The document outlines the systematic process of assessment in education, emphasizing its role in gathering information about student learning and informing instruction. It details various tools and techniques for classroom observation, including participant and non-participant methods, along with their merits and demerits. Additionally, it discusses controlled and uncontrolled observation approaches, highlighting their applications, limitations, and methods for enhancing objectivity and accuracy.

1. S.RAJA KUMAR, Asst. Prof, TCP, Madurai-09

2. Assessment
• Assessment is a systematic process of
gathering information about what a student
knows, is able to do, and is learning to do.
• Assessment information provides the
foundation for decision-making and planning
for instruction and learning.
• integral part of instruction that enhances,
empowers, and celebrates student learning.

3. • Generally tools and techniques employed in
the classroom assessment that are;
• Observation
• Self reporting
• Anecdotal record
• Ratting Scale
• Different tests

4. Observation
• Keenly watching or viewing the external
behaviour of persons in appropriate situation,
controlled or uncontrolled.
• Young defined, it’s a careful technique and
viewing of selected situation and recording
then and there, what is perceived.

5. • Now a days so many instruments are adopted
to the observation technique and its refined,
made more objective and reliable. Recording
the information where ever its necessary,
audio, video, etc.. How ever. Observation
consider as a non testing device.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF OBSERVATION
1. Observation is at once a physical as well as mental activity
2. Observation is selective and purposeful.
3. Scientific observation is systematic.
4. Observation is specific.
5. Scientific observation is objective.
6. Scientific observation is quantitative.
7. The record of observation is immediately.
8. Observation is verifiable
9. Behavior is observed is natural surroundings
10. It enables understanding significant events affecting
social

7. Procedure for good observation
• Appropriate situation and observe whole
event
• Observe only one aspect at a time.
• Observe without knowing the observed and
record the information.
• Shouldn’t mix the observer opinion and
guesses with observed data.
• Continuously observed and carried out.
Within the time schedule.

8. Steps
1. Planning
– Aspects and phenomenon
– Precisely indicate to the observer to whom to
observe.
– Place, time, time interval are briefly explained to the
observer.
– Selecting method for observation and tools should be
mentioned earlier and to be use for score card and
tally sheet and ratting scale etc.
2. Execute the observation skillfully and record the data
carefully.
3. Verify the recorded observed data.

9. Types
• Participant observation
– Participant observation was first introduced by
Prof. Edward Winder Man.
– It means the activities of a group in which an
observer himself participate and note the
situation.
– He willingly mixes with the group and perform his
activities as an observer not merely a participator
who criticize the situation. In other words he takes
place and share the activities with his group.

10. Merits
• The observer is personally involved in group
activities and shares their feelings and prejudices.
• He participate himself and get insight into the
behavior of the group.
• It motivates and stimulates mutual relationship
b/w the observer and observe.
• He can get more information’s with accuracy and
precision.
• The information’s are recorded in front of the
group people

11. Demerits
• The observer may develop emotional
attachment to his group which will lose the
objectivity of the study.
• Cannot observe a certain phenomenon in a
short time available to him.
• Cannot cover a wide area through this
method.

12. Non-Participant Observation
• The non-participant observation has a lack of
participation of the observer in his group
activities. He either watch the phenomena
from a distance or participate in the group but
never in its activities. He only sit in the group
but do not interest in the process.
• Its applicable in children's and mal adjusted
children's are adopted in this method and

13. Merits
• Although observer himself never attach to the
group but the objectivity maintained.
• Less emotional involvement of the observer
leads to accuracy and greater objectivity.
• having secondary relationship with his group,
so the information’s are collected entirely.
• Through non-participant observation the
research remains very smooth.

14. Demerits
• Do not have full knowledge about the group
activities.
• Cannot understand the whole phenomena.
• Cannot get real and deep insight into the
phenomena.

15. Un-Controlled Observation
• Uncontrolled observation takes place in natural
setting without the influence of external or
outside control. The observer does not plan in
advance but this is related to day-to-day
happenings and socio-cultural problems. It
studies some of our life situations.
• Observing the students in ground, library,
Classroom and some common places without
knowing their knowledge.

16. Controlled Observation
• Here observer and observe or subject both are controlled.
• For systematic data collection control is imposed on both for
accuracy and precision. When observation is pre-planned and
definite, then it is termed as controlled observation.
• In control observation, mechanical devices are used for precision
and standardized. So, control increase accuracy, reduce bias, ensure
reliability and standardization. Some of the devices are as under.
• Observational plan.
• Observational schedule.
• Mechanical appliances like, camera, maps, films, video, tape
recorder etc.
• Team of observers.
• Socio Matric Scale

17. uses
• Applicable for individual and groups
• Short term training is enough for observer to
observes.
• Suitable for all age group and both gender.
• Cost free technique and may need few gadgets.
• Natural environment provides the observed
Information's are reliable
• Observation tool can be designed to meet all
situation.

18. limitation
• Bias affects the quality of observation
• Observed by expressed behaviour only, can
not be found inner feelings.
• Immediate record not to be done. May not be
accurate.
• Observation require more time, more
patience and a keen insight.

19. •Thank you