1. Earl Harper, Darienne Hunziker, Stanislav Novosad,
Rebecca Scott, Shahadat Hossain Shakil

2. STRUCTURE
1. Actual and Predicted Climatic Impacts
2. Impacts on the Urban Poor
3. Efforts to Address the Impacts
4. Conclusions

4. LOCATION
Source: OrbitAustralia.com,
2011

5. TEMPERATURE
(IPCC, 2013: 1374)(IPCC, 2013: 1375)
Temperature Change 2046-
2065 December-FebruaryJune-August

6. PRECIPITATION
Season Precipitation Rainy Days Heavy Rain
Winter -24.5% -34%
Pre-Monsoon -12.2% -10.4%
Monsoon +11.1% -0.66%
Post-Monsoon +0.13% +0.26%
Annual +9.6% -1.01% +18.2%
(Singh et al., 2008: 2989)

7. PRECIPITATION (PREDICTED)
Precipitation Changes 2046-2056
October-March
(IPCC, 2013: 1376)(IPCC, 2013: 1377)
April-September

9. ECONOMY AND DEMOGRAPHICS
• Surat’s Population has almost doubled within a
decade, from 2.8 million to 4.5 million
• 131st richest city in the world with a GDP of
US$40 Billion
• 42% of global diamond cutting and polishing
industry
• 1.2 million textile workers, merchants and
traders
(Parikh et al., 2013)

10. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES & VULNERABILITY
• 64% of municipal land occupied by slums
• Tendency to settle along creeks, rivers and
drainage channels
• 20% of population (80% of which are migrants)
live in slums
• Migrant population identified as a challenge and
most vulnerable
• Increased risk of pluvial, fluvial and tidal
flooding (Edge, 2011; Kantor, Ranni & Unni, 2006)

11. (Parikh et al., 2013)

12. VULNERABILITY (CONT’D)
• Surat slums have better access to water and sanitation than others in
India
• Sanitized toilets were available to 96% of households in 2010
• 87% of households have access to municipal sewerage systems
• 94% collection efficiency for wastewater and solid human waste
• Monsoon uncertainty places pressure on dam management
• Proposed new infrastructure:
• Storm Water Drainage
• Solid Waste Management Systems
• Sewerage (Expansion and Improvement)
• Transportation
• Housing
(TARU et al., 2013; Edge,
2011)

14. MULTI-LEVEL, NETWORKED GOVERNANCE
• National Action Plan on Climate Change
• Gujurat State Disaster Management Authority
• Surat Municipal Corporation
• Surat Urban Development Authority
• The South Gujurat Chamber of Commerce and Industry
• Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network

15. FORMAL RESPONSES (SURAT MUNICIPAL
CORP.)
S H O R T T E R M
• Drainage
Maintenance
• LED Ukai Dam
Water Level
Display
• Flood warnings:
• Mega-phones
• SMS
• Television
L O N G T E R M
• Embankment
work
• Storm Drain
Improvements
• Relocation of
housing
• Revise DMP for
Climate Risks
(ISET, 2009; TARU and ACCCRN, 2011; TARU, 201

16. (ACCCRN , 2013; Bhat et al., 2013; TARU, 2011)
ACCCRN AND SURAT GOVERNMENT
RESPONSES
• End-to End Early Warning System (EWS)
• Surat Climate Change Trust
• Urban Health and Climate Resilience Centre
• Urban Service Monitoring System
• Promoting cool roof and Passive
Ventilation

17. END-TO-END EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
To respond to current and future flood risk
• Establishment of Surat Climate Change Trust
• Integrated Meteorological,
and Reservoir Modelling System
• Early Warning System
• Support to the Poor
Impacts
• Improved and sustainable governance of the early warning system
• Provision of approximately four days warning
• Safe failure of the Ukai Dam – managing flows to reduce flood
damage and vulnerability of the poor
(TARU and ACCRN, 2011; ACCRN, 2013; Bhat et al., 2013; Brown et al., 20

18. CLIMATE CHANGE AND HEALTH
The combination of location, climate, socio demographic
structure and development activities of Surat are highly
conducive to the growth and transmission of vector borne
diseases.
Increase in disease transmission in extreme events due to:
 High population densities
 Damage and ‘disruption of pre-existing sanitation services such as
piped water and sewage
 Disruption of public health programs in immediate post disaster period
 Poor drainage and stagnant water in floods
(Kovats and Akhtar, 2008; ISET, 2011)

19. SURAT URBAN HEALTH AND CLIMATE
RESILIENCE CENTRE
Building upon Surat’s strong health capacity to address the
nature of health risks posed climate change in urban environments
• Climate informed surveillance system: early detection and prompt
treatment to facilitate efficient planning and response
• Minimize conditions favourable to vector survival and disease
transmission: environmental engineering, biological measures, and
insecticides.
• Community participation in preventative measures: mosquito nets,
repellents, protective clothing and reduction of mosquito breeding
sites etc..
(ISET, 2011; Edge, 2008)

21. EFFECTIVENESS AND FUTURE
In-migration and urban expansion must remain central to planning
Program outreach mechanisms must be more accessible to the urban poor
ACCCRN: a valuable stimulator
Surat has integrated climate change into urban planning
• UHCRC: a model for other cities
• Surat Climate Change Trust: has been formally integrated into city
governance and planning network
• Chamber of Commerce: addressing housing for migrants
• Finance: secured private sector funding
• Programs: engagement tool or full integration of UCCR?
(Bhat et al., 2013; Bhat, 2011; Kernaghan and da Silva, 2013)

22. ACCCRN, (2013). ACCCRN City Projects. Bangkok,
Thailand: Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience
Network & The Rockefeller Foundation.
ACCCRN, (2014). About ACCCRN. [Online]
Available at: http://www.acccrn.org/about-acccrn
[Accessed: 5th March 2014]
Bhat, G. K., (2011). Coping to Resilience – Indore
and Surat, India. [Online] Available at:
http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/ [Accessed: 3rd
March 2014]
Bhat, G. K., Karanth, A., Dashora, L. & Rajasekar,
U., (2013). Addressing Flooding in the City of
Surat Beyond its Boundaries. Environment and
Urbanization, 25(2), 429-41
Brown, A., Dayal, A. & Rio, C.R.D., (2012). From
Practice to Theory: Emerging Lessons from Asia
for Building Urban Climate Change Resilience.
Environment and Urbanization, 24(2), 531–56
C2ES, (2008). National Action Plan on Climate
Change. [Online] Available at:
http://www.c2es..org/ [Accessed: 5th March 2014]
Government of India
Chaplin, S. E., (1999). Cities, sewers and poverty:
India's politics of sanitation. Environment and
Urbanization, 11(1), 145-58
Edge, T. L., (2011). Surat City Resilience
Strategy. TARU, ACCCRN, Surat Municipal
Corporation and the Southern Gujarat Chamber of
Commerce and Industry.
GCG, (2010). The National Action Plan on Climate
Change. [Online] Available at:
http://greencleanguide.com [Accessed: 5th March
2014]
GSDMA, (2014). State Level Cyclone Preparedness
and Response Plan. [Online] Available at:
http://www.gsdma.org/ [Accessed: 5th March
2014]
IPCC, (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical
Science Basis. Worldwide: IPCC
ISET, (2009). Asian Cities Climate Change
Resilience Network (ACCCRN): Responding to
The Urban Climate Challenge. Boulder,
Colorado: ISET
ISET, (2010). Asian Cities Climate Change
Resilience Network: Surat – Health Impact &
Adaptation. [Online Report] Available at:
http://www.acccrn.org/ [Accessed: 27th February
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