Thunder storm
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Thunderstorms form when warm, humid air rises rapidly due to heating from the sun's surface or being pushed upward by cold fronts or wind. As the warm air rises and cools, the water vapor condenses to form droplets in clouds. The droplets grow heavy and fall as rain, pulling cool air with it. Negative electric charges build up in the cloud bottom and discharge as lightning through extremely hot air, producing the sound waves we hear as thunder.
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Severe weather
Thunderstorms occur when warm, humid air rises rapidly into the atmosphere. As the air cools, water vapor condenses to form clouds and rain. Negative electric charges build up in the clouds, which are discharged as lightning. The intense heat of lightning causes air to expand rapidly, producing thunder sounds. Tornadoes form from a violently rotating column of air that extends from thunderclouds to the ground. Hurricanes are large, rotating tropical storm systems with sustained wind speeds of at least 119 km/hr that can be very destructive.
Chapter 17 7th es
This document discusses air masses and weather systems. It defines air masses as large bodies of air classified by temperature and moisture content. As air masses move away from their source regions, their temperature and humidity change. The document describes the four main types of air masses - maritime tropical, maritime polar, continental polar, and continental tropical - and the weather typically associated with each. It also discusses fronts, where different air masses meet; cyclones and anticyclones; thunderstorms and tornadoes; hurricanes; and lake-effect snow. Meteorologists use tools like weather balloons, satellites, and computer models to analyze weather data and improve forecasting.
Weather patterns
Weather patterns are determined by the movement and interaction of air masses and pressure systems. Air masses develop over land or water and bring characteristic properties. Low pressure systems see the collision of differing air masses which can lead to stormy conditions as warmer air is forced aloft. Specific severe weather events like thunderstorms and tornadoes occur from atmospheric conditions like wind shear and differences in pressure that allow warm moist air to rapidly rise.
Weather patterns
The document discusses wind, clouds, and precipitation. It explains that unequal heating of the air causes winds as warm air rises and cooler air moves in. This global pattern of air circulation creates wind belts. Clouds form when moisture condenses on particles in the air as the air rises and cools. Precipitation occurs as water vapor condenses and falls to earth as rain, snow, or hail. Hurricanes and tornadoes develop due to the interaction of warm and cold air masses.
Cold fronts
Cold fronts occur when cold polar air advances into warmer air. They are steeper and move faster than warm fronts, resulting in more violent weather. As the cold front passes, temperatures sharply drop while heavy rain and strong winds can occur along the front due to rapid lifting of warm air. Clearing usually follows the front as polar air moves in.
What Affects Weather Patterns
1) A place's latitude and proximity to oceans or large bodies of water help determine its climate and weather patterns. Locations closer to the equator tend to be warmer, while areas farther from the equator experience more distinct seasons.
2) Climate zones like polar, temperate, and tropical regions exist depending on latitude. Hemispheres also influence seasons, with the northern and southern hemispheres experiencing opposite seasonal changes at the same time.
3) Geography such as mountains and bodies of water further impact local weather. Mountains can create rain shadows - dry areas on their leeward sides. Meanwhile, coastal areas tend to have milder temperatures regulated by the moderating effect of oceans.
Notes: Severe Weather: Lightning, Tornadoes, Hurricanes
Thunderstorms form when there is moisture in the lower atmosphere, a mechanism to lift the moisture to condense and release latent heat, and an unstable atmosphere. They go through cumulus, mature, and dissipation stages. Lightning is a visible electrical discharge produced by thunderstorms that transfers charge between clouds, air, or the ground. It can reach temperatures over 54,000°F. Hurricanes are intense tropical storms that form over warm ocean waters and have sustained winds over 74 mph. They have a counterclockwise circulation in the Northern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect and go through tropical depression, storm, and hurricane stages as they strengthen.
Weather patterns
Fronts are boundary surfaces that separate air masses of different densities. Warm fronts occur when warmer air overrides cooler air, causing the warmer air to lift up along the wedge of cold air. This lifting causes clouds and precipitation to form ahead of the surface position of the warm front. As the warm front passes, air temperatures gradually rise and skies typically clear.
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Severe weather
Thunderstorms occur when warm, humid air rises rapidly into the atmosphere. As the air cools, water vapor condenses to form clouds and rain. Negative electric charges build up in the clouds, which are discharged as lightning. The intense heat of lightning causes air to expand rapidly, producing thunder sounds. Tornadoes form from a violently rotating column of air that extends from thunderclouds to the ground. Hurricanes are large, rotating tropical storm systems with sustained wind speeds of at least 119 km/hr that can be very destructive.
Chapter 17 7th es
This document discusses air masses and weather systems. It defines air masses as large bodies of air classified by temperature and moisture content. As air masses move away from their source regions, their temperature and humidity change. The document describes the four main types of air masses - maritime tropical, maritime polar, continental polar, and continental tropical - and the weather typically associated with each. It also discusses fronts, where different air masses meet; cyclones and anticyclones; thunderstorms and tornadoes; hurricanes; and lake-effect snow. Meteorologists use tools like weather balloons, satellites, and computer models to analyze weather data and improve forecasting.
Weather patterns
Weather patterns are determined by the movement and interaction of air masses and pressure systems. Air masses develop over land or water and bring characteristic properties. Low pressure systems see the collision of differing air masses which can lead to stormy conditions as warmer air is forced aloft. Specific severe weather events like thunderstorms and tornadoes occur from atmospheric conditions like wind shear and differences in pressure that allow warm moist air to rapidly rise.
Weather patterns
The document discusses wind, clouds, and precipitation. It explains that unequal heating of the air causes winds as warm air rises and cooler air moves in. This global pattern of air circulation creates wind belts. Clouds form when moisture condenses on particles in the air as the air rises and cools. Precipitation occurs as water vapor condenses and falls to earth as rain, snow, or hail. Hurricanes and tornadoes develop due to the interaction of warm and cold air masses.
Cold fronts
Cold fronts occur when cold polar air advances into warmer air. They are steeper and move faster than warm fronts, resulting in more violent weather. As the cold front passes, temperatures sharply drop while heavy rain and strong winds can occur along the front due to rapid lifting of warm air. Clearing usually follows the front as polar air moves in.
What Affects Weather Patterns
1) A place's latitude and proximity to oceans or large bodies of water help determine its climate and weather patterns. Locations closer to the equator tend to be warmer, while areas farther from the equator experience more distinct seasons.
2) Climate zones like polar, temperate, and tropical regions exist depending on latitude. Hemispheres also influence seasons, with the northern and southern hemispheres experiencing opposite seasonal changes at the same time.
3) Geography such as mountains and bodies of water further impact local weather. Mountains can create rain shadows - dry areas on their leeward sides. Meanwhile, coastal areas tend to have milder temperatures regulated by the moderating effect of oceans.
Notes: Severe Weather: Lightning, Tornadoes, Hurricanes
Thunderstorms form when there is moisture in the lower atmosphere, a mechanism to lift the moisture to condense and release latent heat, and an unstable atmosphere. They go through cumulus, mature, and dissipation stages. Lightning is a visible electrical discharge produced by thunderstorms that transfers charge between clouds, air, or the ground. It can reach temperatures over 54,000°F. Hurricanes are intense tropical storms that form over warm ocean waters and have sustained winds over 74 mph. They have a counterclockwise circulation in the Northern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect and go through tropical depression, storm, and hurricane stages as they strengthen.
Weather patterns
Fronts are boundary surfaces that separate air masses of different densities. Warm fronts occur when warmer air overrides cooler air, causing the warmer air to lift up along the wedge of cold air. This lifting causes clouds and precipitation to form ahead of the surface position of the warm front. As the warm front passes, air temperatures gradually rise and skies typically clear.
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This document discusses different types of pressure systems and fronts that influence weather and climate. It explains that convection causes warm air to rise and cool. Air masses collide to form fronts like cold fronts, where dense cold air displaces warm air causing precipitation, or warm fronts where warm air displaces cold air with light precipitation. It also describes stationary, occluded, and pressure systems, noting that low pressure systems cause air to rise and spiral inward while high pressure systems bring sinking air and fair weather.
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This document discusses various weather and climate concepts including:
- The difference between weather (short term changes) and climate (long term changes)
- Key weather variables like temperature, air pressure, precipitation, clouds, and how they are measured
- The water cycle and key terms like evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and dew point
- How cloud base height is determined using a sling psychrometer and dew point charts
- Different air masses and their source regions
- Types of precipitation and the factors that determine whether it will be rain, snow, sleet, hail
- Extreme weather events like hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards caused by lake effect and nor'east
Severe Weather
Precipitation forms when water droplets or ice crystals become too heavy to remain suspended in the atmosphere and fall to the ground. Different types of precipitation include rain, freezing rain, sleet, hail, and snow. Thunderstorms form due to strong updrafts of air and can produce heavy rain, hail, strong winds, thunder, and lightning. Lightning is caused by a buildup of electric charges within storm clouds. Tornadoes are rotating columns of air that extend from thunderstorms to the ground with wind speeds over 50 mph. Hurricanes begin as large thunderstorms over tropical oceans and derive their energy from warm ocean waters.
Weather fronts
This document discusses different types of weather fronts that form when air masses meet. It describes stationary fronts where air masses don't move and can cause rain, fog, or drizzle. Cold fronts occur when dense cold air slides under warm air and can produce squall lines, cumulus clouds, or thunderstorms. Warm fronts happen as warm air slides over cold air in a long transition that brings warm temperatures, fog, or sleet and freezing rain. Occluded fronts form around low pressure systems when a cold front reaches a warm front, with alternating air masses that bring heavy precipitation and shifting winds.
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A convection cell forms when warm air rises from areas of low pressure and cooler air sinks into areas of high pressure, creating a circular pattern. The difference in air pressure and temperature between regions drives surface winds, with wind intensity increasing as pressure differences grow. Unequal heating and cooling of air is what results in these pressure differences, causing warm air to rise and cold air to sink in a convection cell.
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Weather fronts
The document discusses different types of fronts including warm fronts, cold fronts, occluded fronts, and stationary fronts. It provides details on their formation, identification, and typical associated weather patterns. Warm fronts have a gradual slope and rising warm air overrides cooler air. Cold fronts have a steeper slope and faster movement as colder air advances. An occluded front is formed when a cold front catches up to a warm front. Stationary fronts have little or no movement with gentle precipitation possible.
Weather fronts
Cold fronts occur when a colder air mass replaces a warmer one, pushing the warm air up and causing heavier precipitation. Warm fronts are more gradual, with lighter and more widespread precipitation. When a cold front passes, temperatures can drop more than 15 degrees in an hour, while warm fronts bring warmer and more humid conditions.
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This document summarizes key concepts about atmospheric pressure and weather patterns. It explains that high and low pressure centers drive wind patterns due to differences in air pressure. Air rises at low pressure centers and sinks at high pressure centers. The document also outlines different types of fronts where different air masses meet, including cold, warm, occluded, and stationary fronts. It describes cloud formation and types of clouds like cumulus, stratus, and cirrus clouds. Finally, it discusses severe weather events like thunderstorms and tornadoes that form from conditions including humidity, heat, unstable air masses, and lifting mechanisms like fronts.
Weather Fronts, Pressure Centers And Storms
When warm and cold air masses collide, precipitation can occur. Cold fronts are depicted as blue lines with teeth pointing in the direction of motion on weather maps. Warm fronts are shown as red lines with bumps pointing in the direction of motion. High pressure systems usually bring nice weather while low pressure is often associated with precipitation.
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The document defines and describes several natural disasters including avalanches, blizzards, earthquakes, hurricanes, landslides, thunderstorms, tornadoes, tsunamis, and volcanoes. It explains the causes and characteristics of each disaster such as the factors that trigger them, typical damage caused, speed, duration, and classification systems. Sources are cited for each topic discussed.
How do fronts & air masses change the
This document discusses how air masses and fronts influence weather patterns. It explains that air masses are large bodies of air with uniform temperature and moisture content that form over land or water. Fronts are boundaries between differing air masses. There are three main types of fronts: cold fronts, which bring storms and precipitation; warm fronts, which produce steady rain and clearing weather; and stationary fronts, which can cause prolonged storms and flooding. The document also outlines weather map symbols and provides safety tips for severe weather like tornadoes, blizzards, and hurricanes.
Heat & Wind
Earth's atmosphere drives global wind patterns through convection and the Coriolis effect. Warm air rises at the equator and sinks at the poles, creating convection cells that drive the trade winds and prevailing westerlies. The rotation of the Earth causes these winds to curve right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere. Local winds such as sea breezes and land breezes are also driven by differences in how land and water heat and cool.
Weather Fronts
Fronts are boundaries between different air masses. There are four main types of fronts: cold fronts, warm fronts, stationary fronts, and occluded fronts. Cold fronts move quickly and bring cooler, drier air behind them, often with rain or storms. Warm fronts move more slowly and bring cloudy, humid conditions with light rain ahead of the front. Stationary fronts occur when warm and cold fronts stall, often causing extended wet weather. Occluded fronts happen when a warm air mass gets trapped between two cold fronts.
Climate and weather
Climate refers to the main atmospheric phenomena that occur yearly in a specific region, influenced by factors like unequal warming, large air masses, and proximity to bodies of water. Weather describes current atmospheric conditions like temperature, winds, and precipitation. Atmospheric phenomena are caused by wind or water vapor in the air, resulting in events such as hurricanes, dust storms, tornadoes, clouds, fog, frost, dew, rain, snow, or hail.
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This document discusses various atmospheric processes that lead to cloud formation and precipitation. It covers topics like adiabatic cooling and warming, orographic and frontal lifting, convection, stability, condensation, different cloud types based on altitude, precipitation processes like the Bergeron process and collision-coalescence, and types of precipitation including rain, snow, sleet, glaze and hail. The document provides information on the mechanisms and conditions required for various cloud and precipitation formation.
Clouds and precipitation
This document discusses various cloud formation processes and types of precipitation. It explains that clouds form through processes like adiabatic lifting and convergence which cause air to rise and condense. Specific cloud formation mechanisms covered include orographic lifting, frontal wedging, localized convection, and stability/instability. The document also defines different cloud types from high, middle and low clouds to clouds with vertical development. Additionally, it covers fog formation and the processes that cause precipitation like rain, snow, sleet, glaze and hail.
18. air masses and fronts notes
Air masses take on characteristics of the regions where they form and remain stationary. They are classified by temperature and moisture content as either continental, maritime, tropical, or polar. Fronts form boundaries between differing air masses and can cause precipitation. Cold fronts push warm air out of the way while warm fronts lift warm air over colder air. Stationary fronts move slowly and occluded fronts occur when a cold mass overtakes a warm one. Cyclones are low pressure storm systems that rotate counter-clockwise along storm tracks, while anticyclones bring dry weather with sinking air flowing outward clockwise from high pressure centers.
Cyclones, anticyclones and volcanoes
This document discusses atmospheric pressure and instruments used to measure it. It describes how cyclones form as centers of low pressure and anticyclones as centers of high pressure. It also discusses volcanoes, explaining their formation from gases pushing melted rocks up through the earth's crust and mantle. The conclusion states that while preventing cyclones and volcanoes is impossible, an efficient warning system can help mitigate disasters.
Tornado
Tornadoes are violently rotating columns of air that extend between clouds and the ground. They can form when warm, moist air meets cold air, creating thunderstorms with the potential to produce tornadoes. Tornado strength is measured using the Enhanced Fujita Scale from EF0 to EF5 based on wind speed and damage caused. Tornado Alley in the central United States experiences most tornadoes during spring and summer. When a tornado watch is issued, tornadoes may form, while a warning means a tornado has been sighted and people should take shelter immediately.
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This document discusses various weather and climate concepts including:
- The difference between weather (short term changes) and climate (long term changes)
- Key weather variables like temperature, air pressure, precipitation, clouds, and how they are measured
- The water cycle and key terms like evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and dew point
- How cloud base height is determined using a sling psychrometer and dew point charts
- Different air masses and their source regions
- Types of precipitation and the factors that determine whether it will be rain, snow, sleet, hail
- Extreme weather events like hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards caused by lake effect and nor'east
Severe Weather
Precipitation forms when water droplets or ice crystals become too heavy to remain suspended in the atmosphere and fall to the ground. Different types of precipitation include rain, freezing rain, sleet, hail, and snow. Thunderstorms form due to strong updrafts of air and can produce heavy rain, hail, strong winds, thunder, and lightning. Lightning is caused by a buildup of electric charges within storm clouds. Tornadoes are rotating columns of air that extend from thunderstorms to the ground with wind speeds over 50 mph. Hurricanes begin as large thunderstorms over tropical oceans and derive their energy from warm ocean waters.
Weather fronts
This document discusses different types of weather fronts that form when air masses meet. It describes stationary fronts where air masses don't move and can cause rain, fog, or drizzle. Cold fronts occur when dense cold air slides under warm air and can produce squall lines, cumulus clouds, or thunderstorms. Warm fronts happen as warm air slides over cold air in a long transition that brings warm temperatures, fog, or sleet and freezing rain. Occluded fronts form around low pressure systems when a cold front reaches a warm front, with alternating air masses that bring heavy precipitation and shifting winds.
Convection cell all
A convection cell forms when warm air rises from areas of low pressure and cooler air sinks into areas of high pressure, creating a circular pattern. The difference in air pressure and temperature between regions drives surface winds, with wind intensity increasing as pressure differences grow. Unequal heating and cooling of air is what results in these pressure differences, causing warm air to rise and cold air to sink in a convection cell.
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The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Water evaporates from the sea and forms clouds, condenses into rain or snow, and falls back to Earth's surface, where it collects in lakes, rivers and seas and evaporates again. This cycle repeats continuously powered by energy from the sun. The document also discusses humidity, types of clouds and precipitation, and weather phenomena like thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes.
Weather fronts
The document discusses different types of fronts including warm fronts, cold fronts, occluded fronts, and stationary fronts. It provides details on their formation, identification, and typical associated weather patterns. Warm fronts have a gradual slope and rising warm air overrides cooler air. Cold fronts have a steeper slope and faster movement as colder air advances. An occluded front is formed when a cold front catches up to a warm front. Stationary fronts have little or no movement with gentle precipitation possible.
Weather fronts
Cold fronts occur when a colder air mass replaces a warmer one, pushing the warm air up and causing heavier precipitation. Warm fronts are more gradual, with lighter and more widespread precipitation. When a cold front passes, temperatures can drop more than 15 degrees in an hour, while warm fronts bring warmer and more humid conditions.
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This document provides an overview of weather-related concepts including pressure systems, wind patterns, fronts, clouds, and severe weather. It explains that low pressure is associated with rising air and cloudy weather while high pressure brings sinking air and calm conditions. The Coriolis effect causes winds to turn due to the Earth's rotation, resulting in circulation around pressure centers. Different types of fronts like cold fronts and warm fronts introduce new air masses with changing wind and temperature. Clouds form through condensation as air rises and cools. Severe weather occurs when normal weather is amplified in strength.
Vocabulary presentation
This document defines and provides synonyms for various natural phenomena including avalanches, fog, hurricanes, cyclones, earthquakes, tsunamis, tornadoes, floods, droughts, volcanic eruptions, thunderstorms, hailstorms, wildfires, frost, landslides, and blizzards. It also identifies a weatherman as someone who forecasts the weather.
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This document summarizes key concepts about atmospheric pressure and weather patterns. It explains that high and low pressure centers drive wind patterns due to differences in air pressure. Air rises at low pressure centers and sinks at high pressure centers. The document also outlines different types of fronts where different air masses meet, including cold, warm, occluded, and stationary fronts. It describes cloud formation and types of clouds like cumulus, stratus, and cirrus clouds. Finally, it discusses severe weather events like thunderstorms and tornadoes that form from conditions including humidity, heat, unstable air masses, and lifting mechanisms like fronts.
Weather Fronts, Pressure Centers And Storms
When warm and cold air masses collide, precipitation can occur. Cold fronts are depicted as blue lines with teeth pointing in the direction of motion on weather maps. Warm fronts are shown as red lines with bumps pointing in the direction of motion. High pressure systems usually bring nice weather while low pressure is often associated with precipitation.
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The document defines and describes several natural disasters including avalanches, blizzards, earthquakes, hurricanes, landslides, thunderstorms, tornadoes, tsunamis, and volcanoes. It explains the causes and characteristics of each disaster such as the factors that trigger them, typical damage caused, speed, duration, and classification systems. Sources are cited for each topic discussed.
How do fronts & air masses change the
This document discusses how air masses and fronts influence weather patterns. It explains that air masses are large bodies of air with uniform temperature and moisture content that form over land or water. Fronts are boundaries between differing air masses. There are three main types of fronts: cold fronts, which bring storms and precipitation; warm fronts, which produce steady rain and clearing weather; and stationary fronts, which can cause prolonged storms and flooding. The document also outlines weather map symbols and provides safety tips for severe weather like tornadoes, blizzards, and hurricanes.
Heat & Wind
Earth's atmosphere drives global wind patterns through convection and the Coriolis effect. Warm air rises at the equator and sinks at the poles, creating convection cells that drive the trade winds and prevailing westerlies. The rotation of the Earth causes these winds to curve right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere. Local winds such as sea breezes and land breezes are also driven by differences in how land and water heat and cool.
Weather Fronts
Fronts are boundaries between different air masses. There are four main types of fronts: cold fronts, warm fronts, stationary fronts, and occluded fronts. Cold fronts move quickly and bring cooler, drier air behind them, often with rain or storms. Warm fronts move more slowly and bring cloudy, humid conditions with light rain ahead of the front. Stationary fronts occur when warm and cold fronts stall, often causing extended wet weather. Occluded fronts happen when a warm air mass gets trapped between two cold fronts.
Climate and weather
Climate refers to the main atmospheric phenomena that occur yearly in a specific region, influenced by factors like unequal warming, large air masses, and proximity to bodies of water. Weather describes current atmospheric conditions like temperature, winds, and precipitation. Atmospheric phenomena are caused by wind or water vapor in the air, resulting in events such as hurricanes, dust storms, tornadoes, clouds, fog, frost, dew, rain, snow, or hail.
4jpfleger
This document discusses various atmospheric processes that lead to cloud formation and precipitation. It covers topics like adiabatic cooling and warming, orographic and frontal lifting, convection, stability, condensation, different cloud types based on altitude, precipitation processes like the Bergeron process and collision-coalescence, and types of precipitation including rain, snow, sleet, glaze and hail. The document provides information on the mechanisms and conditions required for various cloud and precipitation formation.
Clouds and precipitation
This document discusses various cloud formation processes and types of precipitation. It explains that clouds form through processes like adiabatic lifting and convergence which cause air to rise and condense. Specific cloud formation mechanisms covered include orographic lifting, frontal wedging, localized convection, and stability/instability. The document also defines different cloud types from high, middle and low clouds to clouds with vertical development. Additionally, it covers fog formation and the processes that cause precipitation like rain, snow, sleet, glaze and hail.
18. air masses and fronts notes
Air masses take on characteristics of the regions where they form and remain stationary. They are classified by temperature and moisture content as either continental, maritime, tropical, or polar. Fronts form boundaries between differing air masses and can cause precipitation. Cold fronts push warm air out of the way while warm fronts lift warm air over colder air. Stationary fronts move slowly and occluded fronts occur when a cold mass overtakes a warm one. Cyclones are low pressure storm systems that rotate counter-clockwise along storm tracks, while anticyclones bring dry weather with sinking air flowing outward clockwise from high pressure centers.
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sWhat factors affect different types of weather (the whole lesson)
sWhat factors affect different types of weather (the whole lesson)
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This document discusses atmospheric pressure and instruments used to measure it. It describes how cyclones form as centers of low pressure and anticyclones as centers of high pressure. It also discusses volcanoes, explaining their formation from gases pushing melted rocks up through the earth's crust and mantle. The conclusion states that while preventing cyclones and volcanoes is impossible, an efficient warning system can help mitigate disasters.
Tornado
Tornadoes are violently rotating columns of air that extend between clouds and the ground. They can form when warm, moist air meets cold air, creating thunderstorms with the potential to produce tornadoes. Tornado strength is measured using the Enhanced Fujita Scale from EF0 to EF5 based on wind speed and damage caused. Tornado Alley in the central United States experiences most tornadoes during spring and summer. When a tornado watch is issued, tornadoes may form, while a warning means a tornado has been sighted and people should take shelter immediately.
Cyclone and anticyclone
Cyclones and anticyclones are areas of low and high atmospheric pressure respectively. Air flows cyclonically (counterclockwise in northern hemisphere) around low pressure systems and anticyclonically (clockwise) around high pressure systems. Cyclones are associated with rising air and rain while anticyclones see sinking air and fair weather. Irregularities in jet streams can contribute to the formation and movement of cyclonic and anticyclonic weather systems.
Air Masses
There are several major air masses that influence weather patterns:
1) Continental Arctic (cA) air masses are very cold and dry, originating north of the Arctic Circle.
2) Continental polar (cP) air masses are cold and dry, originating in northern Canada and influencing northern US weather.
3) Maritime polar (mP) air masses are cool and moist, originating over the North Atlantic and Pacific and influencing the Pacific Northwest and Northeast.
4) Maritime tropical (mT) air masses are warm and moist, originating in the Gulf of Mexico and influencing the eastern US.
Air masses and fronts 2013
An air mass is a large body of air with similar temperature, pressure, and humidity levels throughout. There are four main types of air masses: maritime, continental, polar, and tropical. Air masses get their properties from spending prolonged periods over certain areas, such as oceans or polar regions. When two different air masses meet, fronts are formed. The three main types of fronts are cold fronts, warm fronts, and stationary fronts.
Cyclone
Cyclones are intense low pressure areas characterized by very strong circulating winds. They develop over warm tropical oceans and are classified as extra-tropical or tropical depending on location. Tropical cyclones bring heavy rainfall, strong winds over 100 km/h, and storm surges which can flood coastal areas. India's east coast is most vulnerable as the Bay of Bengal sees several cyclones each year. Early warning systems and evacuation plans are needed to minimize loss of life and property when cyclones make landfall. Proper construction and site selection above flood levels can strengthen buildings to withstand cyclone winds and rains.
Cyclone power point
The document describes the formation and development of cyclones in 7 stages:
1. Warm air rises and condenses, creating low pressure areas and thunderclouds.
2. Cool air rushes in and spirals upwards, forming a swirling wind pattern.
3. The swirling winds rotate faster, forming a huge circle up to 2,000 km across.
4. An eye forms at the center where winds are light and it is cloudless.
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Tornado
The document describes how a tornado forms and its effects. A tornado starts with winds spinning a column of air that bulges from thunderclouds and touches the ground. Warm, humid air is then pulled into the often funnel-shaped column, causing the air to spin extremely fast and creating an area of very low pressure. The swirling funnel then descends to the ground while continuing to pull in surrounding air, resulting in wind speeds over 400 km/hr that can destroy anything in the tornado's path.
Wind, storms & cyclones
Wind is caused by differences in air pressure. Wind speed increases with altitude as there is less friction. Global wind patterns like trade winds and westerlies are caused by uneven heating between the equator and poles and the Earth's rotation. Monsoons are seasonal winds caused by temperature differences. Thunderstorms occur when strong rising air in clouds causes electrical buildup and lightning/thunder. Cyclones form over warm ocean waters and require lifting of warm air, going through formative, mature, and dissipating stages with inward circulating winds. Tornadoes are powerful rotating columns of air that can cause extensive damage.
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The document describes the water cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It explains that the sun heats water in the oceans causing evaporation into water vapor which forms clouds. As air rises, it cools and condenses into rain, snow, or other precipitation which falls back to Earth's surface and collects in lakes, rivers, and oceans - completing the cycle. The document also covers related topics like humidity, cloud types, precipitation types, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes.
What factors affect different types of weather (the whole lesson)
The document describes the water cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It involves evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection of water. Water evaporates from bodies of water and condenses into clouds. It then falls back to Earth's surface as precipitation such as rain, snow, or hail. This precipitation collects in bodies of water, completing the cycle.
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This document discusses various cloud formation processes and types of precipitation. It covers topics such as:
1) Adiabatic temperature changes that cause air to expand and cool as it rises, leading to cloud formation.
2) Orographic lifting where air is forced to rise when passing over mountains, dropping rain on the windward sides.
3) Frontal wedging where warmer air overrides cooler air at weather fronts, causing the warmer air to rise.
4) Different types of clouds like cirrus, cumulus, and stratus clouds that form at high, middle and low altitudes and can produce precipitation like rain, snow or hail.
4 k jeinnings
This document discusses various cloud formation processes and types of precipitation. It covers topics such as:
1) Adiabatic temperature changes that cause air to expand and cool as it rises, leading to cloud formation.
2) Orographic lifting where air is forced to rise when passing over mountains, dropping rain on the windward sides.
3) Frontal wedging where warmer air overrides cooler air at weather fronts, causing the warmer air to rise.
4) Different types of clouds like cirrus, cumulus, and stratus clouds that form at high, middle and low altitudes and can produce precipitation like rain, snow or hail.
Geography--Atmosphere: Lecture one
- The document discusses factors that influence temperature patterns and atmospheric circulation, including latitude, land/water distribution, altitude, cloudiness, and ocean currents.
- It describes the global circulation pattern of convection in the tropics creating the ITCZ, descent of air at 30° creating subtropical highs, and deflection of winds by the Coriolis effect into the trade winds and westerlies.
- Polar highs also form due to descent, with polar easterlies and frontal zones forming where polar and subtropical air masses meet. Local winds like sea breezes and land breezes also influence temperature patterns.
Dust devils
In this audio and accompanying slides, I answer the question, "Describe how dust devils normally form."
2awindfelder
The document discusses various weather phenomena including adiabatic temperature changes, orographic and frontal lifting, convergence, localized convective lifting, stability, condensation, the four main types of clouds, high, middle and low clouds, clouds formed from the bottom up or top down, fog, cold and warm cloud precipitation including rain, snow, sleet, glaze and hail. It also includes citations for related images.
clouds formation.pptx
1. Clouds form when air rises and cools to its dew point, causing water vapor to condense. There are several lifting processes that cause cloud formation, including turbulence, convection, orographic uplift, and frontal uplift.
2. Clouds are classified based on height, shape, color, and how they transmit or reflect light. The main cloud forms are cirrus, stratus, and cumulus clouds.
3. Fog forms when air cools to its dew point near the surface of the earth. Common types of fog include radiation fog, advection fog, upslope fog, and frontal fog.
Class 7th science chapter 8. Winds, Storms and Cyclones
This ppt file is converted into pdf so if u want to use it you may download it and convert it into ppt so u can use it for expaining the concepts of this chapter...... This ppt contains only the information given in the textbook.. This ppt also have the keywords,exercises and other basic knowledge....
period 4 M Gahmn 5mjoseph
This document discusses various cloud formation and precipitation processes including: adiabatic temperature change caused by air compression/expansion; orographic lifting where winds force air up mountains cooling it; frontal wedging where warm/cold air collide forming storms; convergence where air flows together upward; localized convective lifting forming warm air pockets called thermals; stability based on air density differences; condensation requiring saturated air; the types and heights of clouds; vertical cloud development enhancing movement; fog forming over land or sea; cold/warm cloud precipitation mechanisms; and rain, snow, sleet, glaze and hail depending on atmospheric temperatures.
Air pressure wind
Air pressure decreases with increasing altitude and is affected by temperature, humidity, and elevation. It is measured using a barometer. Differences in air pressure cause winds to move from high to low pressure areas. Global wind patterns like trade winds and jet streams curve due to the Coriolis effect. Local winds are influenced by geographic features and temperature variations between land and bodies of water. Changes in weather occur when different air masses characterized by their temperature and moisture content meet at fronts like cold fronts and warm fronts, which can lead to thunderstorm formation.
Global air circulation
Unequal heating of the Earth's surface by the Sun causes global air circulation in three large cells in each hemisphere. The Hadley cell occurs between 0-30 degrees latitude, with rising hot air at the Equator forming low pressure and descending air at 30 degrees forming high pressure. Easterly trade winds blow into the Equatorial low pressure. The Ferrel cell occurs between 30-60 degrees latitude, with westerly winds blowing between the subtropical and subpolar pressure belts. The polar cell occurs between 60-90 degrees latitude, with convergence along polar fronts.
Dot and Jot Notetaking
Tropical cyclones are caused by warm sea water evaporating and rising into the atmosphere, where the Coriolis effect causes it to rotate clockwise and form a low pressure system. As more warm, moist air is drawn in and rises, releasing latent heat, the low pressure strengthens and rotation increases, eventually forming a tropical storm or cyclone if it strengthens further.
Global and local winds
Global winds are caused by differences in air pressure from the uneven heating of the Earth. This uneven heating produces pressure belts that drive the three main types of global winds: polar easterlies, westerlies, and trade winds. Local winds such as sea breezes and land breezes are also caused by temperature differences, with sea breezes blowing from ocean to land during the day when land is warmer, and land breezes blowing from land to ocean at night when the water is warmer.
16. movement of air notes
Wind is caused by uneven heating of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, creating areas of high and low pressure. Warm air rises and cold air sinks, driving wind from high to low pressure areas. Additional factors like the rotation of the Earth and differences in how land and water absorb and release heat cause global wind patterns like trade winds and jet streams to form and influence weather.
ENERGY FROM THE SUN
The document discusses how energy from the sun drives many processes on Earth. It explains that the sun's energy is generated through nuclear reactions in its core and powers the water cycle, weathering processes, and atmospheric circulation. It also notes that different latitudes receive different amounts of solar radiation, causing temperature differences that power ocean and air currents globally.
Local Wind
The document summarizes the causes and patterns of wind globally and locally. Temperature differences between air masses cause pressure differences as warm air rises and cold air sinks, driving wind flows. On a local scale, this causes sea breezes as land heats up more than water during the day and land breezes as land cools faster at night. It also explains valley and mountain breezes caused by differences in heating and cooling of air in valleys versus mountainsides. Globally, prevailing winds are driven by similar temperature and pressure patterns.
Similar to Thunder storm (20)
What factors affect different types of weather (the whole lesson)
What factors affect different types of weather (the whole lesson)
What factors affect different types of weather (the whole lesson)
What factors affect different types of weather (the whole lesson)
Class 7th science chapter 8. Winds, Storms and Cyclones
Class 7th science chapter 8. Winds, Storms and Cyclones
3. precipitation, types and forms of precipitation
3. precipitation, types and forms of precipitation
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12 seven characteristics of living organism.
Living things have seven distinguishing life processes: nutrition, respiration, movement, growth, excretion, reproduction, and irritability. Animals and plants exhibit these processes in different ways. Animals must obtain food from other living things, while plants can make their own food through photosynthesis. Muscles enable animal movement and respiration releases energy from food in both animals and plants. Waste products are excreted to remove toxins from the body.
Classroom rules class 1
This document outlines 7 classroom rules: students must obtain permission before talking or leaving their seat; homework is due on assigned dates; students should come prepared with materials; name and date should be written on work; questions should be read carefully before answering; and interrupting is not allowed.
Solar system g6
Gravity and inertia work together to keep planets in orbit around the Sun. Gravity provides an attractive force between all massive objects like the Sun and planets. Inertia is the tendency of a moving object to stay in motion, which causes planets to travel in curved paths rather than flying off in straight lines. The balance between gravity pulling planets toward the Sun and inertia allowing them to travel in circles results in stable orbits that have allowed planets to revolve around the Sun for billions of years.
Astronomy lesson 1
The document discusses different types of telescopes used in astronomy. It describes refracting telescopes which use lenses and reflecting telescopes which use mirrors. Most large telescopes found in observatories are reflecting telescopes because it is easier to build large mirrors that can collect more light. The document also discusses other types of telescopes like infrared telescopes that can observe invisible light beyond the visible spectrum.
Moon g6 2
The document summarizes key features of the lunar landscape as observed from Earth. It describes light and dark colored areas on the moon's surface, including craters formed by impacts, large flat dark areas called maria formed by ancient lava flows, mountains around the edges of maria, and older highlands near the lunar poles with more craters. It also discusses lunar phases caused by the changing orientation of the moon as it orbits Earth, solar and lunar eclipses, and tides caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.
Unit 1 lesson 1
This document outlines some of the rules students should follow at school. It explains that rules help keep students safe and happy, and that teachers set the classroom rules to follow, such as playing nicely on the playground, following the line leader, and walking quietly in the hallways.
Project detai;s
Each student group chose a planet to explore for a project presented as a PowerPoint with videos and animations. The presentation must include the length of the planet's day and year, its order by distance from the sun and size, number of moons, structure and features, and recent discoveries.
Asteroids ,comets and meteors
Between Mars and Jupiter lies the asteroid belt, home to rocky asteroids that orbit the sun. Comets are balls of ice and rocks that develop long tails as they near the sun due to warming and gas release. Meteoroids are small objects that orbit the sun and occasionally collide with celestial bodies like the moon, and meteors are meteoroids that burn up in a planet's atmosphere in a bright streak. Those that reach a planet's surface are called meteorites.
3rd tri g6 project
This trimester, students have been learning about outer space, stars, moons and planets. They will be divided into groups to explore different planets in the solar system, with each group assigned certain planets to research and report on, as will be announced on the class wiki tomorrow along with due dates for each task.
Solar system 1
Gravity and inertia work together to keep planets in orbit around the Sun. Gravity provides an attractive force based on the masses of the planet and Sun that curves the planet's path. Inertia causes objects to travel in a straight line, but gravity pulls planets into an elliptical orbit rather than flying off into space in a straight line. Ancient models incorrectly thought Earth was the center, but it is now known that planets revolve around the Sun.
Tides
The regular rise and fall of water levels along a shore is caused by tides. Tides are primarily caused by the gravitational pull of the moon on Earth's oceans, which causes the water to bulge on the side facing the moon. Sometimes when the sun, moon, and Earth are aligned, the combined gravitational pull results in especially strong spring tides with higher high tides and lower low tides, while neap tides with weaker gravitational pull result in smaller differences between high and low tides.
Solar eclipse
An eclipse occurs when one celestial body blocks light from another body. There are two types of eclipses: solar and lunar. A solar eclipse happens during a new moon when the moon passes between the sun and earth, casting its shadow on earth. Some places experience the sun being fully covered while others only see a partial covering.
Phases of the moon
The phases of the moon are caused by the changing position of the Earth, Moon, and Sun, with half the Moon's surface always reflecting sunlight. As seen from Earth, the amount of the Moon's lit surface changes over a cycle from new moon to full moon and back again, known as waxing and waning, with the main phases being new, crescent, quarter, and full moons.
Lunar landscape All
The document summarizes key features of the lunar landscape. It describes craters as bowl-shaped depressions formed by impacts from space objects. Maria are large, flat, dark areas on the moon formed when huge impacts caused lava flows that cooled into smooth, dark surfaces. Mountains formed around the edges of maria from the same impacts. Highlands near the lunar poles have more craters, indicating they are older landscapes. Some deep valleys may contain small amounts of ice.
Lunar landscape
The moon's surface has light and dark colored areas visible from telescopes. Large craters formed from impacts with space objects, and there are also large, flat dark areas called maria that appear smooth. The maria were formed when huge impacts caused lava to fill the impacted areas, and after cooling the lava gave the maria their dark, smooth appearance, though early observers mistakenly thought they were seas.
Revolution
Images taken from Earth of other planets have less sharpness and detail than those taken from space due to Earth's atmosphere interfering with photo quality, while images from space are not impacted by an atmosphere. The Earth revolves around the sun, resulting in the four seasons due to changes in the tilt of the Earth and the location of the sun throughout the year.
Shadows
The document discusses the International Date Line and how traveling west across it would change the date. It also talks about how space probes send images and data back to Earth for scientists to study, and how artificial satellites are sometimes launched into space by astronauts on the space shuttle before the astronauts return to Earth on the shuttle.
Standard time zone
Standard time zones were established in 1884 with 24 zones around the world representing one hour each. Places within the same time zone use the same time, and time changes by one hour when traveling east or west between zones. If it is 8:00 pm in Denver, Colorado (Mountain Time), the time in Atlanta, Georgia (Eastern Time) would be 9:00 pm since Atlanta is one time zone east of Denver. Traveling west across the International Date Line would result in the date changing.
Rotation and day and night
The Earth has two types of movements: rotation around its axis, which takes 24 hours and results in the cycle of day and night as different parts of the Earth face the sun, and rotation around the sun in its orbit. The Earth's axis is an imaginary line passing through the north and south poles. When a part of the Earth faces the sun it is daytime, and when a part faces away it is night.
Refracting and reflecting telescope
Refracting telescopes use lenses to gather and focus light, while reflecting telescopes use mirrors. Most large telescopes, like those found in observatories, are reflecting telescopes because it is easier to build large mirrors that gather more light. Invisible light telescopes can detect wavelengths beyond the visible spectrum, allowing astronomers to study objects that cannot be observed with visible light alone, such as using infrared telescopes to gather heat signatures.
More from nermine_ghis (20)
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Male reproduction physiology by Suyash Garg .pptx
Physiology of Male reproduction.
Video mentioned at page no. 23 as summary for better understanding
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
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11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
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Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
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Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry 2003.pdf
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11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
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TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
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GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
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Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
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Thunder storm
- 1. Thunderstorm • It begins to from when warm humid air moves upwards rapidly • The sun heats a place on Earth’s surface ,which , in ,turn , warms the air mass above it.
- 3. • Then a cold front may push under the warm air mass , or wind may force it upward. • The higher surrounding air is colder than the rising air mass. • As the warm air cools, the water vapor in it condenses into air droplets, which forms a cloud
- 4. • Soon the water droplets become heavy enough to fall as rain . • The falling rain pulls in cool air with it. • Winds blow both upward and downward in the cloud . • Negative electric charges build up in the bottom of the cloud.
- 5. • The charges travel through the air in a lightning discharge . • The air along the path of a lightning bolt extremely hot • The air along the path of a lightning bolt extremely hot • The intense heat makes the air expand so fast that sound waves are produced .