This document summarizes the key steps in the tissue preparation process:
1) Obtaining a fresh specimen and fixing it to maintain its structure.
2) Dehydrating the tissue using increasing concentrations of alcohol.
3) Clearing the tissue using a solvent like xylene to remove alcohol.
4) Infiltrating the tissue with wax to embed and block it out for sectioning.
Histopathology is examination of tissues for presence or absence of changes in their structure due to disease processes. We go through various steps in the process of converting gross sample to microscopic slides.
This presentation deals tissue processing in histopathology, the detailed of presentation given blow:
Histology, study the organization of tissues at all levels, from the whole organ down to the molecular components of cells that are found in most multicellular plants and animals.
Animal tissues are classified as epithelium, with closely spaced cells and very little intercellular space; connective tissue, with large amounts of intercellular material; muscle, specialized for contraction; and nerve, specialized for conduction of electrical impulses. Blood is also sometimes considered a separate tissue type.
Plants are composed of relatively undifferentiated tissue known as meristematic tissue; storage tissue or parenchyma; vascular tissue; photosynthetic tissue or chlorenchyma and support tissue or sclerenchyma and collenchyma.
Histopathology is examination of tissues for presence or absence of changes in their structure due to disease processes. We go through various steps in the process of converting gross sample to microscopic slides.
This presentation deals tissue processing in histopathology, the detailed of presentation given blow:
Histology, study the organization of tissues at all levels, from the whole organ down to the molecular components of cells that are found in most multicellular plants and animals.
Animal tissues are classified as epithelium, with closely spaced cells and very little intercellular space; connective tissue, with large amounts of intercellular material; muscle, specialized for contraction; and nerve, specialized for conduction of electrical impulses. Blood is also sometimes considered a separate tissue type.
Plants are composed of relatively undifferentiated tissue known as meristematic tissue; storage tissue or parenchyma; vascular tissue; photosynthetic tissue or chlorenchyma and support tissue or sclerenchyma and collenchyma.
The tissue processing is designed to remove all extractable water from the tissue , replacing it with a support medium that provide sufficient rigidity to enable sectioning of the tissue without parenchymal damage or distortion
The tissue processing is designed to remove all extractable water from the tissue , replacing it with a support medium that provide sufficient rigidity to enable sectioning of the tissue without parenchymal damage or distortion
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3. Tissue Preparation
Introduction
“Tissue processing” describes the steps required to take animal or human
tissue from fixation to the state where it is completely infiltrated with a
suitable histological wax and can be embedded ready for section cutting on
the microtome.
Importance
Microscopic analysis of cells and tissues requires the preparation of
very thin, high quality sections (slices) mounted on glass slides and
appropriately stained to demonstrate normal and abnormal structures.
• It involves several steps that are following.
1. Obtaining a fresh specimen 4. Clearing
2. Fixation 5. Wax infiltration
3. Dehydration 6. Embedding or blocking out
4. 1. Obtaining a fresh specimen
• Fresh tissue specimens will come from various sources.
• A sharp blade or knife must be used for tissue
collection.
• Obtain a thin layer of tissues about 1 cm thick.
• Care full handling
• Fix the specimen as soon possible.
• Wash specimen with normal saline for maximum
penetration of fixative.
5. 2. Fixation
To maintain the natural state of specimen.
Fixation facilitates proper staining of tissue.
Fixative should be 20-25 times of volume of specimen.
Characters of a good fixative:
* Penetrate quickly * Prevent tissue from shrinkage
• Good fixatives:
• Formaldehyde
• Alcohol
• Picric Acid
• Potassium Dichromate etc.
7. 3. Dehydration
|Removal of water.
Alcohols are most commonly used for dehydration.
Water replacement with alcohol.
Different % ages of alcohol are used for different time
periods.
30%,50%,70% Alcohol for 2,2 hours.
80%,95% for 1,1 hours.
95% for 2 hours.
100% for ½ hours two times.
8. 4. Clearing
Removal of dehydrating agent.
Clearing agent > miscible with
both embedding medium and
dehydrating agent.
Zylene ( clearing agent )
Tow times for 1,1 hours.
Other reagents :Toluene,
Chloroform, Benzene,
Cedar wood oil etc.
9. 5. Wax infiltration
Replace xylene with paraffin.
Immerse in melted paraffin.
Remove all bubbles, xylene.
Procedure
Two baths of melted paraffin.
(a) Leave the tissue for 1 hour
in malted paraffin.
(b) Put in fresh paraffin and
melt it again.
10. 6. Embedding or blocking out
Allow the melted wax to be solidify.
It get rigid.
A. Orient tissue
1. cross section
2. longitudinal section
B. Dissection orientation
C. Avoid bubbles
11. Embedding
Procedure
1. Place tissue cassette in
melted paraffin
2. Fill mold with paraffin
3. Place tissue in mold
4. Allow to cool
12. Sectioning – Trimming the Block
Untrimmed tissue block
Trimmed block with excess
paraffin removed and block
face in a trapezoid shape
13. Sectioning
Procedure
1. Place tissue block in microtome with wide edge of
trapezoid lowest, and parallel to knife
2. Advance blade toward block
3. Begin sectioning
14. Mounting sections
A. 40o C water bath
1. Flattens paraffin section
2. Permits mounting on slide
B. Gelatin & albumin
C. Glass slides
D. Oven / air dry