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ToK: Natural Science
What is science and what isn’t science?
What is science and what isn’t science?

      • Boiling an egg
      • Predicting the weather
      • Mapping a mountain
      • Drilling for oil
      • Choosing a new camera
      • Eating a salad
      • Watering a potted plant
The Sciences
The Sciences

•   Biology

•   Chemistry

•   Physics

•   Environmental Systems (?)

•   Design Tech (?)
The Sciences
                                •   Geology (?)
•   Biology
                                •   Computer Science (?)
•   Chemistry
                                •   Psychology (?)
•   Physics
                                •   Geography (?)
•   Environmental Systems (?)
                                •   Mathematics (?)
•   Design Tech (?)
                                •   History (?)
A body of knowledge?
A body of knowledge?



      Or… a way of thinking?
Does it matter?
Does it matter?
• Science works, doesn’t it?
Does it matter?
• Science works, doesn’t it?




                   a t is m
             ra g m
         P
Karl Popper turns science upside down
Karl Popper turns science upside down




         Falsification
Karl Popper turns science upside down




           Falsification
     “A theory which is not refutable by any
     conceivable event is nonscientific”

     “Every genuine test of a theory is an
     attempt to falsify it”
Karl Popper turns science upside down




         Falsification
        • Here is my hypothesis……


        • Try to shoot it down!
Karl Popper turns science upside down




          Falsification
       If it can’t be falsified, it is not science
Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions
Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions

                     Paradigm
                       shifts
Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions

                                                   Paradigm
                                                     shifts
paradigm
noun
1 technical a typical example or pattern of
something; a model : there is a new paradigm
for public art in this country.

• a worldview underlying the theories and
methodology of a particular scientific
subject : the discovery of universal gravitation
became the paradigm of
Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions

                              Paradigm
                                shifts
Paradigms are “universally
recognized scientific
achievements that for a
time provide model
problems and solutions to a
community of
practitioners.”
Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions

                              Paradigm
                                shifts
Paradigms are “universally
recognized scientific
achievements that for a
time provide model
problems and solutions to a
community of
practitioners.”
Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions

                            Paradigm
                              shifts
      • Science progresses by leaps,
        when crisis point is reached in
        the current paradigm
Is IB science real
             science?


What are the skills you are expected to show?
Is IB science real science?
   • Planning (a) Focusing the test
   • Planning (b) Methodology
   • Data Collection
   • Data Processing and Presentation
   • Conclusion and Evaluation
   • Manipulative skills
   • Personal skills (a) Teamwork
   • Personal skills (b) Motivation and ethics
Words to describe
          science?    Predictive




                                Logical

Beautiful
                             Progressive



            Cultural
                             Creative

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Tok natural science introduction

  • 2. What is science and what isn’t science?
  • 3. What is science and what isn’t science? • Boiling an egg • Predicting the weather • Mapping a mountain • Drilling for oil • Choosing a new camera • Eating a salad • Watering a potted plant
  • 5. The Sciences • Biology • Chemistry • Physics • Environmental Systems (?) • Design Tech (?)
  • 6. The Sciences • Geology (?) • Biology • Computer Science (?) • Chemistry • Psychology (?) • Physics • Geography (?) • Environmental Systems (?) • Mathematics (?) • Design Tech (?) • History (?)
  • 7. A body of knowledge?
  • 8. A body of knowledge? Or… a way of thinking?
  • 10. Does it matter? • Science works, doesn’t it?
  • 11. Does it matter? • Science works, doesn’t it? a t is m ra g m P
  • 12. Karl Popper turns science upside down
  • 13. Karl Popper turns science upside down Falsification
  • 14. Karl Popper turns science upside down Falsification “A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is nonscientific” “Every genuine test of a theory is an attempt to falsify it”
  • 15. Karl Popper turns science upside down Falsification • Here is my hypothesis…… • Try to shoot it down!
  • 16. Karl Popper turns science upside down Falsification If it can’t be falsified, it is not science
  • 18. Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions Paradigm shifts
  • 19. Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions Paradigm shifts paradigm noun 1 technical a typical example or pattern of something; a model : there is a new paradigm for public art in this country. • a worldview underlying the theories and methodology of a particular scientific subject : the discovery of universal gravitation became the paradigm of
  • 20. Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions Paradigm shifts Paradigms are “universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners.”
  • 21. Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions Paradigm shifts Paradigms are “universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners.”
  • 22. Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions Paradigm shifts • Science progresses by leaps, when crisis point is reached in the current paradigm
  • 23. Is IB science real science? What are the skills you are expected to show?
  • 24. Is IB science real science? • Planning (a) Focusing the test • Planning (b) Methodology • Data Collection • Data Processing and Presentation • Conclusion and Evaluation • Manipulative skills • Personal skills (a) Teamwork • Personal skills (b) Motivation and ethics
  • 25. Words to describe science? Predictive Logical Beautiful Progressive Cultural Creative

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