Pharmaceutical aids-by pooja

Pharmaceutical AidsPharmaceutical Aids
Mrs. Pooja H. Khanpara
Pharmacognosy
8-3-2017 APIP,Jmnagar 1

IntroductionIntroduction
These substance, which have little or no
therapeutic value, but essentially used in
mfg. or compounding of various
pharmaceuticals, are called
Pharmaceutical aids.
Source: animals, vegetables, minerals,
synthetic
They are not API
2

ClassificationClassification
 Acidulants
 Colors
 Disintegreting agent
 Diluents
 Emulsifying agent
 Suspending agent
 Filter aids
 Flavour
 Lubricant
 Sweetening agent
 Thickening agent
16-Feb-16 SMBT IODP, Nandi Hills 3

1) Acidulants1) Acidulants
It give sharp taste to food
Assist in the setting of gel & as a
preservative
Eg. Temerind , lemon juice, tomatos etc..
2) Colors:
which impart the color with stability &
non toxicity
Eg: Caramel, turmeric, saffron, Indigo….

3) Disintegrating Agent3) Disintegrating Agent
Use in tablet mfgs. For reduse breakup of
tablet into smaller fragments
Eg. Starch, CMC, Microcrystalline
cellulose
4) Diluents: diluting agent
Used to treat too viscous fluid
Eg: Cinnamon water, peppermint water,
corn oil, peanut oil, seasom oil, glucose,
lactose…. 16-Feb-16 SMBT IODP, Nandi Hills 5

5) Emulsifying agent5) Emulsifying agent
Which is soluble in both fat & water and
enable fat to be uniformly dispersed in
water as an emulsion.
Also in backing to aid the smooth
Eg: Acacia, Agar, bentonite, gelatin etc…
6) Suspending agent:
It prevent cacking at bottom
Eg: Acacia, Agar, bentonite, gelatin etc…

7) Filter aids7) Filter aids
Help in filtration of colloids, fine particles,
gel.eg; talc, bentonite,diatomite
It should be porous, irregular in shape,
rigid particle, not produce filter cake,
dispersing, low bulky, suspending,
chemically stable & inert.
8) Flavour:
It provide sensory impression to food
It become sweet, sour taste.
Eg: cardamom, rose, cocoa, lemon, orange..16-Feb-16 SMBT IODP, Nandi Hills 7

9) Lubricant9) Lubricant
Introduce between 2 surface to reduce
friction b/w them.
Improve efficiency
Mg stearate, talc, cocoa butter
10) Sweetening agent:
Which provide sweet taste to food
Eg: honey, saccharin, glycyrrhiza…
11) thickening agent:
Increase viscosity, stability
Eg: pectin, tragacanth, methyl cellulose16-Feb-16 SMBT IODP, Nandi Hills 8

1) Talc1) Talc
Syn: French talc, Talcum, Soap stone, P.Talc
B.s.: obtained from natural hydrated Mg
Silicate.
G.S.: France, New York. Italy, India
Preparation:
H.Mg.Si. Is purified by boiling with dil. HCl,
decanting the liquid, washing the residue
several times with water & drying at 110°C.
Description:
Fine, white or greyish-white powder
Odourless, tasteless 16-Feb-16 SMBT IODP, Nandi Hills 9

Free from greety particles, greasy in touch, adhare to
skin.
Insoluble in water, dil.acid & alkali
How differ from MICA:
It is a fine variety of steatite occuring as massive
mineral with peraly white lustre & non-plastic.
Standard: density: 2.2 to 2.8
Chemical composition: Mg6 (Si2O5)4(OH)4
Chemical test:
1) take 0.5g talc in crucible with Na2CO3 & K2CO3
-----dissolve in 50 ml water, add HCl till effervescence
come--- add little acid---cool it—dry it—add 20 ml
water, boil & filter.
In filtrate add 2 g of NH4Cl & 5 ml NH4 sol.
2) Yield the reaction of Silicate 10

UsesUses
Filter aid,
clarifying agent
Lubricant
Dusting powder
Filler (in paper, paint & Varnish industry)
Adulteration:
flour

2) Diatomite (Kieselguhr)2) Diatomite (Kieselguhr)
Syn: Diatomaceous earth, Kieselguhr Celite
super-cel, Industrial earth.
B.S.: it is natural Diatomaceous earth consist
siliceous skeletons of fossils.
Family: Bacillariceae
G.S.: W. Germany, Denmark, Algeria, Kenya,
U.S.A., Scotland, Ireland
Preparation:
Normally large blocks are mined which contain 5-
10 % moisture, than pulverized to fine powder.
Than Purified by treating with dil. HCl, washing
with water & drying. 12

Description:
Appearance: smooth, adheres to skin, not
slippery. Absorb moisture, not swell when
mounted in cresol.
Color: brownish gray to white
Odorless
Tasteless
Size & Shape: Diatoms vary in size 5-100-500µ
Shows 2 shape elongated & circular,
triangular(discoid)
Chemical Composition:
Diatomite = 75-90 % silica, 1.5 % Cao, 1.5 % MgO
& 5 % Iron Ixide.
13

Use:
Filter aid
Tooth powder
Face powder
Nail polish
Filter candles

3) Kaolin
Syn: china clay, Kaolinum proderesum, porcelain clay,
Paper clay, white clay
Purified native hydrated aluminum silicate free from
gritty particles.
G.S.: US, UK, Germany, Brazil, England, France and India
The different kaolin are as follows;
Heavy kaolin- it is purified hydrated aluminum silicate
powdered so as to make free from gritty particles by
elutriation (is a process for separating particles based on
their size, shape and density). Have particle size 60µ
Light kaolin- it is identical with heavy kaolin, but is
limited to certain particle size (10µ) and contains suitable
dispersing agent.
Natural light kaolin- it is also a native hydrated
aluminium silicate free from gritty particles, but it does
not contain dispersing agent 15

Description:
Color: white, sometime red, blue or brown,
Earthy, triclinic(crystals having 3 axes of different length
intersecting at oblique angles), duall (prper arranged),
white streak.
Specific gravity: 2.16-2.68
It contain 2µm sperical (some 10µm)
Processed Kaolin: hydrous kaolin
Calcined kaolin: exposed at 450°C. or >1000°C
(with minerals millite, spinel & cristobalite)
Crude Kaolin: Primary kaolin (chinaclay rock &
residual kaolin)
Saprolite: formed from felsic igneous (granite) &
metamorphous rocks. (secondary kaolin-sedimentory
kaolin) 16

Uses
1) Filtering medium – caustic alkali & bacterial filters
2) Heat resistant insulator, break lining, fire-proof clothing & gloves
3) Adsorbent by oral administration
4) Treatment of enteritis (inflamation in small intestine), colitis,
dysentery and in alkaloidal and food poisoning, anti-diarrhoeal
5) Applied externally as a dusting powder and also clarifying agent
during filtration
6) Light kaolin used in pharmaceutical preparation
7) Heavy kaolin used in preparation of kaolin poultice
8) Used as an ingredient of toilet powder and a base of disinfectant
powders
9) Used as filter in paper, rubber, refractory, ceramics, cement and
fertilizer industries
10)Used in anticaking preparations, cosmetics, insecticides, paints
and as source of alumina
17

Gelatin
Syn: Gelfoam, Puregel, gelatium
Biological source- It is a product obtained by partial
hydrolysis of collagenous materials.
G.S.: West Europe (39%), East Europe (2%), North
America (20%), Latine America (17%), 22% others
Perparation: It is derived by boiling animal tissues like
skin, tendons, ligaments and bones with water, skimming
and straining the resulting liquid, evaporating the solution
at low temperature after purification and drying in air.
(defatted with organic solvent & decalcified by tmt with
acid)
18

 2 types of gelatin
 Type A: obtained from partial hydrolysis of animal
collagen
 Type B: partial alkaline hydrolysis
 Properties:
 Sheet gelatin cut in strip & made into granular powder.
 Colorless, pale yellow, translucent & little odour or
taste.
 Insoluble in cold water, make jelly in hot water
 If long boiling then its power is reduceed
 It is judge by “bloom strength” & “jelly strength”
 Isoelectric point range pH is 6.3-9.2 (A) & 4.7-5.2 (B)
 Type B is compatible with anionic Sub. While type A is
not.

 Chemical Constituents
◦ Gelatin chemically protein known as glutin. On
hydrolysis it yields non essential amino acids
 Uses
◦ Thickener in jams, jellies, salads
◦ Manufacturing capsules, suppositories, pastes
◦ In cosmetic
◦ Dietary supplement
◦ Preparation of ice creams
◦ In confectionary, preparation of candies, jellies, meat
extracts
◦ Antidote for halogen poisoning
◦ Preparation of nutrient media
◦ Substitute for blood plasma
◦ I.V. injection 16-Feb-16 SMBT IODP, Nandi Hills 20

Chemical Test:
1) it evolves ammonia when heated with soda lime.
2) with mercury nitrite solution, gives white ppts.
Which turn brick-red on warming
3) it gives a precipitate with a solution of
trinitrophenol.
Adultrants:
Isinglass (found from fish)

BentoniteBentonite
It is an absorbent aluminum phyllosilicate, generally
impure clay consist moutmorillonite.
B.S.: weathering of volcanic Ash, in presence of
water.
G.S: Italy, Canada, South Africa & mid –West
U.S.A. (Benton fort)
Calcium Bentonite “ Fullar Earth’s”
Type: K, Ca, Na, Al & also called tonstein.
Preparations:
Found in the form of soapy lumps in the mines.
Lumps are steam dried, followed by Pulverization
& sifting
22

Description:
Form: Very fine powder, free of grittiness.
Color: Cream to pale Buff(yellowish to pinkish tint)
Odour: Odorless
Taste: Earthy
Solubility: insoluble in water & organic solvent.
It is swells 12 times its volume.
Uses:
Suspending & emulsifying Agent
Base of plaster
Base for lipsticks, cream etc…
Winemaking( b.cz its remove excess protein from
white wine)
23

Fullers EarthFullers Earth
It is a mineral substance characterized by the
property of absorbing basic colors & removing
them from oils. it has high MgO content.
G.S: England
Description:
Color: white to yellowish grey in color
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Tasteless
Solubility: dipped in water, swells acquires non-
plastic nature.

Chemical Composition:
Composed of alumina, silica, Iron oxide, lime,
magnesia, & water.
Sio2 – 55%, Al2O3-16%, CaO- 3.5%, MgO -2.0%,
Fe2O3 -6%, Water – 10%, montmorillonite 50% &
silica 18%.
Uses:
Decolorize, filter, purify animal, mineral & vegetable
oil & grease.
Cleansing of woolen fabrics.
Preparation of dusting powder.
Bleaching & clarifying petroleum.
tmt of diaper rashes
25

Coloring agentColoring agent
Provide color to pharmaceutical preparation.
Non-toxic, stable.
To enhance product appearance, product elegance.
Identification for manufacturer, health care, patients
Provide protection from light for photosensitive
compound.
Specific factor:
Effect of pH on color
Solubility in water & oils & stability to light, heat &
sugars.
2 type: 1) Natural Colors
2) Synthetic Colors 26

Natural colorsNatural colors
Obtained from mineral, plant & animal sources.used
for food, drug, cosmetics.
E.g.:
Cochineal
Beetroot Powder
Carmine Powder
Paprika olio-resine
Saffron
Carotenes(Carrot root)
Annatto(bixin)
Curcumin
Chlorophyll & complex 27

CochinealCochineal
Syn.: Coccus cacti, Pseudococcus cacti
B.S.: dried female insect Dactilopius coccus
Costa containing eggs & larvae.
G.S: South America & Maxico.
Chemical constituent: Carminic acid(brilliant purple,
water soluble, 10% fat & 2% wax
Caramine, an aluminam lake(aluminium & Calcium ions,
(50% caraminic Acid)
Preparation: insect are brushed from the plant with small
brooms are killed, certain being left to provide for crop.
1st
crop – most coloring matter
It is killed by plunging water, by stove heat or exposure to
the fumes of sulfur or charcoal. 28

When heat – color change purplish black “black
grain”
Fumes killed – purplish –gray “silver grain”
Small insect & larvae, separated & sold as ‘granilla’
or ‘siftings’
Macroscopy:
Size: 3.5-5.5 mm long
Shape: oval
Convex dorsal surface contain 9-11 segments & no
constriction b/n head, thorax & abdomen.
Surface secrets wax(tubular gland)
Examine in microscope after removing coloring
matterby using ammonia.
Each insect will be found from 60-450 eggs & larvae.

Chemical test:
Potassium ferricyanide in water (test sol.) is dropped
in sol. Of cochineal, -----purple change to reddish
brown
Use:
Coloring agent
Indicator
Found carcinogenic activity also.

G.S.: India(Kashmir), Spain, France, Greece
Cultivation, Collection & Preparation:
Planted – July or August
1st
flowering take place in September or October.
After 3, harvesting of flowers, the corms doubled in
no. – dug in May or June.
Flowers are gathered – early in the morning
Detached stigmas are dried by artificial heat (by
charcoal stove)
30-45 min drug is cooled & stored in dry place.
90,000 – 1,00,000 flowers give 5000gm fresh stigmas
& after dried gives 1000gm stigmas.
32

Macroscopy:
Color: Reddish brown stigma,
Odour: sweet aromatic
Taste: bitter, chewed tong become orange-yellow.
Size: Each stigmas about 25 cm long.
Shape: Slender funnel, Rim is dentate.
Chemical Constituent :
Picrocrocin & Safranal
Chemical Test:
1) Add drop of sulphuric Acid to dry stigma----turns
blue---purple---purplish red.
2) In water give yellowish orange brown color

Uses:
Coloring & flouring agent
Fever, cold
Snake bite, cosmetics, as spices
Stimulant, stomachic, tonic, aphrodisiac, sedative,
spasmolytic properties.
in abortification
Adulteration:
Anther, style & corolla of saffron
Corn, silk, dye and used
Calendula & Carthamus tinctorious species

Syn: Arnota, annaota
G.S.: Peru, Jamica, maxico, Kenya, India, Brazil
Preparation:
Seeds are directly boiled with ethyl acetate. Conc. The
solution.
Deposite about 2.2g of pure crystalline bixin which is
filtered off.filterate add petroleum ether, stiring, 1.8 g
deep red color ppts filtered (A) & concentrated.
TLC – CHCl3 - MeOH, (94:6)
Purification – ethyl acetate sol. Of solid & dil. It with
pet. Ether, pure bixin is ppts (1.5g)
Solid residue (5.2g) taken up in ether & seperated in to
alkaline-soluble & neutral portion.
Make alkaline to acidic by column chromatography
--found red prismatic needles 36

Chemical Constituent:
12 % annatto oleo resin, & 50 % water.
Use:
Coloring agent – food, cosmetic, alcoholic & non-
alcoholic beverages, dairy desert, fats, oils &
migraine
Coating materials for tablets, pills, granules &
herbal medicines
Adulterant:
Turmeric, rye, calcium sulphate, carbonate &
venetian red
37

Red Poppy PetalsRed Poppy Petals
Syn: Rhoeados Petela
B.S.: obtained from fresh petels of Papaver Rhoes,
Linne.
Family: Papaveraceae
G.S.: Persian, India, Egypt, China, Australia, Europe.
Morphology:
Size: 2 or more inch in width,
Shape: Roundish, 2 in pair, 2 feet plant, 5 claft
leaves,
Color: Rich-scarlet, dried become purpulish, flower
- red
Taste: bitter & Mucilaginous16-Feb-16 SMBT IODP, Nandi Hills 38

C.C.:
Rhoeadic acid
Papaveric Acid
Anthocyanin pigment
Use:
Preparing syrup of red poppy
Used for coloring & sweetening liquid
Adultration:
Stones, sand, clay, bullets

Red Rose PetalsRed Rose Petals
Syn.: Red rose, Rosa Gall, French Rose, Provinse
Rose
B.S.: dried petels of Rosa Gallica. Collected before
expansion of the flower
Family: Rosaceae
G.S.: Indian Ocean regions, South Africa, Germany
Macroscopy:
Color: Reddish brown with purplish red
Odor: Agreeable
Taste: Astringent & slightly bitter

C.C.:
Rosatannic Acid
Quercitannic Acid
Gallic acid,
Anthrocynin - quercetin
V.oil
Use:
For uterine & other haemorrhages,
Ulcer of mouth, ear, anus, inflamed eyes & burns
Flavouring agent
As a vehicle for gargles
Perfumes, ointment
Adultration: various red roses

Synthetic ColorSynthetic Color
Prepared from Coal tar dyes which include Nitro
dyes, azo dyes, thiazine, rosanilines
Less expensive
More intense, coloring power, unifirmity, satbility
from light & humidity

FIBERSFIBERS
These are elongated thick walled cells with pointed ends.
Cell wall of fibers contains cellulose and may or may not
contain lignin.
Fibers are obtained from natural source- like plants
(polysaccharides)
Animals( proteinous), minerals.
 Synthetic fibers are made by using chemicals
 fibers are used for making surgical dressing

Classification of natural fibersClassification of natural fibers

 The fibers are normally a rigid, crystalline cellulose micro fibril-
reinforced amorphous lignin and with hemicellulosic matrix.
 Mechanical structural of plant fibers is much lower when
compared to reinforcing glass fiber.
 Somehow, because of the low density, their properties for such
the strength and the stiffness of the plant fibers are comparable to
the values of glass fibres.
one of the type of natural fiber that consist of cellulose,
hemi-cellulose, lignin, pectin.

cottoncotton
 SYNONYM- cotton wool, raw cotton,
purified cotton, absorbent cotton,
surgical cotton
 B. S.- Epidermal trichomes or hairs of
seeds of cultivated species of Gossypium
 Family- Malvaceae
 Purified or absorbent cotton is free from fatty matter and
adhering impurities. it is bleached and sterilized
G.S.:Commercially produced in USA,Egypt, india.
CULTIVATED IN AFRICA AND INDIA

Preparation of absorbentPreparation of absorbent
cotton-cotton-
Each capsule of cotton contains seeds.
Seeds covered with hairs called bolls.
Bolls are collected, dried, sended to ginning press where
trichomes are separated from seeds.
Long and short hairs are separated from each other.
Short hairs are called linters and used for manufacturing
of absorbent cotton.
 Long hairs used for manufacturing cloths.

DescriptionDescription
 Colour- white ( due to bleaching)
 Odour- odourless
 Taste- tastless
 Size- 2.5 to 4.5 cm in length and 25 to 35 µ diameter
 Histological charecters-
 Trichomes are unicellular, flattened and ribbonlike with
slightly thickened and rounded apex.
 They are tubuler and hollow.

Chemical constituentsChemical constituents
Raw cotton contains –
 90% celluse.
 7 to 8 % moisture, wax, fat.
 Purified cotton contains -entirely cellulose , 6 to 7 %
moisture.
Uses-
Filtering medium,
Surgical dressing,
Insulating material.
Absorbent cotton absorbs blood, mucus , pus and
prevents
wound from infection.

STEM FIBRESTEM FIBRE
Example – Jute fibreExample – Jute fibre
STEM FIBRESTEM FIBRE
Example – Jute fibreExample – Jute fibre
 This fiber are extracted from the ribbon of the stem.
 Use retting process in extracting this this kind of fiber from
the long lasting life stem or the bast.
 give more application toward strength, lightweight and noise
absorption.

Favor moderately high specific strength and
stiffness
Cheap with high performance composite
Easy availability, low cost, high strength (tensile
strength).
Developed with different thermoplastic and
thermoset polymers such as jute reinforce
polyester, epoxy composite and jute reinforced
polypylene.

The process - retting process
To extract fine fibers from jute plant,
- the first parameter were considered is if the
fiber can be easily removed from the jute hurd or
core before the crop been harvested.
 Jute stalk after harvesting are submerged in soft
running water in bundles in 20 days.
then, grabbed in bundles and hit with a long wooden
hammer to make the fiber loose from the jute hurd
or core.
Then, the extracted jute fiber is washed with water
and left to dry.

Give advance in strength, lightweight and noise
absorption
commercially important in the automotive and
building industry, i.e roofing.
As decorative, vast, in sacking, yarn and carpet
backing, all now replaced by synthetic fibres.

 Banana fibers obtained from the stem of banana plant (Musa
sapientum) present important advantages such as low density,
appropriate stiffness and mechanical properties and high
disposability and renewability
 Banana fiber was used because of its ability to be produced in a
continuous form, and hence able to be produce into woven mat
form

chemical composition are cellulose,
hemicellulose and lignin
is better in terms of fineness and spinnability
which include ring spinning, open-end spinning,
bast fiber spinning and semi-worsted spinning.
highly strong fiber, has smaller elongation
and its weight is light.
it has strong moisture absorption quality
can be categorized as eco-friendly fiber
because it is bio-degradable and has no
negative effect on environment

In the Japanese method of making banana fiber, the
care is taken as early from the plant cultivation stage
To ensure their softness, the leaves and shoots of the
banana plant are pruned periodically.
harvested shoots are first boiled in lye to prepare the
fibers for making the yarn, whereas at the same time
the banana shoots give away fibers having varying
degrees of softness.
As a results, different qualities of yarns and textiles
produced that can be used for specific purposes.

 Second method is Nepalese method in which the trunk of the banana plant is
harvested instead of the shoots.
 The steps
1) small pieces of these trunks are put through a softening process for
mechanical extraction of the fibers, bleaching and then drying to produce fiber
that has appearance similar to silk.
- During the processed, only the aged bark or the decaying outer layers of the
banana plant are harvested and soaked in water to quicken the natural process.
2) After that, when all the chlorophyll is dissolved and only cellulose fibers
remain, they are extruded into pulp so that they may become suitable for spinning
into yarn.
3) The yarn is then hand-dyed and these rugs are woven by hand –knotted
methods again by the women of Nepal.

The application of banana fiber only limited for making
items like ropes, mats and some other composite materials
home furnishings.
used to make fine cushion covers, necties, bags, table
cloths, curtains
due to its being lightweight and comfortable to wear, Japan
people also preferred to use kimono and kamishimo as
summer wear.

- Generally compromise of proteins

SilkSilk
 B. S.- Fibers obtained from cocoon
of Bombyx Mori and other species
of bombyx and antheraea species
 Family- Bombycidae

Preparation of silk-Preparation of silk-
 Silk worm larvae produce silk fibroin fibers from glands in
their mouth.
 Fibroin [insoluble protein created by larvae of Bombyx
mori] unite with gum like secretion known as sericin
{protien} and forms cocoon.
 These cocoon not allowed to grow further in to insect , but
are heated to 60 to 80 % oc by steam
 Exposed cocoons are put into hot water to dissolve gum to
separate fibers.

 Colour- yellow
 Odour- odourless
 Taste- tastless
 Size- 1200 m. length and 5 to 25 µ diameter
Solubility-
 Insoluble in water and alcohol. Soluble in cuoxam
solution, sulphuric acid 66 % , con hydrochloric acid
Chemical constituents-
 Protien fibroin.
 Fibroin on hydrolysis yields amino acides glycine,
alanine

UsesUses--
Sutures,
Ligatures [
any material, such as thread or wire, used f
or tying a vessel or to constrict a part] and
sieves are prepared from silk.

woolwool
 B.S.: Fibers obtained from fleece of sheep Ovis Aries
 Family- Bovidae
 Fleece[the coat of wool of a sheep or similar animal]
Preparation
 Hairs forming flees of sheep are removed .
 They are processed to remove wool fat and dirt.
 Bleached and wash again then dried.

 Hairs are smooth elastic, lustrus, curly, hygroscopic ,
slippery to touch.
 Hairs have tendancy to cling(adhare) together.
 Wool is insoluble in 66 % H2SO4, con. HCl, cuoxam
solution.
 Chemical constituents-
 Wool contains sulphur containing protien known as
keratin.
 Keratin contains sulphur containing amino acid cystine.

ChemicalChemical testtest
 In solution of caustic.
 Soda when lead acetate is added black ppt obtained due
to high sulphure content.
 USE:
 Filtering and straining medium.
 Manufacturing of dressings like
domette and crepe bandages.
 domette

the only naturally occurring of mineral fibre – asbestos
Asbestos fibres are silicate compound which contain
silicon and oxygen in their molecular structure.
The crystal in these fibres forms a long, thin and
flexible fibre when separated.
This is a piece of asbestos
rock. Can you see the fibers?
Asbestos fibers as seen
through a microscope

Glass woolGlass wool
These are mineral fibers consist of sand (silica),
mixed with oxides of aluminum, calcium, boron,
and magnesium
They are unaffected by all chemical reagents used
for identification of fibers
They melt at high temperature and form
transparent bead.
Used for filters fabric.

AsbestoAsbestoss--
it is hydrated aluminium silicate.
Highly refractive and do not fuse when heated.
Used for filtering medium and for bacterial
filters.

 Resistance to fire or inflammable
 Poor thermal and heat conductor
 High tensile strength and flexible
 Insoluble in water
 their colours depend on the types and the composition of the asbestos which is
depends on the amount of iron.
• The mechanical properties depends on;
i) The orientation of the fibre
In axial orientation, the composite shows the higher tensile strength while in radial
orientation, the composite shows the higher compressive strength
(Lee & Kim, 2004).
ii) The percentage of fibre mass fraction
The increase in the volume of fibre, increase the impact resistance of the polymer
(Akens & Garret, 1986)

Application of asbestos fibreApplication of asbestos fibreApplication of asbestos fibreApplication of asbestos fibre
 Used in making fireproof materials and also insulation products
(thermal and electrical)
 Widely used for the fabrication of papers and felts for flooring and
roofing products.
 Develop products for the automotive, electronic, and printing
industries.
roofing
Insulating board
insulating pipe

Unfortunately, asbestos can cause health effects
when the fibres are breath into the lungs or being
swallowed into the body and eventually
accumulate in the bodies and lodged in tissues.
This can lead to the lung cancer, mesothelioma (a
cancer of the linings around the lungs and
abdomen), asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue that
impairs in breathing) and eventually can lead to
the death.
But the low levels exposure of asbestos can’t be
harmful to human body.
Thus, precaution steps must be taken when
handling this fibre.

Some of the precaution steps.Some of the precaution steps.
 Wear coveralls and an approved respirator
 Do not use abrasive cutters and sanders on asbestos cement
products.
 Wet down material to reduce the release of dust
 Work in well ventilated areas where possible
 Immediately dispose of smaller asbestos pieces and collected dust
in plastic bags, which are clearly labelled asbestos waste.

Nylon [ polyamide]Nylon [ polyamide]
 It is polymer of adipic acid and hexamethylene
diamine.
 Fibers are highly lustrous to dull, white colored
 Fibers melt in flame with formation of bead
 It is soluble in 5 m HCL, 90% formic acid, 90%
phenol and insoluble in acetone
 Uses-
 For filter cloths, sieves and non – absorbable sutures.

Nylon Woven Screen MeshNylon Woven Screen Mesh

polysterpolyster
polymers which contain
the ester functional group in their main
chain.
Polyethylene terephthalate (sometimes
written poly(ethylene terephthalate)),
commonly abbreviated PET, PETE,
thermoplastic polymer resin of
the polyester family and is used
in synthetic fibers

Polyester is also wrinkle resistant and is
used very often in everyday clothing.
 Its hydrophobic property makes it ideal
for garments and jackets that are to be
used in wet or damp environments--
coating the fabric with a water-resistant
finish intensifies this effect.

 Nowadays, natural fiber has been used in industries and
manufacturing company for its enormous potential for application
in different engineering utility.
 It is widely used due to their several advantages which are cost
effective, renewable material and also environment friendly.
 There are three types of natural fibers which are plant fibers,
animal fibers and mineral fibers. Among them, plant fibers are used
much higher compare to others because of its renewability,
recyclability, availability and environmental friendly. For mineral
fiber, asbestos is less used or prohibited in certain country because
of carcinogenic mineral.
 By using natural fiber composites, they would be sustainable and
biodegradable. Thus, it is good in other to save our environment.

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