This document discusses topical agents, including their definitions, classifications, and examples. It can be summarized as:
Topical agents are chemicals applied to the skin or mucous membranes for localized effects. They are classified as protectives, which isolate surfaces from stimuli, or antimicrobials/astringents. Common protectives include talc and calamine, which protect irritated skin. Antimicrobials like iodine and hydrogen peroxide kill microbes through oxidation or protein precipitation. Astringents like alum constrict tissues and coagulate proteins on surfaces.
Dental product is a topic of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry,for B.Pharmacy First year students.
this ppt is presented with the aim to enable with students to easily grasp unfamiliar,unacquainted & seemingly complicated concepts of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry so that it helps them to kindle their interest in the subject.
Prepared by,
Ms. Megha M. Muley
Assistant Professor
A topical medication is a medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body. Most often topical administration means application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a large range of classes including creams, foams, gels, lotions, and ointments. Many topical medications are epicutaneous, meaning that they are applied directly to the skin. Topical medications may also be inhalational, such as asthma medications, or applied to the surface of tissues other than the skin, such as eye drops applied to the conjunctiva, or ear drops placed in the ear, or medications applied to the surface of a tooth.
Dental product is a topic of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry,for B.Pharmacy First year students.
this ppt is presented with the aim to enable with students to easily grasp unfamiliar,unacquainted & seemingly complicated concepts of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry so that it helps them to kindle their interest in the subject.
Prepared by,
Ms. Megha M. Muley
Assistant Professor
A topical medication is a medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body. Most often topical administration means application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a large range of classes including creams, foams, gels, lotions, and ointments. Many topical medications are epicutaneous, meaning that they are applied directly to the skin. Topical medications may also be inhalational, such as asthma medications, or applied to the surface of tissues other than the skin, such as eye drops applied to the conjunctiva, or ear drops placed in the ear, or medications applied to the surface of a tooth.
Classification and mode of action of disinfectants PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOG...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Classification and mode of action of disinfectants. DISINFECTANT
Definition: Ideal properties of disinfectants: CLASSIFICATION OF DISINFECTANTS: Based on consistency 1. Liquid (E.g., Alcohols, Phenols) 2.Gaseous (Formaldehyde vapor, Ethylene oxide). Based on spectrum of activity 1. High level disinfectant
2. Intermediate level disinfectant
3. Low level disinfectant .Based on mechanism of action: 1.Action on membrane2.Denaturation of cellular proteins 3.Damage to nucleic acids 4.Oxidation of essential sulfhydryl groups of enzymes 5.Alkylation of amino-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl group. MODE OF ACTION AND APPICATION OF DISINFECTANT
Acid and alkalies
Halogens
Heavy metals
Phenols and its derivatives
Alcohol
Aldehydes
Dyes:
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Detergents and soaps.
Chemical Disinfection is a topic under Public Health Dentistry which focuses on various methods and agents that can be used for disinfection of instruments, equipments and other substances used in Dental clinics and other fields of Dentistry.
Disinfectant and antiseptic is used for kill the microbes or inhibit the growth of microbes and decreasing their numbers in such a low level that they become unable to impart any harmful effect.
Antiseptic - Modern and Ayurvedic ConceptsAbhilash Mu
A brief presentation on Anti-septics, Detailing history, Classification, Indications, Side effects,uses and an Ayurvedic introduction to this topic.It gives detailed description of Hydrogen peroxide, Chloroxylenol, Ethanol, Cetrimide etc. And Details Neem, Brahmi and Triphala as Ayurvedic anti-septics.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Definition:
• Chemical agents applied to the skin and mucous membranes for
localized effects within the skin or membrane are topical drugs.
• These include antibiotics, antiseptic, corticosteroids, antineoplastics,
local anesthetics etc.
• Locally acting topical agents have limited chemical and
pharmacological activity generally have a physical basis of action.
3. Classification
• Topical agents can be broadly classified into two categories based on their
usual action or use:
• protectives and
• antimicrobial and astringent compounds.
• It may also be noted that there is a tremendous amount of overlapping
between categories where the particular use will depend on the area of
application, the concentration of the agents, the presence of other
compounds in the preparation and the solubility (e.g. insoluble zinc oxide is
a protective and soluble zinc sulfate is an astringent).
4. Protectives
• A protective is any agent that isolates the exposed surface (skin or
other membranes) from harmful or annoying stimuli.
• Substances that protect by mechanical or other physical means are
considered to be protectives.
• Compounds most appropriate for this purpose are insoluble and
chemically inert.
• Insolubility is a desirable property for protectives because-
• - this limits the absorption of the compounds through the skin
• - makes it difficult to wash them off and diminishes metallic
properties on tissue
5. Cont..
• Chemical inertness prevents interaction between the protective
substance and the tissue.
• Adsorbent action is also an important property of protectives by
which they adsorb moisture from the surface of the skin. Removing
moisture tends to lessen mechanical friction and irritation and also
discourages certain bacterial growth. The adsorptive capacity is
important to the GI protective action of chemically inert powders
taken internally.
6. Applications
• Protectives are generally applied as dusting powders, suspensions
containing the insoluble protective substance or ointments.
• Usually they are applied to the areas of skin which are subject to
constant irritation due to moisture or friction or areas which have
already become irritated or inflamed due to friction, allergy and the
like.
• If the area to which protective is to be applied is abraded and exuding
fluid, adsorbent type protectives should not be used. These substance
will mix with the exudate and dry to a crust which adheres to the
open tissue.
7. Purified Talc (3MgO.4SiO2.H2O; MW= 379.27)
It is a purified magnesium silicate containing a small portion of aluminum
silicate.
• Use:
• The inert and unctuous nature of the talc makes it useful as lubricant,
protective and dusting powder. It protect the skin from irritation due to
friction.
• It is commonly used as cosmetic purpose.
• Talc is used as filtering aid.
• It is used as protective on broken skin of wounds and surgical incision.
• Used as dusting powder on surgical gloves.
8. Calamine(ZnO.xFe2O3)
Calamine is a ZnO with small amount of Fe2O3 and on ignition yield not less
that 98% of ZnO.
Uses:
• Due to its soothing, adsorbent and protective properties calamine is used
in dusting powder, ointments and lotions.
• It has mild astringent and antiseptic action on the skin.
• It has better cosmetic acceptability.
• It is also used as a cream, ointment or lotion is various skin disorders.
• Calamine lotion with 1% phenol provides a local anesthetic and antipruritic
(anti-itching) action in small and chicken pox infection.
9. Titanium Dioxide(TiO2; MW 79.9)
It contains not less than 98% of TiO2 calculated with reference to dry
substance.
Uses:
• Due to its high refractive index, it absorbs ultraviolet light and
primarily used as sun screen and topical protectives as creams, paste
etc.
• It is used as a white pigment in lotions and cosmetic preparations
such as face powder.
• It is used for relief of pruritus and exudative dermatoses.
10. Antimicrobials and astringents
• Antimicrobial terminology:
Antiseptic:
- This term is generally applied to any agent which either kills or inhibits the
growth of microorganisms e.g. bacteria, fungi, protozoa etc.
- The term is reserved for those agents used against microorganism growing on
man specifically or living tissue in general.
Germicide:
• The term germicide refers to a more specific action in that it describes agents
which kills microorganisms. The ‘–cide’ ending on the word means ‘to kill’. Hence,
this ending can be applied to the names of various classes of microorganisms to
provide terms for more specific agents, e.g. bactericide, fungicide, amibicide,etc.
11. Cont..
Germicide (cont…)
• Those agents which don't kill microorganism, but function primarily by
inhibiting their growth, can be described by terms using the suffix ‘–stat’ meaning
‘standing still’. Therefore, the terms, bacteriostat, fungistat, etc are employed
with compounds having this aspect of activity against the indicated
microorganisms.
Disinfectant:
• This term refers to the same type of activity as the term germicide. Its uses
differs in that it is applied to those agents most appropriately used on inanimate
objects, e.g. instruments, equipment, rooms etc.
Sterilization:
• This refers to the use of a disinfectant or other procedure to render an object
completely free of microorganisms. This frequently involves the use of chemicals
or mechanical process (e.g. heat) which are much too stringent for use on animal
or human tissue.
12. Antimicrobials
• The terms antiseptic and germicide may be further modified according to
their area and type of use:
1) topical
2) internal
• Internal agents may be further subdivided into:
i) absorbed (systemic; distributed through the circulation & used to treat
infections in various organs and tissues)
ii) not-absorbed (non systemic; remain and function in the area where they
are applied)
13. Cont..
• Antiseptics and disinfectants are extensively used in hospitals and
other health care settings for a variety of topical and hard-surface
applications.
• In particular, they are an essential part of infection control
practices and aid in the prevention of nosocomial infections
• A wide variety of active chemical agents (biocides) are found in
these products, many of which have been used for hundreds of years
for antisepsis, disinfection , germicides and preservation, including
alcohols, phenols, iodine, chlorine etc.
• Most of these active agents demonstrate broad-spectrum
antimicrobial activity.
14. Common antiseptics
Common antiseptics used include-
a) alcohol,
b) boric acid,
c) hydrogen peroxide,
d) iodine,
e) carbolic acid and other phenol compounds,
f) chlorohexadine as hand wash and mouth wash
g) sodium chloride,
h) sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite,
i) essential oils - eucalyptus, methyl salicylate, menthol, thymol (Listerine)
k) silver compounds
l) triclosan (a diphenyl ether derivative having bacteriostatic and fungistatic
action
15. M/A
• The mechanism of action of inorganic antimicrobial agents can be
divided into three general categories:
1) Oxidation
2) Halogenation and
3) Protein precipitation
16. Iodine
• Iodine is rapidly bactericidal, fungicidal, tuberculocidal, virucidal, and
sporicidal.
• Although aqueous or alcoholic (tincture) solutions of iodine have been
used for 150 years as antiseptics, they are associated with irritation and
excessive staining.
• In addition, aqueous solutions are generally unstable; in solution, at least
seven iodine species are present in a complex equilibrium, with molecular
iodine (I2) being primarily responsible for antimicrobial efficacy.
• Iodine rapidly penetrates into microorganisms and attacks key groups of
proteins (in particular the free-sulfur amino acids cysteine and
methionine), nucleotides, and fatty acids, which ends in cell death.
17. Hydrogen peroxide (Peroxygens)
• Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a widely used biocide for disinfection, sterilization,
and antisepsis.
• It is a clear, colorless liquid that is commercially available in a variety of
concentrations ranging from 3 to 90%.
• H2O2 is considered environmentally friendly, because it can rapidly degrade
into the innocent products water and oxygen. Although pure solutions are
generally stable, most contain stabilizers to prevent decomposition.
• H2O2 demonstrates broad-spectrum efficacy against viruses, bacteria,
yeasts, and bacterial spores.
18. Astringents
• Definition:
• Astringents are protein precipitants with limited penetrative power. That
is, they are able to coagulate protein primarily on the surface cells, an
action that does not result in the death of the cell.
• Astringent influences constriction of tissue e.g. small blood vessels but the
action is only topical, no deeper effects occur.
• Actually the effect of astringent can penetrate to the point of tissue
damage.
• Most topical astringents are salts of aluminum, zinc, and to some extent,
zirconium.
19. Applications of astringents
• Styptic, to stop bleeding from small cuts by promoting coagulation of
blood and constricting small capillaries
• Antiperspirant, to decrease secretion of perspiration by constricting
pores at the surface of the skin
• Restriction of the supply of blood to the surface of mucous
membranes as a means of reducing inflammation and
• Direct actions on skin to remove unwanted tissue (requires a higher
concentration, termed corrosive)
20. Alum
• Alum N.F. can be either the ammonium salt (Aluminum Ammonium Sulfate) or
the potassium salt (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate). The label on the container
must indicate which salt is being dispensed. Astringent solutions of Alum usually
contain between 0.5 and 5% of the compound.
Uses:
• Alum serves as a source of aluminum ion, making it useful as a topical astringent.
• The rather high astringency of the compounds makes it possible for certain
preparations to be used as irritants or caustics.
• It can be used in footbaths as a means of toughening the skin.
• It is frequently the active ingredient in styptic pencils, where it is used to stop
bleeding from small cuts.
• The protein precipitant properties of Alum are utilized in the preparation of
precipitated diphtheria and tetanus toxoids.
21. Zinc chloride
• Zinc chloride is used for the activity of zinc ion, which is a very strong
precipitant.
• The compound is a powerful astringent in solution and a mild antiseptic. It
is thought that its antiseptic properties are due to an interaction of the
metal with certain bacterial enzymes, inhibiting their function.
• The strong astringent properties of zinc chloride make the compound
useful as an escharotic.
• The compound is applied as a solution containing from 0.5-2% of zinc
chloride. The lower concentration may be applied to mucus membranes
and is used as a nasal spray in office procedures to aid drainage from
infected sinuses.
• The USP also recognizes the compound as a desensitizer of dentin. For this
purpose, a 10% solution is applied topically to the teeth.