Thyroiditis is inflammation of the thyroid gland that can cause abnormal thyroid hormone levels. There are several types of thyroiditis including Hashimoto's (the most common autoimmune form), subacute, post-partum, silent, and forms induced by drugs, radiation, or infection. Symptoms vary depending on thyroid hormone levels and include fatigue, weight changes, nervousness, and neck tenderness. Treatment involves medications, steroids, thyroid hormone replacement, or surgery in rare cases. Complications can include hypothyroidism or airway obstruction.
Thyroiditis is a general term that refers to “inflammation of the thyroid gland”. Thyroiditis includes a group of individual disorders causing thyroidal inflammation but presenting in different ways. For example, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States.
Thyroiditis is a general term that refers to “inflammation of the thyroid gland”. Thyroiditis includes a group of individual disorders causing thyroidal inflammation but presenting in different ways. For example, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States.
Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine. Hyperthyroidism can accelerate your body's metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss and a rapid or irregular heartbeat
Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is a condition in which your thyroid gland doesn't produce enough of certain crucial hormones.
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HYPOTHYROIDISM (MSN-1) Notes of hypothyroidism which includes definition, cau...ninamavancy321
Notes of hypothyroidism which includes definition, causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation and nursing management .
Made by Ms. Vancy Ninama (Nursing Tutor)
Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine. Hyperthyroidism can accelerate your body's metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss and a rapid or irregular heartbeat
Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is a condition in which your thyroid gland doesn't produce enough of certain crucial hormones.
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For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
HYPOTHYROIDISM (MSN-1) Notes of hypothyroidism which includes definition, cau...ninamavancy321
Notes of hypothyroidism which includes definition, causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation and nursing management .
Made by Ms. Vancy Ninama (Nursing Tutor)
A healthy immune system defends the body against disease and infection. But if the immune system malfunctions, it mistakenly attacks healthy cells, tissues, and organs. Called autoimmune disease, these attacks can affect any part of the body, weakening bodily function and even turning life-threatening.
Welcome to Thyroid Care, a site dedicated to understanding thyroid issues and supporting good health to help keep the body balanced to function at its best. Get all the basic information on Thyroid and learn the importance of how to keep body naturally healthy.
For more information visit here: http://thyroidcare.org
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. Introduction
• Thyroiditis is the medical term for inflammation
(swelling) of the thyroid gland, which can either
cause abnormally high or low levels of thyroid
hormones in the blood.
• The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland
found in the neck. It produces hormones that are
released into the bloodstream to control the
body's growth and metabolism.
• They affect processes such as heart rate and body
temperature, and help convert food into energy
to keep the body going.
Harrisons principles of internal medicine 18th edition, Dan L. Longo, Anthony S. Fauci, Mc graw hill medical publications, pp 2927-
4. Types
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis (the most common)
• De Quervain's or subacute thyroiditis
• Post-partum thyroiditis (triggered after giving
birth)
• Silent or painless thyroiditis
• Drug-induced thyroiditis
• Radiation-induced thyroiditis
• Acute or infectious thyroiditis
5. Cont….
Hashimoto's thyroiditis:
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune
condition. This means your immune system
mistakenly attacks your thyroid gland, causing it
to gradually swell and become damaged.
De Quervain's (subacute) thyroiditis:
• De Quervain's thyroiditis (sometimes called
subacute thyroiditis) is a painful swelling of the
thyroid gland that is thought to be triggered by a
viral infection, such as mumps or the flu.
6. Cont….
Post-partum thyroiditis:
• Like Hashimoto's thyroiditis, post-partum
thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition, but it only
happens in women who have recently given birth.
• In post-partum thyroiditis, the immune system
attacks your thyroid gland within around six
months of giving birth, causing a temporary rise
in thyroid hormone levels (thyrotoxicosis).
7. Cont….
Silent (painless) thyroiditis:
• Silent thyroiditis is very similar to post-partum
thyroiditis. It is also an autoimmune condition,
but is not related to giving birth and can occur in
both men and women.
Drug-induced thyroiditis:
• Thyroiditis can also be triggered by medications
including interferon, amiodarone, lithium and a
class of drugs to treat certain cancers (which
include sunitinib), if these medicines damage the
thyroid gland.
8. Cont….
Radiation-induced thyroiditis:
• Radioactive iodine treatment for an overactive thyroid
gland or radiotherapy for certain cancers can also damage
the thyroid gland, leading to symptoms of an overactive
thyroid gland or symptoms of an underactive thyroid
gland.
Acute or infectious thyroiditis:
• Acute or infectious thyroiditis is usually triggered by a
bacterial infection. It is rare and is associated with either
a weakened immune system or, in children, with a
problem in the development of the thyroid.
10. Pathophysiology
• Due to any factors
• Enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by
infiltration of lymphocyte
• Destruction of the parenchyma of thyroid caused
by autoimmune deficiency
• Hypothyroidism, if untreated
11. Clinical Features
• Fatigue
• Drowsiness
• Difficulty with learning
• Dry, brittle hair and nails
• Dry, itchy skin
• Puffy face
• Constipation.
• Heavy menstrual flow
• Malaise
• Chills
• Thyroid tenderness
• Nervousness
• Increased sensitivity to
many medications.
• Swelling
• Dysphagia
• Dysphonia
• Anterior neck pain
• Fever , Sore throat
• Irritability
• Low BMR
• Enlargement of thyroid
gland
12. Special investigations
• TSH
• Thyroid auto antibodies test
• Histology- diffuse lymphocytic and plasma cell
infiltration with formation of lymphoid follicles
from follicular hyperplasia.
- Damage to the follicular basement membrane.
-Atrophy of the thyroid parenchyma
13. Cont….
Blood tests to measure….
• increased levels of thyroid hormone in the
bloodstream .
• the abnormal antibodies, anti-microsomal
and antithyroglobulin antibodies.
14. • A fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid
gland during this phase would reveal
inflammatory cells attacking the thyroid
gland.
15. Treatment
• Anti microbial medication
• Fluid Replacement
• Antibiotic therapy parenterally
• Anti-inflammatory agents
• Analgesics
• Mild Sedative
• Steroids drugs may be (pain, fever and malaise)
• Beta adrenergic blocking(Reduce thyrotoxicisis)
16. Treatment:
• During this hyperthyroid phase, treatment is
usually not recommended because this
phase usually lasts for a short period of
time, about 2 to 4 months.
• However, if the symptoms are extreme, beta
blockers may be used to slow the heart rate
and decrease nervousness.
17. Treatment
• Thyroid hormone medication for about six
months.
• After this time, the medication is stopped to
determine whether or not the thyroid has
recovered its normal function.
• If so, the medication may be stopped
permanently, otherwise the medication must be
resumed because of permanent injury to the
thyroid gland.
18. Special Treatment
• Treatment depends on the type of thyroiditis
and the clinical presentation.
Thyrotoxicosis Hypothyroidism Thyroidal pain
22. Surgery
• Surgical incision and Drainage may be
needed, if any abscess is present.
• Surgical resection Goitre, if tracheal
compression, cough or hoarseness occur.
• Fine Needle biopsy is done.
23. Complications
• Airway obstruction
• Dysphonia
• Hoarseness - Due to recurrent laryngeal
involvement
• Hypothyroidism
• Hypo para thyroidism
• Dysphagia
• Stridor - Due to tracheal compression
24. Nursing Diagnosis
• Pain r/t inflammation of thyroid gland.
• Anxiety r/t Enlargement of neck/thyroid gland.
• Risk for Ineffective Airway Clearance related to
obstruction of the trachea, swelling, bleeding and
laryngeal spasm.
• Impaired Verbal Communication related to vocal
cord injury / damage to the larynx, tissue edema,
pain, discomfort.
