Use and Misuse of Bibliometric Measures for Assessment of Academic Performance, Tenure and Publication Support

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Bibliometric methods such as journal impact factor and article influence score based on the number of citations were developed to measure and compare the quality of journals listed in citation indexes. Yet, they are increasingly being used nowadays for research assessment, hiring, tenure and academic promotion, research funding and publication support even though such metrics have not been developed to measure the quality of individual researchers or scientific articles. In this paper, we review the use of journal impact factor, cited half-life, article influence score and h index for academic performance assessment, academic promotion and publication support by Turkish universities and the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Center (TUBITAK). Examples are provided regarding the consequences of using bibliometric measures beyond what they were originally designed for, and some recommendations are offered.

Science

Use and Misuse of BibliometricMeasures for Assessment of Academic Performance, Tenure and Publication Support
Yaşar Tonta
Hacettepe University
Department of Information Management
06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/tonta.html
yasartonta@gmail.com
@yasartonta
ASIST2014 SIG-MET Workshop on Informetric and Scientometric Research, Nov. 5, 2014, Seattle, WA

"Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be counted counts."
--Albert Einstein

Outline
•Citation indexes and research assessment
•Journal impact factors and publication support
•H index and research assessment
•Conclusions

Turkey
•Higher Education Council (HEC)
•184 universities
•121,995 faculty (55,232 professors)
•5,5M HE students
•HEC’s minimum tenure requirements
http://www.yok.gov.tr/web/guest/ogretim-elemanlari-dagilimi

http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sites/default/files/tr_sti70.pdf

Citation indexes
•Journal impact factor (JIF)
•Skewed distributions
•JIFs vary by domain and can be manipulated
•Transparent data
•Changing policies of publishers

Number of journals in JCR (2000-2012)
http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~umutal/publications/war.pdf

JIFs and publication support
•Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK)
•TUBITAK’s use of JIFs
–Till 2013: Journals categorized by their JIFs as A, B, C, D
–2013: TUBITAK’s own JIF: 5-year IF * cited half-life, max/min support for ±2 SDsof average, support for the ones in between transformed using a linear formula
–2014: Article influence score

TUBITAK’s support to Archaeology journals (2012-2014)

TUBITAK’s support to Archaeology journals (2012-2014)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
AmericanAntiquity
CambridgeArchaeol. J.
J. ofArchaeol. Science
J. of FieldArchaeology
Antiquity
Adalya
Oxford J. ofArchaeology
American J. ofArchaeology
WorldArchaeology
J. of NearEasternStudies
IranicaAntique
Olba
Belleten
2012 support (in TL)
2013 support (in TL)
2014 support (in TL)

Issues with indicators
•Use of cited half-life. . .
–Skewed
–Has nothing much to do with the paper quality
–Obsolescence
•Correlation between 2013 and 2014 lists r= .58
•56% of 286 Geology journals ranked lower
•49% misranked
•Correlation between JIFs and AISs r=.90
–(N=5,900 journals, JCR 2007 edition)
•Higher JIFs => Higher AISs
•TUBITAK support program should be reviewed

Issues with h index
•Co-authors are not taken into account (Hirsch, 2007)
•Citations below/above one’s h index do not count
•Vary by disciplines
•Not suitable for short-term research assessment
•Vary by publishers’ policies

h = 10
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/dec/06/peter-higgs-boson-academic-system

Conclusions
•JIFs: "poor man’s citation analysis" (Marx & Bornmann, 2013)
•"fatal attraction" (Van Raan, 2005)
•IEEE: "...bibliometricperformance indicators should be applied only as a collective group (and not individually), and in conjunction with peer review following a clearly stated code of conduct"(original emphasis) (IEEE, 2013)

Goodhart’s Law (1975)
"When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodhart%27s_law

Use and Misuse of Bibliometric Measures for Assessment of Academic Performance, Tenure and Publication Support

Abstract: Assessment is an integral part of the life-cycle of research and innovation carried out by any credible research institution including universities. Research assessment has traditionally been based on peer review, which is a somewhat subjective process by its very nature and has been under close scrutiny. Bibliometric and scientometric measures such as journal impact factor, article influence score and h index that are readily available through commercial companies make such measures extremely attractive for researchers and funders because of ease of use. However, these measures were originally developed to help librarians manage their collections rather than to assess the quality of individual papers, authors or research institutions. Such metrics would seem less subjective, yet they may not necessarily measure what academic administrators and research funders want them to measure (i.e., the quality). This paper reviews the use and misuse of bibliometric and scientometric measures and offers some recommendations.

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This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome. It's based on the first part of this research paper: The cost of information acquisition by natural selection Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577

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CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)

eitps1506

Description: Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics. From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise. Key topics covered include: Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties. Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties. Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications. Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism. Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena. With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.

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ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA

Microbial interaction Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways. One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont. Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition Types of microbial interaction Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition I. Mutualism: It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other. Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species. Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms. Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone. Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism. Examples of mutualism: i. Lichens: Lichens are excellent example of mutualism. They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called II. Syntrophism: It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism. In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits. Compound A Utilized by population 1 Compound B Utilized by population 2 Compound C utilized by both Population 1+2 Products In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone. Examples of syntrophism: i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria. Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane. ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis: In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone. The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid

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Use and Misuse of Bibliometric Measures for Assessment of Academic Performance, Tenure and Publication Support

1. Use and Misuse of BibliometricMeasures for Assessment of Academic Performance, Tenure and Publication Support Yaşar Tonta Hacettepe University Department of Information Management 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/tonta.html yasartonta@gmail.com @yasartonta ASIST2014 SIG-MET Workshop on Informetric and Scientometric Research, Nov. 5, 2014, Seattle, WA

2. "Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be counted counts." --Albert Einstein

3. Outline •Citation indexes and research assessment •Journal impact factors and publication support •H index and research assessment •Conclusions

4. Turkey •Higher Education Council (HEC) •184 universities •121,995 faculty (55,232 professors) •5,5M HE students •HEC’s minimum tenure requirements http://www.yok.gov.tr/web/guest/ogretim-elemanlari-dagilimi

5. http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sites/default/files/tr_sti70.pdf

6. Citation indexes •Journal impact factor (JIF) •Skewed distributions •JIFs vary by domain and can be manipulated •Transparent data •Changing policies of publishers

7. Number of journals in JCR (2000-2012) http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~umutal/publications/war.pdf

8. JIFs and publication support •Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK) •TUBITAK’s use of JIFs –Till 2013: Journals categorized by their JIFs as A, B, C, D –2013: TUBITAK’s own JIF: 5-year IF * cited half-life, max/min support for ±2 SDsof average, support for the ones in between transformed using a linear formula –2014: Article influence score

9. TUBITAK’s support to Archaeology journals (2012-2014)

10. TUBITAK’s support to Archaeology journals (2012-2014) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 AmericanAntiquity CambridgeArchaeol. J. J. ofArchaeol. Science J. of FieldArchaeology Antiquity Adalya Oxford J. ofArchaeology American J. ofArchaeology WorldArchaeology J. of NearEasternStudies IranicaAntique Olba Belleten 2012 support (in TL) 2013 support (in TL) 2014 support (in TL)

11. Issues with indicators •Use of cited half-life. . . –Skewed –Has nothing much to do with the paper quality –Obsolescence •Correlation between 2013 and 2014 lists r= .58 •56% of 286 Geology journals ranked lower •49% misranked •Correlation between JIFs and AISs r=.90 –(N=5,900 journals, JCR 2007 edition) •Higher JIFs => Higher AISs •TUBITAK support program should be reviewed

12. H index and research assessment

13. Issues with h index •Co-authors are not taken into account (Hirsch, 2007) •Citations below/above one’s h index do not count •Vary by disciplines •Not suitable for short-term research assessment •Vary by publishers’ policies

14. h = 10 http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/dec/06/peter-higgs-boson-academic-system

15. Conclusions •JIFs: "poor man’s citation analysis" (Marx & Bornmann, 2013) •"fatal attraction" (Van Raan, 2005) •IEEE: "...bibliometricperformance indicators should be applied only as a collective group (and not individually), and in conjunction with peer review following a clearly stated code of conduct"(original emphasis) (IEEE, 2013)

16. Goodhart’s Law (1975) "When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodhart%27s_law

17. http://issi2015.org/en/

18. Use and Misuse of BibliometricMeasures for Assessment of Academic Performance, Tenure and Publication Support Yaşar Tonta Hacettepe University Department of Information Management 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/tonta.html yasartonta@gmail.com @yasartonta ASIST2014 SIG-MET Workshop on Informetric and Scientometric Research, Nov. 5, 2014, Seattle, WA Full text of the paper: http://bit.ly/1ur3cGN

Use and Misuse of Bibliometric Measures for Assessment of Academic Performance, Tenure and Publication Support

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