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1. UNIT III:
CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS ACCORDING TO THEIR USES
Pharm 114: Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
Maria Victoria P. Canaria, RPh, MS Pharm
Lordwin Alexis C. Labuguen, RPh, BSCP
Cristopherson P. Mata, RPh, MS Pharm
SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF NATURAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
Course Facilitators AY 2020-2021

2. I. PHARMACEUTICAL AIDS AND NECESSITIES
A. Acids and Bases
B. Buffers
C. Antioxidants
D. Water
E. Glass
II. GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS
A. Acidifying Agents
B. Antacids
C. Antidiarrheal Agents
D. Laxatives
UNIT III OUTLINE
IV. DENTAL PRODUCTS
A. Anticariogenic Agents
B. Polishing Agents
C. Desensitizing Agents
V. MISCELLANEOUS
A. Inhalants
B. Respiratory Stimulants
C. Expectorants
D. Emetics
E. Antidotes
F. Tableting Agents
G. Suspending Agents
III. TOPICAL AGENTS
A. Protectives
B. Antimicrobials
C. Protein Precipitants
D. Astringents

3. UNIT III: CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ACCORDING TO THEIR USES
Pharm 114: Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF NATURAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
III. TOPICAL AGENTS
A. Protectives
B. Astringents
C. Antimicrobials
Additional Reference: Maleku, K. (2020). Topical Agents: Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Retrieved from:
https://www.slideshare.net/KabinMaleku/topical-agents-inorganic-pharmaceutical-chemistry

4. TOPICAL AGENTS
• Is any agent that isolates the exposed surface (skin or
mucous membrane) from harmful or annoying stimuli.
• Substances that protect by mechanical or physical
means are considered as protectives.
• Insolubility is a desirable property of protectives
because:
- it limits the absorption of compound through the skin
- makes it difficult to be washed off.
Are substances which are applied directly on the skin or mucous membranes
or any other surface for localized effects.
PROTECTIVES
• Are protein precipitants with limited cell penetration
• It coagulates the proteins on the surface of the cell
and brings out hardening effect
• Use of compounds with astringent property
- STYPTICS → used to arrest minor bleeding
- ANTI-PERSPIRANT → used to reduce perspiration by
constricting the pores of the skin
- Anti-inflammatory
- Internally are used for diarrhea
ASTRINGENT

5. TOPICAL AGENTS
SPECIFIC AGENTS
It must be noted that there is a
tremendous amount of overlapping
between the categories where the
particular use will depend on the
area of application, the concentration
of the agent, and the presence of
other compounds in the preparation
Talc
→ Hydrated magnesium silicate
→ Very fine white powder, odorless, and adheres to the
skin on touch.
Therapeutic Use: Topical Protectant
Pharmaceutical Use: Glidant, Clarifying agent/ filtering aid
Zinc Oxide
Therapeutic Use: Astringent, Topical Protective, Antiseptic/
Antimicrobial, Physical sunblock
→ ZnO ointment can be used in the treatment of eczema,
psoriasis, and ringworm infection

6. SPECIFIC AGENTS
Calamine
→ Amorphous, reddish-brown powder
Therapeutic Use: As Calamine lotion
(Calamine, ZnO, Glycerin, Bentonite Magma, &
Ca(OH)2 topical solution) is used as a
protective, and mild astringent. It also has
good drying effect
Alum
Potassium Alum: KAl(SO4)2 12 H2O
Ammonium Alum: NH4Al(SO4)2 12 H2O
Therapeutic Use: Astringent, Anti-perspirant,
Styptic
Zinc
Sulfate
Therapeutic Use: 0.25% aqueous solution is the
only FDA-approved OTC ophthalmic solution
TOPICAL AGENTS

7. TOPICAL AGENTS
• These are chemicals and their preparations used in
reducing or preventing infection due to
microorganisms.
• Antiseptic → inhibit growth or kill microorganisms in
living organisms.
• Disinfectant → kill microorganisms in non-living
object.
LOCAL ANTI-INFECTIVES
• OXIDATION
• PROTEIN PRECIPITATION
• HALOGENATION
Mechanism of Action of Inorganic Local Anti-infectives
→ rapid-acting, broad spectrum antiseptic
→ Most active antiseptic
PREPARATIONS:
SPECIFIC AGENTS
IODINE
• Iodine Tincture
• Iodine Topical Solution
• Strong Iodine Solution/ Lugol’s Solution
• Iodophors
→ Iodine complexed with surfactants like PVP
(Polyvinylpyrrolidone)
→ Povidone-Iodine solution (Betadine®)

8. TOPICAL AGENTS
I. PREPARATIONS of NaOCl Solution
A. Household Bleach/ Dakin’s Solution
→ 4.0-6.0% w/w of NaClO in water
→ Not suitable for application to wounds
→ Disinfectant and bleaching agent
B. Diluted NaOCl solution/ Modified Dakin’s Solution
→ 450-500 mg of NaOCl on each 100 mL, with buffer
→ Antiseptic, irrigation solution for wounds
C. Labarraque’s Solution
→ NaOCl solution diluted with equal volume of water.
(approximately 2.5% NaOCl)
→ Disinfectant
II. CHLORHEXIDINE
CHLORINE
Agua oxinada, Agua oxigenada, Oxygenated acid
Availability or Concentrations
3% w/v → 10 volume solution → ANTISEPTIC
6% w/v → 20 volume solution
9% w/v → 30 volume solution
*Bubbling formation
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

9. TOPICAL AGENTS
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
Silver Nitrate
→ As 1% ophthalmic solution, historically used for the
prophylaxis for gonorrhea ophthalmia neonatorum
Silver Sulfadiazine
→ Combined antibacterial properties of Silver ion and
Sulfadiazine
→ Topical application is used for the prevention and
treatment of wound infection for secondary and tertiary
degree burns
Silver Proteinates
→ Argyrol, Protargol, and Colloidal Silver Proteinates
→ Antiseptic
SILVER COMPOUNDS
Mineral Chameleon
Antiseptic, Disinfectant, and Astringent
→ Cleansing wounds, ulcers, abscesses, and for the
treatment of fungal infection