This thesis examines the interaction between tectonic extension and sea level changes in controlling sediment deposition in the eastern Moesian Platform during the late Middle Miocene to late Miocene. Fault measurements and stratigraphic columns from outcrops along the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria were analyzed. The study found that reactivation of pre-Jurassic normal faults during the Middle Miocene helped form a graben structure and increased accommodation space in the Varna-Balchik depression. Five unconformities divided sedimentary sequences deposited during four regressive and three transgressive cycles. Extension created a topography that isolated the central depocenter during sea level falls, allowing low-energy deposition of the Topola Formation. Tectonic activity
This document discusses the geological evolution of the Crati sedimentary basin in Calabria, Italy. During the Upper Miocene, the basin developed as an extensional basin filled by transgressive clastic deposits. During the Pliocene-Quaternary, the basin evolved under an E-W compressional regime, with thrusting on both flanks resulting in uplift of surrounding ranges relative to the basin center. Folding and thrusting affected the western part of the basin during the Pleistocene, while fan deltas gradually filled the basin. From the Middle Pleistocene to present, regional uplift dissected and terraced the basin deposits. The study presents new insights on the basin's evolution based on field observations
Structural Analysis and Tectonic Evolution based on Seismic Interpretation in...iosrjce
The document analyzes seismic data to study the structural evolution of the East Nile valley region of the Beni Suef basin in Egypt. Analysis of seismic lines, structure contour maps, and rose diagrams reveal normal fault systems trending NW-SE and WNW-ESE that dissected Upper Cretaceous rocks. These fault systems originated during Cretaceous-Early Tertiary extension related to Tethyan plate tectonics. The study area evolved into a graben structure bounded by major normal faults, with subordinate antithetic and synthetic faults forming. This structural framework controlled deposition and influenced rock thickness during the Late Cretaceous.
An Integrated Study of Gravity and Magnetic Data to Determine Subsurface Stru...iosrjce
:The present study wascarried out to delineate the location, extension, trend and depth of subsurface
structures of Alamein area. To achieve this aim, the gravity and aeromagnetic data have been subjected to
different analytical techniques. The Fast Fourier Transform technique was used to separatethe residual
components from the regional ones. The resulted maps showed that the area was affected mainly bytheENE, EW,
WNWand NWtectonic trends. In addition, spectral analysis technique was applied on magnetic anomalies to
estimate the depth to basement surface, which varies from 3.03 in southern part to 7.24 Km in northern part.3DEulerdeconvloution
and tilt angle derivative techniques were carried out to detect the edges of magnetic sources
and to determine their depths.Correlation between them shows acoincidence between Euler solution and zero
lines of tilt angle map. A tentative basement structure map is constructed from the integration of these results
and geological information. This map shows alternative uplifted and downfaulted structure trending in the ENE,
NE and E-W directions. In addition, the NNW to NW strike-slip faults intersected them in later events. Finally,
2-D modeling technique was run on three gravity and magnetic profiles in the same location. Different drilled
wells and the constructed basement structure map support these modeled profiles. Theyshow an acidic basement
rocks. A general decreasing of Conrad discontinuity depths from about 20.5 km at southern part to 17.9 km at
northern part can be noticed. Moreover, the crustal thickness (depth to Moho discontinuity), varies between
31.5 and 28.5 km revealing visibly crustal stretching and thinning northerly
Remote Sensing Technique as Exploration Tool for Ground water in Parts of the...theijes
The study area lies within latitudes 8°00' – 9°00'N and longitudes 11°30' – 12°30'E. Analysis of remote sensing imageries of part of the Upper Benue Trough of Nigeria was carried out on a scale of 1:100,000. The aim of this study includes the structural interpretation of the remote sensing data and the identification of the lineament and drainage patterns associated with the area to infer the influence of such structures on the economic potential of the basin. Results of the structural analysis revealed numerous lineaments. Trend analysis of the lineaments plotted on a rose diagram using the strikes and lengths of the entire lineaments revealed structural trends predominating in the NE-SW direction. The absence of visible lineaments in parts of the area may not indicate absence of geological structures. Some of these lineaments were found on some drainages showing that the drainages in those areas are structurally and tectonically controlled. The areas where the lineaments cross each other are indicative of groundwater availability and there correspond to regions of mean topographic height of about 900m
The document summarizes a study of the seismic imaging of the Cinarcik Basin along the North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara. Key findings from dense seismic reflection data include:
1) The basin has developed over the past few million years as a transtensional basin across strike-slip segments of the northern North Anatolian Fault.
2) Faults along the northern and southern margins of the basin are deep penetrating and have accommodated a large amount of extension over long time periods.
3) There is no evidence in the seismic data for a single through-going strike-slip fault within the basin.
The document provides an integrated geological study of the Santiago Basin in Peru based on seismic data, gravity data, well data, and field work. It finds that the basin has a complex structural style resulting from inversion of a Permian-Jurassic rift system, including thrust faults, wrench faults, and folded structures. Maturity modeling indicates three source rock formations - the Pozo Shale, Upper Chonta Formation, and Pucara Formation - have generated oil in the basin. The basin has significant hydrocarbon potential evidenced by over 20 oil seeps.
This document summarizes the tectono-stratigraphic framework and paleogeography of Southeast Asia from the Gulf of Thailand to the South Vietnam shelf during the Tertiary period. The authors constructed regional paleogeography maps for the Oligocene and Miocene eras based on stratigraphic correlations. During the Oligocene, extensive freshwater lakes and swamps dominated deposition, with some basins experiencing brackish incursion later in the period. Widespread marine flooding occurred in the late Oligocene. During the Miocene, marine influence gradually expanded across the region, reaching peak transgression in the middle Miocene associated with high sea levels. By the late Miocene, open marine conditions prevailed across most of
This document discusses the geological evolution of the Crati sedimentary basin in Calabria, Italy. During the Upper Miocene, the basin developed as an extensional basin filled by transgressive clastic deposits. During the Pliocene-Quaternary, the basin evolved under an E-W compressional regime, with thrusting on both flanks resulting in uplift of surrounding ranges relative to the basin center. Folding and thrusting affected the western part of the basin during the Pleistocene, while fan deltas gradually filled the basin. From the Middle Pleistocene to present, regional uplift dissected and terraced the basin deposits. The study presents new insights on the basin's evolution based on field observations
Structural Analysis and Tectonic Evolution based on Seismic Interpretation in...iosrjce
The document analyzes seismic data to study the structural evolution of the East Nile valley region of the Beni Suef basin in Egypt. Analysis of seismic lines, structure contour maps, and rose diagrams reveal normal fault systems trending NW-SE and WNW-ESE that dissected Upper Cretaceous rocks. These fault systems originated during Cretaceous-Early Tertiary extension related to Tethyan plate tectonics. The study area evolved into a graben structure bounded by major normal faults, with subordinate antithetic and synthetic faults forming. This structural framework controlled deposition and influenced rock thickness during the Late Cretaceous.
An Integrated Study of Gravity and Magnetic Data to Determine Subsurface Stru...iosrjce
:The present study wascarried out to delineate the location, extension, trend and depth of subsurface
structures of Alamein area. To achieve this aim, the gravity and aeromagnetic data have been subjected to
different analytical techniques. The Fast Fourier Transform technique was used to separatethe residual
components from the regional ones. The resulted maps showed that the area was affected mainly bytheENE, EW,
WNWand NWtectonic trends. In addition, spectral analysis technique was applied on magnetic anomalies to
estimate the depth to basement surface, which varies from 3.03 in southern part to 7.24 Km in northern part.3DEulerdeconvloution
and tilt angle derivative techniques were carried out to detect the edges of magnetic sources
and to determine their depths.Correlation between them shows acoincidence between Euler solution and zero
lines of tilt angle map. A tentative basement structure map is constructed from the integration of these results
and geological information. This map shows alternative uplifted and downfaulted structure trending in the ENE,
NE and E-W directions. In addition, the NNW to NW strike-slip faults intersected them in later events. Finally,
2-D modeling technique was run on three gravity and magnetic profiles in the same location. Different drilled
wells and the constructed basement structure map support these modeled profiles. Theyshow an acidic basement
rocks. A general decreasing of Conrad discontinuity depths from about 20.5 km at southern part to 17.9 km at
northern part can be noticed. Moreover, the crustal thickness (depth to Moho discontinuity), varies between
31.5 and 28.5 km revealing visibly crustal stretching and thinning northerly
Remote Sensing Technique as Exploration Tool for Ground water in Parts of the...theijes
The study area lies within latitudes 8°00' – 9°00'N and longitudes 11°30' – 12°30'E. Analysis of remote sensing imageries of part of the Upper Benue Trough of Nigeria was carried out on a scale of 1:100,000. The aim of this study includes the structural interpretation of the remote sensing data and the identification of the lineament and drainage patterns associated with the area to infer the influence of such structures on the economic potential of the basin. Results of the structural analysis revealed numerous lineaments. Trend analysis of the lineaments plotted on a rose diagram using the strikes and lengths of the entire lineaments revealed structural trends predominating in the NE-SW direction. The absence of visible lineaments in parts of the area may not indicate absence of geological structures. Some of these lineaments were found on some drainages showing that the drainages in those areas are structurally and tectonically controlled. The areas where the lineaments cross each other are indicative of groundwater availability and there correspond to regions of mean topographic height of about 900m
The document summarizes a study of the seismic imaging of the Cinarcik Basin along the North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara. Key findings from dense seismic reflection data include:
1) The basin has developed over the past few million years as a transtensional basin across strike-slip segments of the northern North Anatolian Fault.
2) Faults along the northern and southern margins of the basin are deep penetrating and have accommodated a large amount of extension over long time periods.
3) There is no evidence in the seismic data for a single through-going strike-slip fault within the basin.
The document provides an integrated geological study of the Santiago Basin in Peru based on seismic data, gravity data, well data, and field work. It finds that the basin has a complex structural style resulting from inversion of a Permian-Jurassic rift system, including thrust faults, wrench faults, and folded structures. Maturity modeling indicates three source rock formations - the Pozo Shale, Upper Chonta Formation, and Pucara Formation - have generated oil in the basin. The basin has significant hydrocarbon potential evidenced by over 20 oil seeps.
This document summarizes the tectono-stratigraphic framework and paleogeography of Southeast Asia from the Gulf of Thailand to the South Vietnam shelf during the Tertiary period. The authors constructed regional paleogeography maps for the Oligocene and Miocene eras based on stratigraphic correlations. During the Oligocene, extensive freshwater lakes and swamps dominated deposition, with some basins experiencing brackish incursion later in the period. Widespread marine flooding occurred in the late Oligocene. During the Miocene, marine influence gradually expanded across the region, reaching peak transgression in the middle Miocene associated with high sea levels. By the late Miocene, open marine conditions prevailed across most of
This document summarizes a study on the Neogene siliciclastic sequences in the Arakan Coastal Ranges of western Myanmar. Through detailed outcrop mapping, facies analysis, and provenance studies, the authors aimed to better understand basin evolution and provide insights into the tectonic evolution of the Himalaya-Bengal system. Key findings include identification of submarine slope deposits and evidence for episodic uplift of the Himalayas recorded in the sedimentary sequences. Provenance data found indications of increasing erosion of the Himalayas over time. The basin evolution appears to have been controlled by subsidence over the continent-ocean boundary and oblique convergence, with sediment influx influenced by Himalayan
-Examined features ranging from valley systems in Margaritifer Sinus to inverted topography in Aeolis/Zephyria Plana
-Studied and analyzed MOLA, THEMIS-VIS, OMEGA, MOC, CRISM, HRSC, and CTX imagery
The study of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary system in Muglad Basiniosrjce
Application of sequence stratigraphy theory, by levels of base level cycle sequence feature analysis,
combined with core and log data, establish the sequence stratigraphic framework. The Cretaceous sedimentary
strata are divided into six two sequences and 14 third-order sequences. In sequence stratigraphy based,
combine well logging, seismic and core observation, and comprehensive analysis of each well rock type, color,
bedding and other construction phase marks. Identify the Cretaceous strata have delta, meandering fluvial
facies and braided river with three main facies. Detailed study of Cretaceous sedimentary characteristics,
identify each sedimentary microfacies, sedimentary facies sequence established in the region
Sedimentology Lecture 4. concept of sedimentary facies, association and proce...Sigve Hamilton Aspelund
The document discusses sedimentary facies analysis and the concepts of facies, facies associations, and sedimentary processes. It defines a facies as the physical features of a sedimentary deposit that can be used to distinguish it from adjacent deposits. Facies associations are genetically related groups of facies that record particular depositional environments. Sedimentary processes include selective processes that transport and structure sediments, as well as mass processes involving large sediment movements like debris flows, grain flows, mud flows, and turbidity flows.
The document provides a detailed description of the lithological units and their structural relationships in an area within the Shulaps ultramafic-ophiolitic complex in southwestern British Columbia. The area studied contains four main lithotectonic units that are in thrust contact with one another: 1) A basal mantle peridotite suite exposed in the north, 2) An overlying Shulaps ophiolitic melange occupying the central and southern parts, 3) An East Liza igneous suite of mafic rocks in the southwest, and 4) Sedimentary rocks of the Cadwallader Group in the west. The melange contains blocks of gabbro, pyroxenite and sedimentary/volcan
1. The document describes the thrust fault tectonics in the Duhok region of northern Iraq.
2. Over 40 major thrust faults deform a 5km thick sequence of Mesozoic-Tertiary rocks, forming an imbricate fan and duplex structure.
3. A balanced cross-section illustrates the geometry of the thrusts and their associated folds, estimating a minimum accumulated transport of 23.17km.
Journal Petroleum Geology. Northern and Central North Sea Aptian sands, lowstand systems tract. Sequence stratigraphy development, Logs and micropapaeontology. prospectivity
This document discusses predicting volcanic rock facies distributions in the Yingcheng Formation of the Yingshan depression based on seismic attributes. It uses coherence detection to identify craters, waveform clustering to predict facies boundaries, and amplitude attributes to refine boundaries and classify facies. Three main facies are identified - crater/proximal facies with good porosity, proximal facies with moderate porosity, and distal facies. Prediction results match well logging data and identify crater and distal facies as favorable reservoirs.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document summarizes research on the seismic activity in the Marmara Sea region of Turkey over the past 2000 years. Some key findings:
- No evidence was found of truly large earthquakes comparable to those elsewhere along the North Anatolian Fault zone in the Marmara Basin region. Events have been smaller, consistent with known fault segmentation.
- Over the past 2000 years, the observed seismic moment release accounts for the known rate of right-lateral shear observed across the Marmara region via GPS measurements (between 1.6-2.4 cm/yr).
- The long-term seismicity shows large earthquakes are less frequent than predicted based on the instrumental record of the last 100 years alone.
Timing of oceans on Mars from shoreline deformationSérgio Sacani
Widespread evidence points to the existence of an ancient Martian
ocean1–8. Most compelling are the putative ancient shorelines in
the northern plains2,7
. However, these shorelines fail to follow
an equipotential surface, and this has been used to challenge the
notion that they formed via an early ocean9
and hence to question
the existence of such an ocean. The shorelines’ deviation from a
constant elevation can be explained by true polar wander occurring
after the formation of Tharsis10, a volcanic province that dominates
the gravity and topography of Mars. However, surface loading from
the oceans can drive polar wander only if Tharsis formed far from
the equator10, and most evidence indicates that Tharsis formed near
the equator11–15, meaning that there is no current explanation for
the shorelines’ deviation from an equipotential that is consistent
with our geophysical understanding of Mars. Here we show that
variations in shoreline topography can be explained by deformation
caused by the emplacement of Tharsis. We find that the shorelines
must have formed before and during the emplacement of Tharsis,
instead of afterwards, as previously assumed. Our results imply that
oceans on Mars formed early, concurrent with the valley networks15,
and point to a close relationship between the evolution of oceans
on Mars and the initiation and decline of Tharsis volcanism, with
broad implications for the geology, hydrological cycle and climate
of early Mars.
The document discusses the Late Proterozoic tectonic evolution of South America. It divides the continent into two domains: the Pre-Brasiliano domain in the northwest, which acted as a stable continental plate, and the Brasiliano domain in the southeast, which underwent orogenesis during the Brasiliano cycle from the Middle Proterozoic to Early Paleozoic. Within the Brasiliano domain, several continental plates are identified which were amalgamated by Brasiliano orogenic belts, resulting in the formation of the South American continent. Two major tectonic zones, the Hijaz-Mozambique zone and Transbrasiliano lineament, may have driven the multilateral stresses responsible for
Topography describes the physical features of an area of land, including natural formations like mountains, rivers, and valleys, as well as manmade features. It studies elevation, location, and the distribution of landforms. Topographical maps show these physical features and use contour lines and other methods to depict elevation changes. Bangladesh has a diverse topography consisting of a broad alluvial plain, a slightly elevated older plain, and some hill regions drained by rivers. Topography is important for uses like agriculture, the environment, weather prediction, and military strategy.
Paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sedime...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes the paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sediments in parts of the Southern Middle Niger Basin in Nigeria.
- Three main lithofacies were identified (sand, shale, silt) with seven subfacies. Depositional environments were determined to be continental fluvial for the Lokoja Formation and shallow marine to transitional for the Patti Formation.
- Three sequence stratigraphic systems tracts were established - a lowstand systems tract for the Lokoja Formation, a transgressive systems tract for the lower Patti Formation, and a highstand systems tract for the upper Patti Formation. An unconformity and candidate maximum flooding surface were identified.
This document discusses the geological and tectonic settings of the Palk Bay-Gulf of Mannar area between India and Sri Lanka and their relevance to the Sethu Samudram Shipping Canal Project. The region contains hard igneous and metamorphic rocks inland with sedimentary rocks in coastal and offshore areas, arranged in a series of basins and ridges oriented NNE-SSW, N-S, and E-W. Geophysical data shows corresponding gravity, magnetic, and structural features. The area experiences movement along four fault systems oriented NNE-SSW, NW-SE, N-S, and E-W, which have been reactivated recently, indicating neo-tectonic activity. This includes strike-
The seismic profiles show the structure of the accretionary prism and forearc offshore central Sumatra. Key features include:
1) The deformation front is 102-136 km from the outer forearc high.
2) The plate boundary fault (décollement) dips landward at a shallow angle of 3.7-4 degrees and can be traced 72-79.5 km into the mantle.
3) The accretionary wedge displays both the expected dominant pattern of seaward-verging folds from landward-dipping thrusts, as well as some important examples of landward-verging folds, similar to patterns seen in Cascadia.
A Comparison of Structural Styles and Prospectivity along the Atlantic Margin...Dario Chisari
1) The structural style of the Atlantic margin offshore West Africa shows differences between the passive rifted Northwest African Atlantic Margin (NWAAM) and the West African Transform Margin (WATM).
2) The WATM is characterized by basins between transform faults containing large Upper Cretaceous turbidite systems with proven oil discoveries, while the NWAAM contains multiple petroleum systems trapped against salt structures, in carbonate reefs, and in syn-rift structures.
3) Both regions remain largely untested, particularly the NWAAM in deepwater, and further exploration has potential to make new hydrocarbon discoveries.
Carboniferous_Permian_paleogeography_of the assembly of pangaea.pdfBraydenStoch2
This document summarizes the tectonic events surrounding the assembly of the supercontinent Pangaea from the Late Proterozoic to the Early Mesozoic. It describes three general sequences: 1) the breakup of Rodinia and drifting of continents in the Late Proterozoic, 2) the convergence and collisions of continents and terranes from the Ordovician to Devonian forming Laurussia, and 3) the final collisions of Gondwana with Laurussia and Siberia from the Mississippian to Permian assembling Pangaea, with eastern Pangaea assembling into the Early Mesozoic. It also provides a global reconstruction of the tectonic plates
1) The study analyzes the syn-rift architecture and depositional patterns in the Tanjore sub-basin of the Cauvery Basin through seismic facies analysis and integration of well data.
2) Four syn-rift units were identified, representing deposition during different stages of rift evolution - early rift, rift climax, and late rift. Unit 2, deposited during the rift climax stage, has good source rock potential, while Units 3 and 4 from the late rift stage contain favorable reservoir facies.
3) Preliminary 2D petroleum system modeling along a cross-section indicates potential hydrocarbon accumulation areas within the syn-rift sediments.
This document summarizes a study on the Neogene siliciclastic sequences in the Arakan Coastal Ranges of western Myanmar. Through detailed outcrop mapping, facies analysis, and provenance studies, the authors aimed to better understand basin evolution and provide insights into the tectonic evolution of the Himalaya-Bengal system. Key findings include identification of submarine slope deposits and evidence for episodic uplift of the Himalayas recorded in the sedimentary sequences. Provenance data found indications of increasing erosion of the Himalayas over time. The basin evolution appears to have been controlled by subsidence over the continent-ocean boundary and oblique convergence, with sediment influx influenced by Himalayan
-Examined features ranging from valley systems in Margaritifer Sinus to inverted topography in Aeolis/Zephyria Plana
-Studied and analyzed MOLA, THEMIS-VIS, OMEGA, MOC, CRISM, HRSC, and CTX imagery
The study of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary system in Muglad Basiniosrjce
Application of sequence stratigraphy theory, by levels of base level cycle sequence feature analysis,
combined with core and log data, establish the sequence stratigraphic framework. The Cretaceous sedimentary
strata are divided into six two sequences and 14 third-order sequences. In sequence stratigraphy based,
combine well logging, seismic and core observation, and comprehensive analysis of each well rock type, color,
bedding and other construction phase marks. Identify the Cretaceous strata have delta, meandering fluvial
facies and braided river with three main facies. Detailed study of Cretaceous sedimentary characteristics,
identify each sedimentary microfacies, sedimentary facies sequence established in the region
Sedimentology Lecture 4. concept of sedimentary facies, association and proce...Sigve Hamilton Aspelund
The document discusses sedimentary facies analysis and the concepts of facies, facies associations, and sedimentary processes. It defines a facies as the physical features of a sedimentary deposit that can be used to distinguish it from adjacent deposits. Facies associations are genetically related groups of facies that record particular depositional environments. Sedimentary processes include selective processes that transport and structure sediments, as well as mass processes involving large sediment movements like debris flows, grain flows, mud flows, and turbidity flows.
The document provides a detailed description of the lithological units and their structural relationships in an area within the Shulaps ultramafic-ophiolitic complex in southwestern British Columbia. The area studied contains four main lithotectonic units that are in thrust contact with one another: 1) A basal mantle peridotite suite exposed in the north, 2) An overlying Shulaps ophiolitic melange occupying the central and southern parts, 3) An East Liza igneous suite of mafic rocks in the southwest, and 4) Sedimentary rocks of the Cadwallader Group in the west. The melange contains blocks of gabbro, pyroxenite and sedimentary/volcan
1. The document describes the thrust fault tectonics in the Duhok region of northern Iraq.
2. Over 40 major thrust faults deform a 5km thick sequence of Mesozoic-Tertiary rocks, forming an imbricate fan and duplex structure.
3. A balanced cross-section illustrates the geometry of the thrusts and their associated folds, estimating a minimum accumulated transport of 23.17km.
Journal Petroleum Geology. Northern and Central North Sea Aptian sands, lowstand systems tract. Sequence stratigraphy development, Logs and micropapaeontology. prospectivity
This document discusses predicting volcanic rock facies distributions in the Yingcheng Formation of the Yingshan depression based on seismic attributes. It uses coherence detection to identify craters, waveform clustering to predict facies boundaries, and amplitude attributes to refine boundaries and classify facies. Three main facies are identified - crater/proximal facies with good porosity, proximal facies with moderate porosity, and distal facies. Prediction results match well logging data and identify crater and distal facies as favorable reservoirs.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document summarizes research on the seismic activity in the Marmara Sea region of Turkey over the past 2000 years. Some key findings:
- No evidence was found of truly large earthquakes comparable to those elsewhere along the North Anatolian Fault zone in the Marmara Basin region. Events have been smaller, consistent with known fault segmentation.
- Over the past 2000 years, the observed seismic moment release accounts for the known rate of right-lateral shear observed across the Marmara region via GPS measurements (between 1.6-2.4 cm/yr).
- The long-term seismicity shows large earthquakes are less frequent than predicted based on the instrumental record of the last 100 years alone.
Timing of oceans on Mars from shoreline deformationSérgio Sacani
Widespread evidence points to the existence of an ancient Martian
ocean1–8. Most compelling are the putative ancient shorelines in
the northern plains2,7
. However, these shorelines fail to follow
an equipotential surface, and this has been used to challenge the
notion that they formed via an early ocean9
and hence to question
the existence of such an ocean. The shorelines’ deviation from a
constant elevation can be explained by true polar wander occurring
after the formation of Tharsis10, a volcanic province that dominates
the gravity and topography of Mars. However, surface loading from
the oceans can drive polar wander only if Tharsis formed far from
the equator10, and most evidence indicates that Tharsis formed near
the equator11–15, meaning that there is no current explanation for
the shorelines’ deviation from an equipotential that is consistent
with our geophysical understanding of Mars. Here we show that
variations in shoreline topography can be explained by deformation
caused by the emplacement of Tharsis. We find that the shorelines
must have formed before and during the emplacement of Tharsis,
instead of afterwards, as previously assumed. Our results imply that
oceans on Mars formed early, concurrent with the valley networks15,
and point to a close relationship between the evolution of oceans
on Mars and the initiation and decline of Tharsis volcanism, with
broad implications for the geology, hydrological cycle and climate
of early Mars.
The document discusses the Late Proterozoic tectonic evolution of South America. It divides the continent into two domains: the Pre-Brasiliano domain in the northwest, which acted as a stable continental plate, and the Brasiliano domain in the southeast, which underwent orogenesis during the Brasiliano cycle from the Middle Proterozoic to Early Paleozoic. Within the Brasiliano domain, several continental plates are identified which were amalgamated by Brasiliano orogenic belts, resulting in the formation of the South American continent. Two major tectonic zones, the Hijaz-Mozambique zone and Transbrasiliano lineament, may have driven the multilateral stresses responsible for
Topography describes the physical features of an area of land, including natural formations like mountains, rivers, and valleys, as well as manmade features. It studies elevation, location, and the distribution of landforms. Topographical maps show these physical features and use contour lines and other methods to depict elevation changes. Bangladesh has a diverse topography consisting of a broad alluvial plain, a slightly elevated older plain, and some hill regions drained by rivers. Topography is important for uses like agriculture, the environment, weather prediction, and military strategy.
Paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sedime...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes the paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sediments in parts of the Southern Middle Niger Basin in Nigeria.
- Three main lithofacies were identified (sand, shale, silt) with seven subfacies. Depositional environments were determined to be continental fluvial for the Lokoja Formation and shallow marine to transitional for the Patti Formation.
- Three sequence stratigraphic systems tracts were established - a lowstand systems tract for the Lokoja Formation, a transgressive systems tract for the lower Patti Formation, and a highstand systems tract for the upper Patti Formation. An unconformity and candidate maximum flooding surface were identified.
This document discusses the geological and tectonic settings of the Palk Bay-Gulf of Mannar area between India and Sri Lanka and their relevance to the Sethu Samudram Shipping Canal Project. The region contains hard igneous and metamorphic rocks inland with sedimentary rocks in coastal and offshore areas, arranged in a series of basins and ridges oriented NNE-SSW, N-S, and E-W. Geophysical data shows corresponding gravity, magnetic, and structural features. The area experiences movement along four fault systems oriented NNE-SSW, NW-SE, N-S, and E-W, which have been reactivated recently, indicating neo-tectonic activity. This includes strike-
The seismic profiles show the structure of the accretionary prism and forearc offshore central Sumatra. Key features include:
1) The deformation front is 102-136 km from the outer forearc high.
2) The plate boundary fault (décollement) dips landward at a shallow angle of 3.7-4 degrees and can be traced 72-79.5 km into the mantle.
3) The accretionary wedge displays both the expected dominant pattern of seaward-verging folds from landward-dipping thrusts, as well as some important examples of landward-verging folds, similar to patterns seen in Cascadia.
A Comparison of Structural Styles and Prospectivity along the Atlantic Margin...Dario Chisari
1) The structural style of the Atlantic margin offshore West Africa shows differences between the passive rifted Northwest African Atlantic Margin (NWAAM) and the West African Transform Margin (WATM).
2) The WATM is characterized by basins between transform faults containing large Upper Cretaceous turbidite systems with proven oil discoveries, while the NWAAM contains multiple petroleum systems trapped against salt structures, in carbonate reefs, and in syn-rift structures.
3) Both regions remain largely untested, particularly the NWAAM in deepwater, and further exploration has potential to make new hydrocarbon discoveries.
Carboniferous_Permian_paleogeography_of the assembly of pangaea.pdfBraydenStoch2
This document summarizes the tectonic events surrounding the assembly of the supercontinent Pangaea from the Late Proterozoic to the Early Mesozoic. It describes three general sequences: 1) the breakup of Rodinia and drifting of continents in the Late Proterozoic, 2) the convergence and collisions of continents and terranes from the Ordovician to Devonian forming Laurussia, and 3) the final collisions of Gondwana with Laurussia and Siberia from the Mississippian to Permian assembling Pangaea, with eastern Pangaea assembling into the Early Mesozoic. It also provides a global reconstruction of the tectonic plates
1) The study analyzes the syn-rift architecture and depositional patterns in the Tanjore sub-basin of the Cauvery Basin through seismic facies analysis and integration of well data.
2) Four syn-rift units were identified, representing deposition during different stages of rift evolution - early rift, rift climax, and late rift. Unit 2, deposited during the rift climax stage, has good source rock potential, while Units 3 and 4 from the late rift stage contain favorable reservoir facies.
3) Preliminary 2D petroleum system modeling along a cross-section indicates potential hydrocarbon accumulation areas within the syn-rift sediments.
The document discusses lessons that can be learned from the South Atlantic basin and applied to exploration in the North Atlantic basin. It summarizes that fracture zones in the South Atlantic influenced continental and oceanic crust morphology, hydrocarbon migration, and led to complex trap geometries from reactivation. Similarly, fracture zones are recognized in the North Atlantic and likely influenced structural development. New exploration concepts can be developed for the North Atlantic by considering this model of conjugate margins and fracture zone influence from the South Atlantic.
1) The document discusses the tectonic evolution of part of the Zagros foreland basin in northern Iraq from the Early Cretaceous to Early Eocene periods.
2) During the Cretaceous, there was a shift from a passive margin to a foreland basin phase as the Arabian-Nubian Plate advanced, imposing a tectonic load and forming a flexural wave. This led to the deposition of different formations in foredeep, forbulge, and back-bulge depozones.
3) By the late Cretaceous, the zagros foreland basin was characterized by three depositional realms - a lower carbonate unit, pelagic
Geology is the scientific study of the all constituents of planets, their internal and external forms and processes. More precisely, it is the study of nature, structure and history of the planet. Earth is the home to all life, well known to the humankind. Geology, itself, is a major part of The Earth and atmospheric sciences, which were born as twins . The subject of geology encompasses all aspects including the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of a planets'( like Earth's) inter-related components and the processes that are shaping the features on the surface. Geologists are the scientists who study the origin, occurrence, distribution and utilities of all materials(metallic, non-metallic, inorganic, etc), minerals, rocks, sediments, soils, water, oil and all other inorganic natural resources. It is a very vast subject covering a wide spectrum of scientific principles and holding hundred and fifty plus scientific branches. This report enumerates and highlights most of them, in a nutshell, for all those who intends to know for planning their career path.
The document discusses evidence that supports the existence of ancient supercontinents. It describes geological studies in Africa that have found similarities in rock formations and drainage patterns across the continent, indicating the landmasses were once joined. Specifically, research on the African Rift Valley has uncovered matching volcanic rocks and river systems on either side of the rift that align with the theory of continental drift. Additionally, the same alkaline rock formations found in Africa are also seen in the boundaries of other ancient continents like Greenland and India, providing further evidence they were once attached as part of a supercontinent.
Leonhard Euler showed that the movement of tectonic plates can be described as rotation around an axis through the Earth's center. This model allows scientists to reconstruct past plate positions and configurations. Paleomagnetic data from different rock types provides information about ancient plate locations relative to the Earth's magnetic poles over time. Integrating various lines of evidence like magnetic anomalies, transform faults, hotspot tracks, and apparent polar wander paths enables increasingly precise geometric reconstructions of past tectonic activity back to over one billion years ago, revealing the changing geography of Earth's supercontinents over its history.
Sequence stratigraphy and its applicationsPramoda Raj
Sequence stratigraphy is the study of rock strata in terms of depositional sequences that are genetically related and bounded by unconformities or correlative conformities. It was pioneered by James Hutton in 1788 and further developed by researchers like Sloss and Vail to understand global eustatic sea level changes and their control on sediment deposition. Key concepts include systems tracts like transgressive, highstand, and parasequences which are building blocks of sequences. Sequence stratigraphy is useful for basin analysis, hydrocarbon exploration, and understanding past sea level fluctuations. Case studies have applied it to outcrops and subsurface sediments.
1) The document discusses the tectonic and volcanic history of the Northern Main Ethiopian Rift System. It began forming around 30 million years ago through regional extension and the formation of half-graben basins.
2) Around 8 million years ago, basaltic magmas erupted and formed shield volcanoes and cinder cones in the rift valley. The modern rift morphology developed around 3 million years ago as the valley widened and deepened.
3) The Northern Main Ethiopian Rift System continues evolving through ongoing extension and volcanic activity, making it one of the most seismically and volcanically active regions in Africa.
The study of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary system in Muglad Basiniosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
San Juan Volcanic Field - Nested Caldera StudyJohanna Vaughan
This study focuses on the San Juan Volcanic Field in Colorado, specifically the nested caldera complex of the Silverton caldera located within the older San Juan Caldera. Field mapping identified six volcanic and intrusive rock units deposited during the Tertiary period. Structural analysis found north-northeast trending normal faults associated with the caldera collapse and later mineralization. Hydrothermal alteration occurred along faults after volcanic activity. The study provides insights into the eruptive and tectonic history of the region through detailed geologic mapping and analysis.
San Juan Volcanic Field - Nested Caldera StudyJohanna Vaughan
This study focuses on the San Juan Volcanic Field in Colorado, specifically the nested caldera complex of the Silverton caldera located within the older San Juan Caldera. Field mapping identified six volcanic and intrusive rock units deposited during the Tertiary period. Structural analysis found north-northeast trending normal faults associated with the caldera collapse and later mineralization. Hydrothermal alteration occurred along faults after volcanic activity. The study helps understand the volcanic and tectonic evolution of the region, including large-scale subsidence and later intrusive activity.
Earth Science is a major Subject of life. Earth Science encompasses hundreds of branches. Geology is the scientific study of the all constituents of planets, their internal and external forms and processes. More precisely, it is the study of nature, structure and history of the planet. Earth is the home to all life, well known to the humankind. Geology, itself, is a major part of The Earth and atmospheric sciences, which were born as twins . The subject of geology encompasses all aspects including the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of a planets'( like Earth's) inter-related components and the processes that are shaping the features on the surface.
This document discusses using calcite twinning analysis to quantify the principal paleostress magnitudes during the Indosinian orogeny in central Thailand. The study uses data from the Khao Khwang fold-thrust belt to determine differential stress magnitudes for each tectonic stage. Combining these stress estimates with geochronological data constrains the timing of burial depth changes and folding within the belt. The proposed tectonic scenario is based on the sequenced fracturing, faulting, and folding of strata during the Indosinian orogeny.
Triangular interactions among climate, erosion and tectonics happen during the course of formation and development of a mountain range. In this study mountain range of Nyainqentanglha of Himalaya has been focused to assess which element played the vital role in this case. Altitude data of the catchments have been used as the primary key of analysis. Significant concentration of catchment areas near glacier equilibrium line altitudes (ELA) proved the presence of glacial buzzsaw mechanism. Swath analysis confirmed the presence of Teflon peak. Finally web of interrelationship has been explored behind the development of this mountainous range.
The document discusses the structural layers and fault systems of the Yingshan Fault Depression. It is divided into four main points:
1) The structural layers are divided into four based on seismic reflection characteristics and stratigraphy: rifted layers, fault sag conversion layers, depressed layers, and inversion structure layer.
2) The fault system includes upper and lower systems and is characterized by mainly northeast-trending normal faults that controlled the development of the depression.
3) Fault combination patterns include shovel faults, "Y" and reverse "Y" faults, "V" faults, and graben and horst structures.
4) The tectonic environment was an extending basin characterized by structures such as
High Resolution Seq Strat Applied to Field Developmentapicarelli
The document summarizes research on the depositional systems and sand body geometry within the Oficina Formation in eastern Venezuela based on well log, seismic, and core data. Key findings include:
1) A high-resolution sequence stratigraphy framework was developed showing stacking patterns related to base level changes in the distal foreland basin.
2) Major reservoir development occurred during lowstand systems tracts (LST) characterized by estuarine incised valley fills and transgressive sand ridges during tidal-influenced periods.
3) Fifth-order sequence boundaries controlled sand body geometry and connectivity, with erosion during lowstands creating incised valleys that compartmentalized reservoirs vertically and laterally within sequences.
This is the first work, which introduce a new look to the Yemeni Geology. My interest in the Yemeni geology
started in 1987, when I wrote my first geological and technical report on Al-Kharg well, drilled in Al-Jawf Marib
Shabwa basin (Moscow, 1987; (Unpublished)). And my work on the former South Yemen regional geology
(Moscow, 1990; (Unpublished)) as a result of my fieldwork visits to the above-mentioned area.
During my work in the Republic of Yemen, (the research study area), for 8 years (1992-1999), I collected variably
detailed information of hundreds publications references on the pervious and the present geological activities in
Yemen for the period from 1852 until Today. That work led to the first classification and division for what I called the
Geological Research History Work (G.R.H.W) of the Republic of Yemen.
At the same time, I was highly interested in the whole pervious and present stratigraphic research related to the
Yemeni Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature, because stratigraphic research pursued by different organizations,
companies and groups on different and indipendent lines was on the point of leading to choas. Studing a huge material
and data related to the pervious and the present geological activities in Yemen; such as final reports on geological
survey, different kinds of geophisical works, wells data (for more than 210 wells drilled in different area of the
republic of Yemen, where most of those wells located in the north-northeastern, east and south-southeastern part of
the Republic of Yemen(~75% of Yemeni sedimentary cover located in this area)), dry and wet sample analysis, well
site geologist geological descriptions, background gas indicatores, drillig results, log interpretations, core analysis, well
completion reports, lithostratigraphic units history (first time publication of the unit, its current meaning and definition),
lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic description and indication of age; This research study work led at the beginning
to my work done on diferent geological wells data tables, geological well sections, correlation between wells (local
and regional), different kind of geological maps for spesific areas (this happened during my work in the Adeni Branch
of the Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources) and led also to the first table on the whole Yemen Lithostratigraphic
Units and Nomenclture; my mapping and modelling to the whole eastern part of Yemen with the adjacent areas (this
happened during my research study work in Jilin University). This work is an extent to the great work done by many
4
interested geologists, scientific expeditions, organizations, local and forieghn companies, variably detailed information
of hundreds publications and references on the Yemeni geology.
The Yemeni Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature table is projected to be a kind of huge encyclopedia. The
new thing is that names of all Yemeni lithostratigraphic units are presented in the above mentioned table in
accordance to their proven and high checked geological age. It is the first electronic and attributed table. Just point
your Computer mouse on the red triangle located on the right-upper corner of an interested lithostratigraphic units and
you are going to receive a brief geological information about it, especially in which Yemeni basins penetrated (Basin
name, It’s lithology, description and age).
The most important thing that this table led to my new explanation to the anomaly in the Yemeni
Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature, having the same geological time line (the same age), by relating such
anomaly to the geological history of the area, especially the anomaly in tectonic activities and the process of
sedimentation; this table also gave me the right to suggest a new subdivision to the Yemeni Paleozoic sediments, into
two new depositional sequences, i.e. from young to old:
b. UPPER PALEOZOIC (Devonian – Permian) / TRIASSIC (Lower T
ABSTRACT
This is the first work, which introduce a new look to the Yemeni Geology. My interest in the Yemeni geology
started in 1987, when I wrote my first geological and technical report on Al-Kharg well, drilled in Al-Jawf Marib
Shabwa basin (Moscow, 1987; (Unpublished)). And my work on the former South Yemen regional geology
(Moscow, 1990; (Unpublished)) as a result of my fieldwork visits to the above-mentioned area.
During my work in the Republic of Yemen, (the research study area), for 8 years (1992-1999), I collected variably
detailed information of hundreds publications references on the pervious and the present geological activities in
Yemen for the period from 1852 until Today. That work led to the first classification and division for what I called the
Geological Research History Work (G.R.H.W) of the Republic of Yemen.
At the same time, I was highly interested in the whole pervious and present stratigraphic research related to the
Yemeni Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature, because stratigraphic research pursued by different organizations,
companies and groups on different and indipendent lines was on the point of leading to choas. Studing a huge material
and data related to the pervious and the present geological activities in Yemen; such as final reports on geological
survey, different kinds of geophisical works, wells data (for more than 210 wells drilled in different area of the
republic of Yemen, where most of those wells located in the north-northeastern, east and south-southeastern part of
the Republic of Yemen(~75% of Yemeni sedimentary cover located in this area)), dry and wet sample analysis, well
site geologist geological descriptions, background gas indicatores, drillig results, log interpretations, core analysis, well
completion reports, lithostratigraphic units history (first time publication of the unit, its current meaning and definition),
lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic description and indication of age; This research study work led at the beginning
to my work done on diferent geological wells data tables, geological well sections, correlation between wells (local
and regional), different kind of geological maps for spesific areas (this happened during my work in the Adeni Branch
of the Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources) and led also to the first table on the whole Yemen Lithostratigraphic
Units and Nomenclture; my mapping and modelling to the whole eastern part of Yemen with the adjacent areas (this
happened during my research study work in Jilin University). This work is an extent to the great work done by many
4
interested geologists, scientific expeditions, organizations, local and forieghn companies, variably detailed information
of hundreds publications and references on the Yemeni geology.
The Yemeni Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature table is projected to be a kind of huge encyclopedia. The
new thing is that names of all Yemeni lithostratigraphic units are presented in the above mentioned table in
accordance to their proven and high checked geological age. It is the first electronic and attributed table. Just point
your Computer mouse on the red triangle located on the right-upper corner of an interested lithostratigraphic units and
you are going to receive a brief geological information about it, especially in which Yemeni basins penetrated (Basin
name, It’s lithology, description and age).
The most important thing that this table led to my new explanation to the anomaly in the Yemeni
Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature, having the same geological time line (the same age), by relating such
anomaly to the geological history of the area, especially the anomaly in tectonic activities and the process of
sedimentation; this table also gave me the right to suggest a new subdivision to the Yemeni Paleozoic sediments, into
two new depositional sequences, i.e. from young to old:
b. UPPER PALEOZOIC (Devonian – Permian) / TRIASSI
1) The study mapped an area in southern Margaritifer Terra, Mars containing 5 large impact craters to understand the geologic history and role of water.
2) The craters showed evidence of alluvial fans, aeolian deposits, and fluvial erosion indicating water once flowed on the surface. Older fans within Crater 1 suggest the presence of an ancient lake.
3) Overall, the features revealed the area experienced impact cratering, mass wasting, and fluvial erosion and deposition from water in the past like rainfall, snowmelt, or groundwater. Mapping helped decipher the complex geologic processes that shaped the landscape over time.
Similar to RESEARCH+ON+THE+INTERPLAY+BETWEEN_compressed (20)
1. Interplay Between Tectonic Extensional Regime And Eustatic
Control On The Sedimentological Evolution Of The Eastern Part
Of Moesian Platform During The Late-Middle To Late Miocene,
Black Sea Near Balchik, Bulgaria
MSc. Thesis
Ruben Arismendy
Supervisor: Dr. Liviu Matenco
External supervisor: Trauian Rabagia
Free University Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences
Institute of Earth Sciences, Department of Tectonics and Structural Geology