
denudation mechanism effective in
reducing surface topography above the
snowline and concentrating it at the
snowline (Brozović et al., 1997; Egholm
et al., 2009).
This result supports the findings of
Brozović et al. (1997), Montgomery et
al., (2001), Mitchell and Montgomery
(2006) and Brocklehurst and Whipple
(2002) that glaciated orogens in the
Himalayas, the Andes, the Cascade
Range, and the Sierra Nevada (USA)
hold a striking coincidence of snowline
altitudes, glacier equilibrium line
altitudes (ELA) and elevations with a
high proportion of surface area.
On
the
other
hand
some
anomalies/exceptions exist in the
southern zone of the range, by the
presence of some exceptional peak (Fig.
8; swath 4-5). This has been has termed
as Teflon Peak by Anderson (2005),
which cannot be well described through
glacial buzzsaw. So the range is better
characterized as a non-uniform scooping
of the landscape between high hard
slippery Teflon peaks (Anderson, 2005).
3. Fig. 4 Swath profile location and orientation; red box – swath frame,
blue points – glacier location
Fig. 5 Spatial pattern of catchment size
Fig. 6 Elevation vs. catchment size; elevation: minimum (circles),
average (squares) and maximum (triangles); marker: filled (northern),
hollow (southern); trend lines: min. elevation – green line, avg.
elevation – yellow line, max elevation – red line; R2 = square of the
correlation coefficient between the regression line and basin data
Fig. 7 Average slope vs. catchment size
Fig. 8 Swath Profile of the Range; lines: blue – max elevation, red –
avg. elevation, green – min elevation; black points – glacier location;
[3]
4. According to Anderson (2005, 2010),
during glacial buzzsaw process glaciers
erode along the slope which make it
more steeper. This proposition can be
supported through the result of Fig. 7,
stating steeper peaks in the southern
zone, where majority of the glaciers
exists (Fig. 8; swath 2-6).
High relief has been experienced from
the swath profile (Fig. 8; swath 1-5) of
the range in the southern zone. This can
be explained by the proposition of
Molnar and England (1990), “glaciations
have been assumed to increase average
relief mainly by incising valley systems,
leaving high elevation peaks and hill
slopes almost unaffected, and producing
significant isostatically driven peak
uplift”.
CONCLUSIONS
Mountains of Nyainqentanglha range
follow the glacial buzzsaw hypothesis.
With some exceptions in the southern
catchments termed as Teflon peak in
geology. Glaciers clusters largely in the
southern zone due to higher altitudes. In
another sense presence of the glaciers
played the crucial role for the
development of this higher altitude
through more erosion therefore uplift
feedback from the inner tectonics.
Influence of local climate is also very
crucial behind the formation and
development of mountains as well as
glaciers, which can be said in reverse
way also (Molnar and England, 1990;
Anders et al., 2010; Dahlen and Suppe,
1988; Egholm et al., 2009; Molnar,
2009; Willett et al., 2003). This study
echoes the complex interrelations of
tectonics, erosion and climate during the
development of a mountain range, which
is driving researchers of modern times in
the domain of geology to unravel the
hidden layers of this relationship.
Brocklehurst, S.H. and Whipple, K.X.
(2002). Glacial Erosion and Relief
Production in the Eastern Sierra Nevada,
California. Geomorphology, 42(1–2),
pp.1–24.
Brozović, N., Burbank, D.W. and Meigs,
A.J. (1997). Climatic Limits on
Landscape
Development
in
the
Northwestern
Himalaya.
Science,
276(5312), pp.571–574.
Burbank, D.W. et al. (1996). Bedrock
Incision, Rock Uplift and Threshold
Hillslopes
in
the
Northwestern
Himalayas. Nature, 379(6565), pp.505–
510.
Dahlen, F.A. and Suppe, J. (1988).
Mechanics, Growth, and Erosion of
Mountain Belts. Geological Society of
America Special Papers, 218, pp.161–
178.
Dortch, J.M. et al. (2011). Asymmetrical
Erosion
and
Morphological
Development of the Central Ladakh
Range, Northern India. Geomorphology,
135(1–2), pp.167–180.
Egholm, D.L. et al. (2009). Glacial
Effects Limiting Mountain Height.
Nature, 460(7257), pp.884–887.
Kang, S. et al. (2007). Annual
Accumulation
in
the
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Author expresses his gratitude towards
Dr Jason Dortch, Lecturer in Physical
Geography, SEED, University of
Manchester for his continuous guidance
during the course of this study and
specially for the MATLAB script.
Author is also thankful to Emma
Shuttleworth (GTA) for her assistance
during the surgery works.