Sustainable city with sustainable transportation system in now become the heartiest demand for burgher, especially in a city like Dhaka; where ecological imbalance lead to unbearable livable condition with unsustainable growth in every sector resulting the degradation of life quality. Transportation sector in Dhaka is one of the major adherents behind ecological deterioration by emitting enormous CO2 in atmosphere. Thus this study aimed at determining the transport footprint for vehicles travel in Dhaka. The study estimates the CO2 emission from motorized vehicles using average emission factor method and then determines the average bio-capacity of Dhaka city to compare it with the footprint. The study finds out that only for vehicles CO2 emission and physical transportation network; the transport footprint is seventy times larger than the bio-capacity. In transportation sector of Dhaka; ecological footprint credibly depicts the present condition, that is not at all sustainable from environmental friendly transport system context and it also an absolute indication for future concerning transport development pattern and their holes. At this point for developing sustainable transportation system considering ecological balance; Transport Demand Management (TDM), low carbon transport, transit oriented development (TOD), and creation of green corridors can be of some greatest tools for Dhaka.
At WRI, we manage for results and measure our success by the impact our work is having on protecting the environment and improving people’s lives.
Among all of our 2009 Outcomes – there are 136 total – the ten featured here stand out as our most significant, largest scale, and highest impact accomplishments.
Sustainable Urban Transport Planning Considering Different Stakeholder Groups...BME
Sustainable urban transport requires smart and environmentally-friendly technical solutions. It also needs to meet the demands of different user groups, including current and potential future users, in order to avoid opposition of the citizens and to support sustainable development decisions. While these requirements are well-known, conducting full surveys of user needs and preferences are tedious and costly, and the interests of different user groups may be contradictory. We therefore developed a methodology based on the prevalent Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is capable of dealing with the inconsistencies and uncertainties of users’ responses by applying an Interval Analytic Hierarchy Process (IAHP) through comparing the results of passengers to reference stakeholder groups. For a case study in Mersin, a coastal city in southern Turkey with 1.7 Million inhabitants, three groups were surveyed with questionnaires: 40 users of the public transport system, 40 non-users, and 17 experts. Based on interval pairwise comparison matrices, consisting of whole judgments of all groups, the IAHP methodology could attain a consensual preference ranking for a future public transportation system between the three groups. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the factor ranking was very stable.
Financial analysis of electricity generation from municipal solid waste: a ca...Premier Publishers
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) is amongst the largest municipal bodies in the world catering to an estimated population of 17 million citizens by providing civic services. Ghazipur is one of the three existing landfills of Delhi that has come up with a Waste to Energy (WtE) plant processing and disposing off the municipal waste. The plant produces RDF that will result in power generation .This plant will be a source of revenue and also earn carbon credits. This paper deals with the techno economic analysis of the plant to assess its viability on a commercial scale.
Conceptualizing Sustainable Transportation for City of Pune, India.IJERA Editor
Pune the second largest city of Maharashtra state of Indian union is witnessing large scale urban sprawl and its
negative ramifications in last couple of decades. Urban sprawl is defined as dispersed and discontinuous
suburban land development associated with low population densities and high auto dependence. This
phenomenon is adversely affecting sustainability of the city because of its negative environmental, social and
economic impacts. It saps local resources, destroys open space and farmland, and increases the energy
consumption of mobility by promoting long travel distances. Another problem is high levels of traffic
congestion and harmful emissions causing environmental pollution. There is a plethora of research that sought
to address the issue of urban sustainability and combat sprawl; little has been done on developing analytical
tools that could be used to assess the future of urban sustainability for Indian cities and for Pune in particular.
This paper explores that how particular land use development patterns or the expansion of the current urban
transportation infrastructure are likely to impact urban sustainability.
Mainly talks about the traffic jams and management countermeasuresIJERA Editor
With the economic development of China's large and medium-sized cities and city scale expands unceasingly, city
traffic congestion problem is also growing, has become a bottleneck hindering the development of the city further.
At present, governance urban traffic problem is the first strategic task of traffic congestion. Congestion,
maximizing efficiency, convenient travel is to be solved.
At WRI, we manage for results and measure our success by the impact our work is having on protecting the environment and improving people’s lives.
Among all of our 2009 Outcomes – there are 136 total – the ten featured here stand out as our most significant, largest scale, and highest impact accomplishments.
Sustainable Urban Transport Planning Considering Different Stakeholder Groups...BME
Sustainable urban transport requires smart and environmentally-friendly technical solutions. It also needs to meet the demands of different user groups, including current and potential future users, in order to avoid opposition of the citizens and to support sustainable development decisions. While these requirements are well-known, conducting full surveys of user needs and preferences are tedious and costly, and the interests of different user groups may be contradictory. We therefore developed a methodology based on the prevalent Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is capable of dealing with the inconsistencies and uncertainties of users’ responses by applying an Interval Analytic Hierarchy Process (IAHP) through comparing the results of passengers to reference stakeholder groups. For a case study in Mersin, a coastal city in southern Turkey with 1.7 Million inhabitants, three groups were surveyed with questionnaires: 40 users of the public transport system, 40 non-users, and 17 experts. Based on interval pairwise comparison matrices, consisting of whole judgments of all groups, the IAHP methodology could attain a consensual preference ranking for a future public transportation system between the three groups. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the factor ranking was very stable.
Financial analysis of electricity generation from municipal solid waste: a ca...Premier Publishers
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) is amongst the largest municipal bodies in the world catering to an estimated population of 17 million citizens by providing civic services. Ghazipur is one of the three existing landfills of Delhi that has come up with a Waste to Energy (WtE) plant processing and disposing off the municipal waste. The plant produces RDF that will result in power generation .This plant will be a source of revenue and also earn carbon credits. This paper deals with the techno economic analysis of the plant to assess its viability on a commercial scale.
Conceptualizing Sustainable Transportation for City of Pune, India.IJERA Editor
Pune the second largest city of Maharashtra state of Indian union is witnessing large scale urban sprawl and its
negative ramifications in last couple of decades. Urban sprawl is defined as dispersed and discontinuous
suburban land development associated with low population densities and high auto dependence. This
phenomenon is adversely affecting sustainability of the city because of its negative environmental, social and
economic impacts. It saps local resources, destroys open space and farmland, and increases the energy
consumption of mobility by promoting long travel distances. Another problem is high levels of traffic
congestion and harmful emissions causing environmental pollution. There is a plethora of research that sought
to address the issue of urban sustainability and combat sprawl; little has been done on developing analytical
tools that could be used to assess the future of urban sustainability for Indian cities and for Pune in particular.
This paper explores that how particular land use development patterns or the expansion of the current urban
transportation infrastructure are likely to impact urban sustainability.
Mainly talks about the traffic jams and management countermeasuresIJERA Editor
With the economic development of China's large and medium-sized cities and city scale expands unceasingly, city
traffic congestion problem is also growing, has become a bottleneck hindering the development of the city further.
At present, governance urban traffic problem is the first strategic task of traffic congestion. Congestion,
maximizing efficiency, convenient travel is to be solved.
By Lake Sagaris, MSc., PhD (c) Planning and
Community Development, Ciudad Viva, Santiago, Chile. Presented at Transforming Transportation, January 26, 2012. Washington, D.C.
Assessment of Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Facilities of South Begun...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
This paper presents techniques of assessing the present state of water supply situation, sanitation condition and drainage system of an area by using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method. South Begunbari Slum, Dhaka has been selected as the study area for this study. Several participatory planning tools have been adopted in course of the study for determining the present scenario of the previously mentioned utility facilities in the selected study area. Finally some recommendations have been specified to develop the over-all condition. Local people’s participation has been ensured to the maximum limit during the study. Bottom-up approach of planning through PRA method has been demonstrated here. Existing scenario, local peoples vision and assessment of the prescribed needs with regards to the country standard has been also performed.
Shift share analysis is a traditional tool; through a descriptive analysis of the productive structure, it allows the comparison of regional differences within a country, region or state (SIMÕES, 2004).Shift-share analysis is one way to account for the competitiveness of a region's industries and to analyze the local economic base. This analysis is primarily used to decompose employment changes within an economy over a specific period of time into mutually exclusive factors. Like other analytical economic tools, the shift-share technique is only a descriptive tool that should be used in combination with other analysis to provide a summary of a region's key employment potential industries.
sustainable transportation and various policies formulated in India in realizing sustainable urban transportation plans.
URBAN TRANSPORT PLANNING ASSIGNMENT.
MADE BY SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI
M. Tech 1st Year, NIT Warangal
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION: VARIOUS PLOICIES FORMULATED IN INDIA IN REALISING...shrikrishna kesharwani
This report is made by shrikrishna kesharwani
student of M.Tech, 1st year transportation engineering
NIT WARANGAL,
FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT ME THROUGH INSTAGRAM
FOLLOW ME ON INSTAGRAM - @SHRIKRISHNAKESHARWANI
Existing Condition of Urban Mobility in Kathmandu ValleyIJRTEMJOURNAL
Mobility of the city is very important for livable cities. General impression of the people regarding
the urban mobility in Kathmandu Valley is very bad. Perception of the people is gathered through the
questionnaire from people of Kathmandu. Various indicators are grouped in six categories namely -
environmental criteria, social/cultural sustainability, economic criteria,
infrastructure/engineering/technological, institutional sustainability and good governance. Questionnaire survey
was conducted to assess the people’s perception of three districts of Kathmandu Valley. This study deals the
people’s perception. Finding of the study will be useful for developing the sustainability criteria for urban
transportation and consider the various policy decision regarding the efficient mobility of Kathmandu Valley.
Finding shows that mobility situation of Kathmandu Valley is not good and indicates the need of improvement.
ALTERNATE ROPEWAY TRANSIT SYSTEM FOR MANPADA ROADcivej
Cities grow in dynamic complex patterns, creating many problems. The study area of Dombivli - Manpada road has grown haphazardly in past decade due to population xplosion. Manpada road attracts heavy traffic but due to narrow roads and inefficient transit options, it leads to severe traffic congestion, side friction, delays, stress, accidents and other problems. Alternate ropeway transit system provides a better
public transit option and plays important role in reducing use of fossil fuels thus helping fight climate change. Total travel during peak hours is expected to double from 48000 to 88000 by 2031 which needs to be supported by various public transits. Cost benefit analysis is used here for evaluating desirability of project by weighting benefits against costs. Ropeway is expected to provide sustainable development,
efficient and effective public transit option and contribute to protection and enhancement of environment.
Lack of affordable, efficient and safe transportation system has various adverse effects on the city. Inadequate malfunctioning transport, the absence of a mass transit system and paratransit against the demand of such an extensive population result in huge traffic congestion, accidents, climate change, and air pollution. Many developing countries are implementing environmental assessment methods for successful planning in congested urban areas. BREEAM is widely followed as a successful environmental method to achieve environmental sustainability. The aim of this research is to critically evaluate the possibility of implementing BREEAM’s assessment to reduce the current problems and to achieve high-quality sustainability in public transport system in Dhaka.
By Lake Sagaris, MSc., PhD (c) Planning and
Community Development, Ciudad Viva, Santiago, Chile. Presented at Transforming Transportation, January 26, 2012. Washington, D.C.
Assessment of Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Facilities of South Begun...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
This paper presents techniques of assessing the present state of water supply situation, sanitation condition and drainage system of an area by using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method. South Begunbari Slum, Dhaka has been selected as the study area for this study. Several participatory planning tools have been adopted in course of the study for determining the present scenario of the previously mentioned utility facilities in the selected study area. Finally some recommendations have been specified to develop the over-all condition. Local people’s participation has been ensured to the maximum limit during the study. Bottom-up approach of planning through PRA method has been demonstrated here. Existing scenario, local peoples vision and assessment of the prescribed needs with regards to the country standard has been also performed.
Shift share analysis is a traditional tool; through a descriptive analysis of the productive structure, it allows the comparison of regional differences within a country, region or state (SIMÕES, 2004).Shift-share analysis is one way to account for the competitiveness of a region's industries and to analyze the local economic base. This analysis is primarily used to decompose employment changes within an economy over a specific period of time into mutually exclusive factors. Like other analytical economic tools, the shift-share technique is only a descriptive tool that should be used in combination with other analysis to provide a summary of a region's key employment potential industries.
sustainable transportation and various policies formulated in India in realizing sustainable urban transportation plans.
URBAN TRANSPORT PLANNING ASSIGNMENT.
MADE BY SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI
M. Tech 1st Year, NIT Warangal
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION: VARIOUS PLOICIES FORMULATED IN INDIA IN REALISING...shrikrishna kesharwani
This report is made by shrikrishna kesharwani
student of M.Tech, 1st year transportation engineering
NIT WARANGAL,
FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT ME THROUGH INSTAGRAM
FOLLOW ME ON INSTAGRAM - @SHRIKRISHNAKESHARWANI
Existing Condition of Urban Mobility in Kathmandu ValleyIJRTEMJOURNAL
Mobility of the city is very important for livable cities. General impression of the people regarding
the urban mobility in Kathmandu Valley is very bad. Perception of the people is gathered through the
questionnaire from people of Kathmandu. Various indicators are grouped in six categories namely -
environmental criteria, social/cultural sustainability, economic criteria,
infrastructure/engineering/technological, institutional sustainability and good governance. Questionnaire survey
was conducted to assess the people’s perception of three districts of Kathmandu Valley. This study deals the
people’s perception. Finding of the study will be useful for developing the sustainability criteria for urban
transportation and consider the various policy decision regarding the efficient mobility of Kathmandu Valley.
Finding shows that mobility situation of Kathmandu Valley is not good and indicates the need of improvement.
ALTERNATE ROPEWAY TRANSIT SYSTEM FOR MANPADA ROADcivej
Cities grow in dynamic complex patterns, creating many problems. The study area of Dombivli - Manpada road has grown haphazardly in past decade due to population xplosion. Manpada road attracts heavy traffic but due to narrow roads and inefficient transit options, it leads to severe traffic congestion, side friction, delays, stress, accidents and other problems. Alternate ropeway transit system provides a better
public transit option and plays important role in reducing use of fossil fuels thus helping fight climate change. Total travel during peak hours is expected to double from 48000 to 88000 by 2031 which needs to be supported by various public transits. Cost benefit analysis is used here for evaluating desirability of project by weighting benefits against costs. Ropeway is expected to provide sustainable development,
efficient and effective public transit option and contribute to protection and enhancement of environment.
Lack of affordable, efficient and safe transportation system has various adverse effects on the city. Inadequate malfunctioning transport, the absence of a mass transit system and paratransit against the demand of such an extensive population result in huge traffic congestion, accidents, climate change, and air pollution. Many developing countries are implementing environmental assessment methods for successful planning in congested urban areas. BREEAM is widely followed as a successful environmental method to achieve environmental sustainability. The aim of this research is to critically evaluate the possibility of implementing BREEAM’s assessment to reduce the current problems and to achieve high-quality sustainability in public transport system in Dhaka.
Transportation access was important element on regional development which have
consequence on the environment degradation. This issues driving the land conversion,
an exploitation of natural resources and pollution. This research was conducted to
estimate the carbondioxides emission (CO2) on a road construction process. The data
collects with bottom up approaches from 16 locations of road construction in Central
Java which represents 2 pavement types (flexible and rigid). The GHG emission
estimated with a conversion of fuel consumption (IPCC Method). The estimation result
was analyze with a qualitative and quantitative method. An estimation generated the
CO2 emission of flexible pavement was 261,91 ton CO2 similar with 21,84 kgCO2/m3
while a rigid pavement produces 149,22 ton CO2 similar with 7,44 kgCO2/m3. The
manufacture process became a stages with largest contributor on the CO2 emission.
According to the result, a rigid pavement was an environmentally friendly method to
reduces GHG emission on road construction with a distribution stages plays an
important role as key categories.
There are number of limitations for evaluating sustainability of any transportation
system. Huge research work and studies has been carried regarding sustainable
transportation and sustainability indicators. But the specific decision making
methodologies for sustainability evaluation aligned with sustainability of
transportation system is missing at present. Hence it is required to develop the
framework for assessment of sustainability in terms of performance measures
considering the prefixed goals for the purpose of planning. As a part of Multi Criteria
Decision Making process, the Multi Attribute Utility Technique based methodology is
adopted as the most suitable method. In this paper the sustainability index evaluation
is based on combination of individual performance measures is carried out using Multi
Attribute Utility Technique based methodology for emerging metropolitan city of
Nagpur. The results obtained can be conveniently used in sustainability evaluation
process for any corridor. It can also be utilized for comparing the results obtained
through the sustainability evaluation for different scenarios.
By Cornie Huizenga, Joint Convener, SLoCaT Partnership. Presented at Latin American Carbon Forum, October 13-15, 2010. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
Shifting to Net Zero: A Case Study of New DelhiESD UNU-IAS
Group Presentation - 2022 ProSPER.Net Leadership Programme
16 December, 2022
Shifting to Net Zero: A Case Study of New Delhi
Presented by:
Kaidi Ru
Padmi Ranasinghe
Rajat
Yen Nguyen
As is the trend worldwide, India is undergoing rapid urbanization. This means not only that more people than ever before
will be living and working in cities, but also that more people and more goods will be making more and longer trips
in urban areas. The costs of increasing dependence on cars is resulting in expensive road building and maintenance,
clogged and congested roads, high levels of energy consumption along with its economic and environmental costs, worsening
air and noise pollution, traffic accidents and social inequities that arise when the poor find transportation services
increasingly unaffordable.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to Transport Sustainability of Dhaka: A Measure of Ecological Footprint and Means for Sustainable Transportation System (20)
Urban and Rural Planning Discipline in Bangladesh: Scope, Job Search Techniq...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
Path Determination
Career Paths
Non-traditional Role/Sector
Alumni Example / Pre-requisite
Statistics !!!
Best Option?
Searching and Applying for Job Effectively
To Do List / Way Forward
Assessment of the Extent to which Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) ca...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
In this study the extent of addressing climate change mitigation and adaptation through SEA will be trying to explore based on available literatures, which is very few due to this domains infancy till date. In doing so present context of climate change will be described concisely. Following that, nexus between climate change and SEA will be highlighted based on SEA principles, guidance and best practice manual and empirical evidences of the integration in several countries. Drawing insights from the prior discussions, deficits and recommendations will be stated for future research agendas.
Stakeholder Debate in Policy Implementation: An Evaluation of Bangladesh Leat...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
This paper focuses on stakeholder debate and conflict during policy implementation. In doing so it analyzed the reason behind the implementation snag of Bangladesh leather processing industry relocation policy, which is extreme stakeholder negotiation. Relevant stakeholders have been identified and their influence over the policy measure has been formulated. Underlying interactions among the stakeholders has been conceptually depicted to retrieve an image of the extreme stakeholder dispute behind this policy failure. Finally, based on the empirical evidence this policy measure has been evaluated in light of the effective participation of the concerned stakeholders.
Stakeholder Debate in Policy Implementation:An Evaluation of Bangladesh Leat...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
This paper focuses on stakeholder debate and conflict during policy implementation. In doing so it analyzed the reason behind the implementation snag of Bangladesh leather processing industry relocation policy, which is extreme stakeholder negotiation. Relevant stakeholders have been identified and their influence over the policy measure has been formulated. Underlying interactions among the stakeholders has been conceptually depicted to retrieve an image of the extreme stakeholder dispute behind this policy failure. Finally, based on the empirical evidence this policy measure has been evaluated in light of the effective participation of the concerned stakeholders.
Background: Ecological Footprint assessment helps to identify what activities are having the biggest impact on nature and opens up possibilities to reduce our impact and live within the means of ‘one planet’. It provides measurement of collective consumption of the population whether they are exceeding the earth’s ecological limits or not. The introduction of ecological footprint has been very necessary for the context of Bangladesh especially in Dhaka, where the unplanned consumption pattern of the population is producing a very unsustainable situation. Objective: This study intends to introduce this new concept through calculating the Ecological Footprint Account (usually 90% of it consists with Carbon Footprint/Emission Account) of the prestigious residential area Dhanmondi, which is one of the major resource consuming area of Dhaka city. Method: A blending of ‘component’ and ‘direct’ method has been used. Questionnaire survey (in 240 HH) has been conducted to gather information about the consumption pattern for different components (i.e. energy, food, service etc.) in the households for the year 2011. Biocapacity of Dhanmondi RA is also measured from the bioproductive lands available within the area. Following the generated results, sustainability analysis has been done. Results: An enormous gap between demand (1.19 global hectare/person) and supply (0.02 global hectare/person) of natural resources has been observed from the scrutiny. Conclusion: Natural gas consumption for domestic purpose has been found as the main motive behind the high footprint figure compared to the national average followed by Electricity, Food and Transportation. Biocapacity has been discovered as very petite amount because of unplanned urban agglomeration.
Climate Change Adaptation through Multi-level Governance: Perspectives from C...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
Multi-level governance/hybrid governance and proliferation of actors in Environmental Governance can address the multi-scalar (spatially, socio-politically, and temporally) character of environmental problems (Lemos and Agrawal 2006; Ostrom 2010). On the other hand this proliferation or fragmentation can cause conflict among the actors and networks in terms of power balance and incentives (Siebenhüner 2003; Bulkeley 2005; McCormick 2011).
The multidimensional nature of climate change requires responses at multiple geographical and jurisdictional scales, levels of social and administrative organisation, and policy and resource sectors (Keskitalo 2010; Termeer et al. 2011). For this reason, multilevel governance – decision- and policy-making that involve multiple actors and take place across multiple jurisdictions and sectors – is critical for adaptation (Termeer et al. 2010). On the other hand multilevel governance, despite comprising a promising approach to cope with multi-scale and multi-sector issues, faces significant challenges in a climate adaptation context. One such challenge refers to the policy context in which it is implemented, which is very often complex and fragmented, and is characterised by a diversity of interacting climate and non-climate strategies (e.g., programs, plans, policies and legislation) (Termeer et al. 2011). Interaction between and among those strategies can create both synergetic and conflicting outcomes (Adger et al. 2005; Young 2006; K. Urwin and Jordan 2008).
This study will examines how climate change adaptation takes place in a complex multilevel governance system comprised by Coastal Areas of Bangladesh. It will map adaptation strategies (what are the existing adaptation policies and strategies?) and responsibilities (who has been developing/adopting such strategies?) at National, Divisional, District, Upazila (sub-disrict) and Union levels.
It will examines examples of adaptation strategies in terms of type of adaptation, its manifestation, purposefulness, drivers and triggers, and geographic and temporal scope. Interactions between strategies (how adaptation strategies relate to each other) will be investigated both at the same level of governance (horizontally) and across governance levels (vertically).
This will be the pioneer study regarding environmental governance in Bangladesh with a special focus on climate change adaptation. Moreover the insights and findings of this study can be used in other cross-cuting sctors (socio-economic) within the country.
Public Participation and Lay Knowledge in Environmental Governance: A Case St...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
This paper analyzes the debate of public participation within environmental governance process. In doing so, significance of local knowledge in climate change adaptation process has been evaluated. An adaptation project from the coastal areas of Bangladesh has been selected to reveal more specific result and to focus the study in a very specific angle. Local knowledge has been proved as a vital factor within the adaptation planning for coastal areas in the face of threat posed by climate change. Insights from similar studies has been drawn and evaluated. Finally public participation within the broader domain of environmental governance has been found inevitable.
Effectiveness of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Bangladesh PerspectiveShahadat Hossain Shakil
EIA as an environment management tool has been successful in terms of global awareness rising over the last four decades. Due to its rationalist approach it has been criticised about the inherent aim of influencing development decision and protecting the environment. Numerous researches have been performed to measure the ‘effectiveness of EIA’ which is still evolving as a domain. Four major criteria’s have been established till date. Effectiveness of Bangladesh EIA system has been explored with the help of those criteria’s. Procedural ineffectiveness seeks government measure in a couple areas mainly through institutional arrangement and capacity building. Substantive ineffectiveness reflects the global trend of failure to influence the development decision truly. Transactive effectiveness will be far reaching for a country like Bangladesh, depended on foreign aid largely. Normative effectiveness is still little known, but mass awareness about the environment through the debate regarding an ES report is a recent experience.
Does Distribution of Schools Matter in Human Development? - A Case Study of B...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
This paper investigates relationship between the distribution patterns of the schools and the human development index value of the respective study areas. In this study 50 upazilas have been selected out of 460 upazilas in Bangladesh. The distribution patterns of the primary and high school in each selected upazila have been analyzed through the “Nearest Neighbor Analysis” method. Then the value of Human Development Index (HDI) for each upazila has been determined. Finally a positive correlation between those two indices has been determined. This research can assist the policy makers to take proper decisions while selecting locations for schools keeping the broad view in mind which is development of that particular area.
Triangular interactions among climate, erosion and tectonics happen during the course of formation and development of a mountain range. In this study mountain range of Nyainqentanglha of Himalaya has been focused to assess which element played the vital role in this case. Altitude data of the catchments have been used as the primary key of analysis. Significant concentration of catchment areas near glacier equilibrium line altitudes (ELA) proved the presence of glacial buzzsaw mechanism. Swath analysis confirmed the presence of Teflon peak. Finally web of interrelationship has been explored behind the development of this mountainous range.
Technical and Financial Proposal-Consultancy Services for the Preparation of ...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
The cities and towns of Bangladesh are growing largely in an unplanned manner. Planned spatial and socio-economic development is essential for living and environmental quality of spaces. To ensure such quality of space for better living environment planned growth of Bakerganj region can hardly be over emphasized. The project titled 'Preparation of Bakerganj Upazilla Master Plan' comprises a small area in the south east region of the country. The approach & methodology, and work task to be performed to accomplish the stated objectives and activities stated in the Terms of Reference (ToR) are presented in this section.
Technical and Financial Proposal-Consultancy Services for the Preparation of ...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
The cities and towns of Bangladesh are growing largely in an unplanned manner. Planned spatial and socio-economic development is essential for living and environmental quality of spaces. To ensure such quality of space for better living environment planned growth of Bakerganj region can hardly be over emphasized. The project titled 'Preparation of Bakerganj Upazilla Master Plan' comprises a small area in the south east region of the country. The approach & methodology, and work task to be performed to accomplish the stated objectives and activities stated in the Terms of Reference (ToR) are presented in this section.
Shift Share Analysis Based on Main Activity Sector of Selected Districts of B...Shahadat Hossain Shakil
Shift share analysis is an effective regional planning tool to explore the regional competitiveness and industrial composition. In this study the regional competitiveness among the selected districts of Bangladesh in terms of regional employment figure in the main activity sectors has been tried to develop. The comparative scenario among the several districts has been figured out and the regional influencing factors behind that have been analyzed.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
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Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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Transport Sustainability of Dhaka: A Measure of Ecological Footprint and Means for Sustainable Transportation System
1. Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners ISSN 2075-9363
Vol. 6, December 2013, pp. 137-147, Bangladesh Institute of Planners
Transport Sustainability of Dhaka: A Measure of Ecological
Footprint and Means for Sustainable Transportation System
S. M. Labib1
Hossain Mohiuddin2
Shahadat Hossain Shakil2
Abstract
Sustainable city with sustainable transportation system in now become the heartiest demand for
burgher, especially in a city like Dhaka; where ecological imbalance lead to unbearable livable
condition with unsustainable growth in every sector resulting the degradation of life quality.
Transportation sector in Dhaka is one of the major adherents behind ecological deterioration by
emitting enormous CO2 in atmosphere. Thus this study aimed at determining the transport footprint
for vehicles travel in Dhaka. The study estimates the CO2 emission from motorized vehicles using
average emission factor method and then determines the average bio-capacity of Dhaka city to
compare it with the footprint. The study finds out that only for vehicles CO2 emission and physical
transportation network; the transport footprint is seventy times larger than the bio-capacity. In
transportation sector of Dhaka; ecological footprint credibly depicts the present condition, that is not
at all sustainable from environmental friendly transport system context and it also an absolute
indication for future concerning transport development pattern and their holes. At this point for
developing sustainable transportation system considering ecological balance; Transport Demand
Management (TDM), low carbon transport, transit oriented development (TOD), and creation of
green corridors can be of some greatest tools for Dhaka.
Introduction
In the passage of time with the improvement of civilization the world faced hasty development, a
rapid growth of urbanization which has created a negative impact on our environment by
destructing the natural ecosystem. Fortunately, many countries become conscious about this
problem and move forward for the model of sustainable development first articulated at Rio Earth
Summit 1992. As defined by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and
Development (WCED), “sustainable development requires that the economic and social needs of
current generations be met without sacrificing the ability of future generations to achieve an
acceptable quality of life.” To design such a sustainable model Mathis Wackernagel and William
Rees at the University of British Columbia proposed a method “Ecological Footprint”. As
explained by its creators, “ecological footprint analysis is an accounting tool that enables us to
estimate the resource consumption and waste assimilation requirements of a defined human
population or economy in terms of a corresponding productive land area .Footprint comprises of
many components, some of these are energy, transportation, water, waste, food etc”( Wackernagel
and Rees 1996, p. 9).
Transport sector is an important sector to calculate the footprint of an urban area. In the urban area
a large amount of vehicles moves per day. They use a large volume of fossil fuel. Burning these
fuels in the chamber of these vehicles they produce a huge amount of CO2 which they exhaust in
the air daily. So, to reduce the effect of these extra CO2 in the air we need to take some measure
which can absorb this extra CO2 from the air.
1 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, BUET, Email: Labib.l.m@gmail.com / ovi_babu@yahoo.com
2 Graduate Student, School of Environment, Education and Development (SEED), The University of Manchester,
E-mail: shakil.shahadathossain@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk
2. 138 Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners, Vol. 6, December 2013
Bangladesh was ranked 146th out of 187 countries in the 2011 Human Development Index, and
Dhaka is consistently ranked one of the world’s most unlivable cities in the Global Livability
Report. Traffic congestion and air pollution play a major role in these poor rankings (Asian
development bank, 2012). The transport conditions in Dhaka are characterized by chronic traffic
congestion and delays, low quality of public transport service, lack of comfort and safety for
pedestrians and growing air pollution (World Bank, 2009).
Here traffic congestion cost Tk 19,555 crore (nearly $3 billion) financial loss, wasted time on the
streets accounts for nearly Tk 11,896 crore followed by environmental cost Tk 2,200 crore and
business loss of passenger transport and freight industries Tk 2,000 crore each. Excess fuel (at the
rate of CNG price) eats up Tk 575 crore and accidents Tk 50 crore. It also cost 3.2 million
business hours are lost every day, which is about one hour per working people (The Daily star,
2010).
From the need of sustainable development the term sustainable transport has become a prime
concern for this city. Sustainable transport deserves a system which does not or a few interrupt the
existing ecology. So, the term ecological footprint is a tool to evaluate the transport system in the
condition of sustainability.
Objectives
To calculate the transport footprint of Dhaka city and make a comparative study between
transport footprint and bio-capacity.
To provide guidelines for transportation sustainability for Dhaka.
Methods and Materials
Study Design
To estimate the transportation footprint of Dhaka city’s vehicles and road network, some
sequential steps have been followed. At first the total number of vehicles travel in Dhaka city up to
year 2009 has been collected from Bangladesh Road transport Authority (BRTA). For final
computation of emission for Dhaka city’s vehicles, data are collected from the research of Mr. Zia
Wadud (Wadud, 2011) on CNG conversion on motor vehicles of Dhaka. Then for average
emission factor method, CO2 emission factors for various types of vehicles and various fuel types,
has been collected. By multiplying the average emission factor with total number of vehicles and
average vehicle activity for a typical day for that specific vehicle group the total emission for
different vehicle groups has been estimated for a typical day on a year and finally by multiplying
the total days of a year, the overall tons of CO2 emission has been determined.
After determining the total CO2 emission for a year, energy footprint of the roadway network on
the basis of the area of forest land required to sequester carbon emissions produced by network
travel during one year has been estimated. Here the carbon sequestration factor has been obtained
from Climate Leaders – EPA, USA. From this process the energy footprint for vehicles and
vehicle activity in Dhaka has been obtained. While for Road pavement footprint, the percentage of
area under road network has been obtained from Detail Area Plan (DAP, 2004). From this
percentage of land cover for Dhaka city dedicated for road network has been calculated. Finally
the energy footprint for vehicle data and activity in combining with the road network footprint, the
total transport footprint for Dhaka has been calculated.
3. Transport Sustainability of Dhaka: A Measure of Ecological Footprint and Means for 139
Sustainable Transportation System
The bio-capacity of Dhaka has been estimated form land use percentages for open spaces of
Dhaka city. Here several criteria, such as; agricultural land, parks, garden, lakes, playgrounds,
ponds, swamps, urban forest has been used. By determining the bio-capacity for Dhaka, the result
is used for dividing the transport footprint to obtain the number of times the transport footprint
exceed the bio-capacity. Based on these results some tools for sustainable transport sector for
Dhaka has been determined on the basis of environmentally sustainable transport. Here major
focus was given of emission reduction, alternative fuel, travel demand management etc.
Study area
Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh and one of the major megacities in the world is the study area for
this study. It is the 9th largest city in the world (World Bank, 2010). The geographic coordinate of
the study area is 23°42′0″N 90°22′30″E with an area of 360km2. According to 2008 data base of
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) the total population is 7 million with a density of
23,029/km2.
According to Detail area plan (DAP, 2004), Dhaka city has only 8% of land dedicated for the
transport network. The city road network is characterized by chronic traffic congestion and delays,
low quality of public transport service, lack of comfort and safety for pedestrians and growing air
pollution (World Bank, 2009).
Motor Vehicle increase and composition in Dhaka
From BRTA the data of total registered vehicles up to 2009 have been collected. There are several
categories of vehicles that have been registered up to 2009. The overall composition of all the
vehicles types depicts a mixed characteristic. The increase in vehicle number form year 1995 to
2009 has remarkable with the increase of motor car and motor cycle (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Number of vehicle change in Dhaka, up to 2009 (BRTA, 2010); Source: BRTA, 2011
For vehicle composition the study estimated the percentages of different vehicle categories (Figure
2).
4. 140 Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners, Vol. 6, December 2013
Figure 2: Vehicle composition in 2009; Source: BRTA, 2011
Fuel consumption pattern
The major fossil fuels consumed by vehicles in Dhaka are; compressed natural gas (CNG), Petrol,
Diesel and Octane. The demand for petroleum products in the transport sector was 1.56 million
MT in 1999-2000, which has increased to 2.03 million MT by the year 2005-06. Though the
country has initiated a major drive to switch to compressed natural gas (CNG), cars driven by
CNG has increased from 4.59% per year in the period 1999-2003 to only 4.62% per year in the
period 2003-2006 (BPC, 2008). For the transport sector of Dhaka City, the daily consumption
petroleum products has been reported as diesel 526.04 thousands liter, octane 175.97 thousands
liter and petrol 23.12 thousands liter (Table 1). For CNG driven cars, the demand of petroleum
products is very high. (M. Shafi q-Ur, 2009) nearly 70 million cubic feet of gas per day (mmcfd) is
consumed by CNG stations in the capital (BPC, 2008).
Table1: Fuel Consumption in 2008 by Transport sector in Dhaka
Fuel type Total consumption in year 2008
CNG 25,550,000,000 cubic feet (cft)
Diesel 192,004,600 liters
Octane 64,229,050 liters
Petrol 8,438,800 liters
Source: Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (BPC), 2008.
Road network
Dhaka has less than 8% of its area devoted to circulation and it does not have an efficient public
transport such as Mass Rapid Transit (MRT). More critically, only 250 km of the existing around
3000 km road network is wide enough and suitable for large size bus operation (Figure 3). The
road network of Dhaka is very complex due to its unplanned development pattern. There are a lot
of roads that are not in a condition of well operation for the vehicles. Considering the total 8% of
5. Transport Sustainability of Dhaka: A Measure of Ecological Footprint and Means for 141
Sustainable Transportation System
land devoted to transport sector the total area of 28.8sq km of land for transport network is
calculated from the total area of Dhaka.
Figure 3: Map of road network in Dhaka; Source: DAP, 2004
Modal share
Majority of the trips, more than 55% of the total, in Dhaka City are pedestrian and Non Motorized
trips (Rahman, 2009). Data from a sample survey of STP conducted in 2004 reveals about 44%
trips are on bus or minibus and 34% on rickshaw whilst the remaining are walking and other
motor car trips respectively 14% and 8%(STP, 2005).
Theories and Calculation
Ecological Footprint
A measure of how much biologically productive land and water an individual, population or
activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb the carbon dioxide
6. 142 Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners, Vol. 6, December 2013
emissions it generates using prevailing technology and resource management practices (Rees &
Wackernagel, 1996). Unit of measurement for ecological footprint is Global Hectare (gha).
Transport footprint
The transportation footprint quantifies two attributes of roadway networks. First, the total land
area physically occupied by roadway paving is estimated and it is called “physical” or Road
network footprint, this is easily derived with information about the number of lane kilometers
roads and as well as the amount of land devoted for transportation network in a city. Second, it
assess the amount of land that is required to remediate the energy waste produced through
vehicular operation in a roadway network, the term is “energy” footprint (Guangqing Chi1 and
Brian Stone Jr, 2005).
Emission Factor model
A single emission factor is used to represent a particular type of vehicle and general type of
driving. Emission is estimated using the equation:
E (p, k, m, t) = y (p, k, m, t) * v (p, k, m, t) * VKT (k, m, t)
Where,
E = emissions of pollutant (p), for vehicle class (k) and fuel type (m) during time interval (t)
y = emission factor for pollutant (p), for vehicle class (k) and fuel type (m) during time interval (t)
v = volume of vehicle class (k) differentiated by fuel type (m) at specific time interval (t), and
VKT = Vehicle kilometer travel by vehicle class (k) for fuel type (m) at time interval (t).
Estimating energy footprint
For estimation of energy footprint, the amount of CO2 emitted in Dhaka from transport activity has
been calculated using the emission factor model. The number of vehicles is determined based on
the percentage of CNG and other fuel types for each vehicle class (Tanim, 2011). These
percentages are used on the base data of BRTA vehicle numbers. Here for other types of vehicles
50 -50 between petrol and diesel were assumed (Wadud, 2011).
For the emission factors for different vehicle groups based on fuel type has been obtained from
Urbanemissions (2009) and also from Wadud (2011). These emission factors are primarily
focused on vehicles travel on Dhaka’s road network. The emission factors expressed emission
from different vehicle types in gm/kilometer unit.
The vehicle activity data for specific vehicle groups on an average day is obtained from
Khaliquzzaman (2006). These vehicle activity data express the average travel distance for specific
vehicle groups in km/day unit.
The overall emission form vehicles travel in Dhaka is given in Table 2.
Table 2: Vehicle CO2 emission in 2009 for Dhaka
Vehicle types Vehicle type
percentages1
Fuel Types Number of
Vehicles2
Vehicle
activity
(KM/Day)3
CO2 Emission
factor(gm/km)4
Emission
(Ton/day)
Motor cars 13.80% Petrol 15219 40 258 157.06
Motor cars 86.20% CNG 95066 40 237 901.22
SUV/station wagons 24.70% Petrol 10046 40 331 133.00
SUV/station wagons 57.80% CNG 23508 40 304 512.00
7. Transport Sustainability of Dhaka: A Measure of Ecological Footprint and Means for 143
Sustainable Transportation System
SUV/station wagons 17.50% Diesel 7117 60 332.5 141.99
Taxis 100% CNG 12291 130 237 378.68
Buses 24.20% Diesel 3448 130 887 397.61
Buses 75.80% CNG 10801 130 968 1359.16
Trucks 82.60% Diesel 16718 60 887 889.74
Trucks 17.40% CNG 3522 60 450 95.08
Autorickshaws 100% CNG 32890 130 75 320.67
Motor cycle 100% Petrol 157965 30 40 189.55
Others 50% Petrol 13586 40 331 179.87
Others 50% Diesel 13586 60 332.5 271.03
Total (ton/day) 415,763 5926.72
Year Average: 365*5926.72 = 2,163,255 ton per year
Sources: (1 Tanim, 2011); (2BRTA, 2011); (3 Khaliquzzaman, 2006); (4 Wadud, 2011).
Now to determine the total biologically productive hectares of area needed for consuming this
emission a CO2 Sequestration Factor is used for. It is 1.6175 for per acre of land then it is
converted to local hectare by multiplying the resulting value by 0.4047 (Table, 3).
Table 3: Total area needed for absorbing the CO2 for fuel
Total tons of CO2 Sequestration
( tons CO2/acre/year)
× Hectares
2,163,255 1.61751 × 0.40472
Total area needed (in hectares) 541248.3
Sources: (1Ewing, Moore, Goldfinger, Oursler, Reed, & Wackernagel, 2010); (2U.S. Department of Energy
and Information Administration, 2011).
Estimating Physical footprint:
Then total physical footprint or road network determined by calculating the total road area of
Dhaka city. It is 28.8 sq.km (2880 hectares).DAP report indicates that 8% of total land of Dhaka
city is dedicated for road network (DAP, 2004).So the total physical footprint is 2880 hectares.
Total Transport footprint
The total transport footprint is just the function of the total energy footprint and the physical
footprint of the road network system. It is the sum of these two factors. By summing them the
transport footprint is 544128.3 hectares (Table 4).
Table 4: Total Transport footprint
Total energy footprint 541248.3 hectares
Total physical footprint 2880 hectares
Total transport footprint 544128.3 hectares
Sources: Aughor.
8. 144 Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners, Vol. 6, December 2013
Bio-capacity of Dhaka city
The total Dhaka city is about 360 square km. It is estimated that about 21.57 %of the Dhaka city
area is dedicated to open space which is about 7765 hectares of land. Among this open space
agricultural land is 12.12%, garden 0.9%, graveyard 0.036%, lake 0.15%, vacant space 5%, park
0.9%, playground 0.39%, pond 0.25%, swamp 1.82%, urban forest 0.02% etc. (Uddin M.N,
2006).
Results and Discussion
Transportation footprint and bio-capacity comparison
From the total ecological footprint it is evident that Dhaka city must have 544128.3 hectares of
biologically productive area to absorb the CO2 produced from the transport sector of Dhaka city.
But bio-capacity in Dhaka city available in Dhaka city is 7765 hectares land only. So we can say
that ecological footprint exceed ecological capacity by 70 times. So it is clearly evident that the
Dhaka city is unable to absorb the produced CO2 from the transport sector. Per-capita transport
footprint is 0.077 hectares (For 7 million people, BBS 2008); while the national average of per-capita
carbon emission is 0.34 metric ton (World Bank, 2009).
Therefore this pollution is scattered in Dhaka city and its surrounding areas and creating
disruption in the environment. The ecological footprint is an important fact in the transport sector.
It is found that the open spaces in Dhaka city is degrading in an alarming rate due to rapid
urbanization and unplanned growth. Destruction of the parks, water bodies are increasing. New
initiative of creating open space, parks, water bodies and planting trees become stagnant. So the
overall open space in Dhaka city is decreasing. Also in the other hand in the transport sector of
Dhaka; construction of new road ways and elevated express ways encourage the use of private
automobile. This large amount of automobiles are consuming large amount of fuels which are also
increasing the amount of CO2 in rapid rate. Also the initiative of creating compact mixed used
community, pedestrian friendly design has vanished from the town planning practice of Dhaka
city. Which lead the people to become more dependent on the transport rather walk to small
distance. These will lead the city people to become more and more dependent on transport. So if
this trend continues the gap between per capita ecological footprint and bio capacity will rise
further and create an unbearable effect on the Dhaka cities and its surrounding environment.
Unsustainable transport development and land use planning
The ecological footprint from transport sector and available bio capacity is showing the lack of
sustainability concept in the transport sector. This is huge percentage in respect to the whole
countries perspective. A higher concentration CO2 emission is occurred from a small area only
from transport sector. But this CO2 needs a huge amount of open space to absorb to reduce its
effect on the city and its surrounding environment. This indicates the lack of ecological concern in
the transport planning.
The transport planning without considering any feasibility analysis lead to construction of more
paved elevated road in the form of flyover, elevated expressway which will increase the footprint.
In past 12 years 90% wetlands and low lands of Dhaka filled up. In surrounding areas of Dhaka 12
years ago there was 70% to 80% open spaces. But now it is also decreasing for change in land use.
As the bio-capacity is decreasing and emission from transport sector is increasing; the overall
scenario will be more devastating for ecology of Dhaka and surrounding areas.
Ecological footprint is now a day’s used as a key issue in transport and urban planning context.
The initiatives for reducing ecological footprint are taking as objectives in transportation planning.
From the viewpoint of sustainable transport system it is necessary to ensure the individual demand
9. Transport Sustainability of Dhaka: A Measure of Ecological Footprint and Means for 145
Sustainable Transportation System
for transportation with maintaining the ecology, economy and the regional development. In
context of Dhaka Sustainable transportation policy should be taken giving consideration on
ecology and environmental condition of the city. The following aspects and policies should be
incorporated in the urban and transportation planning of a city.
Transport Demand Management
Transport demand management (TDM) is a well-designed system for achieving sustainable
transport system in a city. In Dhaka, to reduce the carbon footprint it can be a very efficient tool.
Under TDM the following strategies could be utilized in context of Dhaka.
Pedestrian network improvement
As it is discussed before a considerable amount trips in Dhaka are made by pedestrian. Hence
improving pedestrian facilities and integrate it to form well-articulated multimodal network can be
a lucrative solution to reduce the carbon emission in Dhaka.
Improved non-motorized transportation
Non-motorized vehicles (i.e. Rickshaw) represent the image of Dhaka city. Non-motorized
transport is fuel free transport and they do not produce any carbon emission; along with these they
also carry the lion share of the trips in Dhaka. Hence improving non-motorized transportation
system and making an efficient integration of them with vehicular transport can be another
appealing solution for sustainable transportation system in Dhaka.
Innovation and utilization of low carbon transport
Pedestrian and non-motorized vehicles are two major components of low carbon transport system.
Besides them energy efficient public transport and use of non-fossil energy source for vehicles and
hybrid use of fossil fuel with non-fossil sources are another two important aspects of low carbon
transport system. In Dhaka majority of the people use public transport for movement. But public
transport system in Dhaka is not so improved to meet the demand; here we need the management
issue along with the improvement in accessibility and service level and decreased generalized cost
to attract all classes of people to use public transport. This will lower the use of private transport
specially cars which emits a huge amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. So fuel efficiency can be by
using public transport.
Carpool or Car share
Carpool or Car share for office and school going trips can be arranged in Dhaka. A lot of office
and school trips are usually made in Dhaka by motor car. For those trips the arrangement of car
pool facility can be highly effective and efficient. This also could reduce the emission from
individual motor car as well as could be convenient for the trip makers, usually do not like to
travel in public transport.
Pay as you drive
To decrease the extensive use of private care, Pay as you drive; could be an efficient and effective
option. This includes charge on mileage travel for private cars. This would discourage the car
users to travel more and encourage them to shift form car to other modes.
Besides these under TDM fuel taxing for carbon content could be introduced in transport system
of Dhaka. Along with TDM some other initiatives could be taken by the policy maker to improve
the ecological condition and to ensure sustainability in transportation sector. Some of them are
discussed below;
10. 146 Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners, Vol. 6, December 2013
Non fossil energy source for vehicles and hybrid use of fossil fuel with non-fossil sources
Electronic vehicles (EV) could be largely used in Dhaka. There are some Battery Operated Auto-rickshaws
in the city, but their use is not highly marked. These Battery Operated Auto-rickshaws
could be a very well example for non-fossil energy driven vehicles. In other vehicles the
conversion from fossil energy to electronic energy can be used also. Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
could be section for innovation for Dhaka. Essentially a hybrid is a vehicle that combines electric
power from an on board battery with a standard internal combustion engine (ICE) running on
petrol, diesel or biofuels. In many vehicles of Dhaka we might utilize this system to reduce the
emission of carbon.
Use of biofuels can be another section for further innovation in the transportation system of
Dhaka. Biofuels are liquid fuels derived from many different biological sources which at present
include sugar, wheat, corn, rapeseed, soy and palm oils. Using these new technologies to reduce
the emission of carbon and dependency on fossil fuel can be better solution to improve ecological
condition of Dhaka.
Mixed land use
Mixed land use necessary for a countries economic efficiency. It also lead to low dependency on
transportation as work place and home become close enough to access by walking. So these lead
to low emission of CO2. Urban planning policy should be that discourage sprawl and encourage
mixed land use.
Transit oriented development (TOD)
Transit oriented development is also significant policy to reduce dependency on motorized private
vehicle and more dependent on transit facilities which will reduce the emission of CO2. These are
some policy recommendations for sustainable transportation system development in Dhaka city
from the ecological, economic and environmental perspectives.
Conclusions
Environmental concern in the transportation sector is influencing the transportation planning
process now a day’s in all around the world. Ecological footprint in transport gives the policy
makers a view of the transport pollution parameter and its scope for planning environment friendly
transportation system. Dhaka city per capita transport footprint is not high compared to the
development country. But in the context of the overall land use composition and available forestry
it is unbearable for the city. So sustainable and efficient transportation system with improved non-motorized
transport and low carbon transport policy can add a innovative dimension in the
transport policy. Thus implementing the policies and taking the environmental concern on the
Dhaka cities transportation planning a sustainable environment friendly transportation system can
be achieved.
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