A document tackling about the basis of Thunderstorms:
-What is Thunderstorm?
-How do the Thunderstorms form?
-What is the difference between thunder and lightning?
Between a water spout and a tornado?
-What are the types of Lightning? of a Thunderstorm?
-What are some signs of an approaching thunderstorm?
-What are some precautionary measures to do before and during a thunderstorm?
-Case of Thunderstorms in the Philippines and on Planes
Thunderstorms are most likely to occur in the spring and summer months and during the afternoon and evening hours, but they can occur year-round and at all hours. Thunderstorms frequently occur in the late afternoon and at night in the Plains states. This module highlights the basics of thunderstorms.
Thunderstorms are most likely to occur in the spring and summer months and during the afternoon and evening hours, but they can occur year-round and at all hours. Thunderstorms frequently occur in the late afternoon and at night in the Plains states. This module highlights the basics of thunderstorms.
Clouds
What are clouds?
A cloud is a large collection of very tiny droplets of water or ice crystals. The droplets are so small and light that they can float in the air.
Why do clouds float?
A cloud is made up of liquid water droplets. A cloud forms when air is heated by the sun. As it rises, it slowly cools it reaches the saturation point and water condenses, forming a cloud. As long as the cloud and the air that its made of is warmer than the outside air around it, it floats!
There are 3 main types of clouds:
Cirrus or thin feathery clouds
Stratus or layered clouds
Cumulus or fluffy clouds
Cirrus Clouds
Are the most common of the
high clouds. They are composed of ice and are thin, wispy clouds blown in high winds into long streamers. Cirrus clouds are usually white and predict fair to pleasant weather. By watching the movement of cirrus clouds you can tell from which direction weather is approaching. When you see cirrus clouds, it usually indicates that a change in the weather will occur within 24 hours.
Stratus Clouds
are uniform grayish clouds that often cover the entire sky. They resemble fog that doesn't reach the ground. Light mist or drizzle sometimes falls out of these clouds.
Cumulus Clouds
are white, puffy clouds that look like pieces of floating cotton. Cumulus clouds are often called "fair-weather clouds". The base of each cloud is flat and the top of each cloud has rounded towers. When the top of the cumulus clouds resemble the head of a cauliflower, it is called cumulus congestus or towering cumulus. These clouds grow upward and they can develop into giant cumulonimbus clouds, which are thunderstorm clouds.
The Importance of Clouds
Clouds help regulate Earth's energy balance by reflecting and scattering solar radiation and by absorbing Earth's infrared energy.
Clouds are required for precipitation to occur and, hence are an essential part of the hydrologic cycle.
Clouds indicate what type of atmospheric processes are occurring (e.g., cumulus clouds indicate surface heating and atmospheric turbulence).
Clouds help redistribute extra heat from the equator toward the poles.
References
https://www.google.com/search?q=clouds&biw=1366&bih=624&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixqOqjlu3NAhVHNpQKHbtGCE0Q_AUIBigB#imgrc=_
https://www.google.com/search?biw=1366&bih=624&tbm=isch&q=clouds+clipart&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir8paml-3NAhXGkJQKHSrFAPUQhyYIHQ&dpr=1#imgrc=WZWIVB52x_MJRM%3A
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cloud_types
http://www.weatherwizkids.com/weather-clouds.htm
Tornado Presentation , Formation of tornado , Causes , Types , Mitigation of ...Chandan Pradhan
Tornado is a violently rotating columns of air that extent form thunderstorm to the ground.
It is also called twister .
it can take various shape with the wind direction.
this is a presentation of cyclone.in this ppt, various types of cyclones are given.its effects, formation, different names, types, emergency response on cyclone is given
The earth is the only known planet, on which life exists. The present condition and properties of earth’s atmosphere are one of the main reasons for earth to support life. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases or vapours that surrounds the earth, and held together by the force of gravity.
Clouds
What are clouds?
A cloud is a large collection of very tiny droplets of water or ice crystals. The droplets are so small and light that they can float in the air.
Why do clouds float?
A cloud is made up of liquid water droplets. A cloud forms when air is heated by the sun. As it rises, it slowly cools it reaches the saturation point and water condenses, forming a cloud. As long as the cloud and the air that its made of is warmer than the outside air around it, it floats!
There are 3 main types of clouds:
Cirrus or thin feathery clouds
Stratus or layered clouds
Cumulus or fluffy clouds
Cirrus Clouds
Are the most common of the
high clouds. They are composed of ice and are thin, wispy clouds blown in high winds into long streamers. Cirrus clouds are usually white and predict fair to pleasant weather. By watching the movement of cirrus clouds you can tell from which direction weather is approaching. When you see cirrus clouds, it usually indicates that a change in the weather will occur within 24 hours.
Stratus Clouds
are uniform grayish clouds that often cover the entire sky. They resemble fog that doesn't reach the ground. Light mist or drizzle sometimes falls out of these clouds.
Cumulus Clouds
are white, puffy clouds that look like pieces of floating cotton. Cumulus clouds are often called "fair-weather clouds". The base of each cloud is flat and the top of each cloud has rounded towers. When the top of the cumulus clouds resemble the head of a cauliflower, it is called cumulus congestus or towering cumulus. These clouds grow upward and they can develop into giant cumulonimbus clouds, which are thunderstorm clouds.
The Importance of Clouds
Clouds help regulate Earth's energy balance by reflecting and scattering solar radiation and by absorbing Earth's infrared energy.
Clouds are required for precipitation to occur and, hence are an essential part of the hydrologic cycle.
Clouds indicate what type of atmospheric processes are occurring (e.g., cumulus clouds indicate surface heating and atmospheric turbulence).
Clouds help redistribute extra heat from the equator toward the poles.
References
https://www.google.com/search?q=clouds&biw=1366&bih=624&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixqOqjlu3NAhVHNpQKHbtGCE0Q_AUIBigB#imgrc=_
https://www.google.com/search?biw=1366&bih=624&tbm=isch&q=clouds+clipart&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir8paml-3NAhXGkJQKHSrFAPUQhyYIHQ&dpr=1#imgrc=WZWIVB52x_MJRM%3A
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cloud_types
http://www.weatherwizkids.com/weather-clouds.htm
Tornado Presentation , Formation of tornado , Causes , Types , Mitigation of ...Chandan Pradhan
Tornado is a violently rotating columns of air that extent form thunderstorm to the ground.
It is also called twister .
it can take various shape with the wind direction.
this is a presentation of cyclone.in this ppt, various types of cyclones are given.its effects, formation, different names, types, emergency response on cyclone is given
The earth is the only known planet, on which life exists. The present condition and properties of earth’s atmosphere are one of the main reasons for earth to support life. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases or vapours that surrounds the earth, and held together by the force of gravity.
American Period to Post War Republic (CPAR 11/12)John Labrador
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Region
American Colonial Period (1898-1940)
Japanese Colonial Period (1941-1945)
Post War Republic (1946-1969)
Featured:
Notable artists and their artworks
Distinct historical events
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Arguments and Fallacies: Philosophy SHSJohn Labrador
What should we consider when looking at arguments or opinions?
Arguments often take the form of statements that either claims or facts and are phrased in such way that they seem reasonable
There is an abundant number of minerals around the world, one of which is on the category called oxide minerals. Lets dig in through the depths of the world among the 5 examples of oxide minerals and their properties and purposes.
GLOBALISASYON.
Hindi lang mga magagandang bagau ang dulot ng pagmimigrate sa ibang bansa. Maraming mga isyung kalakip sa kilusang paggawa sa ibang bansa at isa na rito ang forced labor at human trafficking
Inferential statistics are techniques that allow us to use these samples to make generalizations about the populations from which the samples were drawn. ... The methods of inferential statistics are (1) the estimation of parameter(s) and (2) testing of statistical hypotheses.
Hypothesis Testing. Inferential Statistics pt. 2John Labrador
A hypothesis test is a statistical test that is used to determine whether there is enough evidence in a sample of data to infer that a certain condition is true for the entire population. A hypothesis test examines two opposing hypotheses about a population: the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: AN INTRODUCTIONJohn Labrador
For instance, we use inferential statistics to try to infer from the sample data what the population might think. Or, we use inferential statistics to make judgments of the probability that an observed difference between groups is a dependable one or one that might have happened by chance in this study.
Arithmetic to Analytic Geometry!
Before learning CALCULUS there are 10 points you need to reconsider as you continue your journey to the college life.
This exam offers word problems which includes branches like trigonometry, logarithms, functions, algebra, arithmetic and so forth. It ranges from 7th Grade to 10th Grade. It assess your basic knowledge of numbers and analytical skills. Hurry up and try!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. WHAT IS A THUNDERSTORM?
A thunderstorm is weather condition characterized by
heavy rain and wind accompanied by lightning, thunder;
sometimes with hail and tornadoes. It can last for 30 minutes to
several hours.
4. CONVECTION IS THE KEY!
Warm air near the ground rises and cooler air sinks. Warm
surface air will continue to rise since it is less dense than the
surrounding air. The rising air is called updraft, while the
downward moving air is called downdraft. Thunderstorms form
when there is a balance of updrafts and downdrafts.
As air continues to rise, it cools and condenses to form
clouds. As condensation progresses, the clouds increase in size
and spread upward into an anvil-like shape, forming
cumulonimbus clouds.
6. 1 - CUMULUS STAGE
The sun heats the Earth's surface during
the day. The heat on the surface and warms the
air around it. Since warm air is lighter than cool
air, it starts to rise (known as an updraft). If the
air is moist, then the warm air condenses into a
cumulus cloud. The cloud will continue to grow
as long as warm air below it continues to rise.
7. 2 - MATURE STAGE
When the cumulus cloud becomes very large, the
water in it becomes large and heavy. Raindrops start to
fall through the cloud when the rising air can no longer
hold them up. Meanwhile, cool dry air starts to enter
the cloud. Because cool air is heavier than warm air, it
starts to descend in the cloud (known as a downdraft).
The downdraft pulls the heavy water downward,
making rain.
8. 3 - DISSIPATING STAGE
After about 30 minutes, the
thunderstorm begins to dissipate. This
occurs when the downdrafts in the cloud
begins to dominate over the updraft. Since
warm moist air can no longer rise, cloud
droplets can no longer form. The storm
dies out with light rain as the cloud
disappears from bottom to top.
9.
10. DID YOU KNOW?
Lightning is around 27 000 degrees Celsius
That is six time hotter than the surface of the sun!
Lightning is an electric current. To make this electric
current, first you need a cloud.
Now, the cloud becomes a thundercloud. Lots of
small bits of ice bump into each other as they move
around. All these collisions cause a build up of
electrical charge.
11. Eventually, the whole cloud fills up with
electrical charges. Lighter, positively charged
particles form at the top of the cloud. Heavier,
negatively charged particles sink to the bottom of
the cloud.
When the positive and negative charges grow
large enough, a giant spark - lightning - occurs
between the two charges within the cloud. This is
like a static electricity sparks you see, but much
bigger.
12. When sufficiently ionized, air can
become electrically conductive (plasma). Air
is ionized when the separation between
protons and electrons is greater than before,
meaning more movement for these charged
particles. This ability to move is what makes
conduction possible.
While ionization occurs and plasma is
being formed above, the objects on the
ground reach out to the clouds by growing
finger-like electrical discharges called
streamers. Even our bodies can produce
streamers which is why it is not advised to be
outdoors during a thunderstorm.
13. SHOCKING!
Most lightning happens inside a cloud, but sometimes
it happens between the cloud and the ground.
A build up of positive charge builds up on the ground
beneath the cloud, attracted to the negative charge in the
bottom of the cloud. The ground's positive charge
concentrates around anything that sticks up - trees,
lightning conductors, even people! The positive charge from
the ground connects with the negative charge from the
clouds and a spark of lightning strikes.
14.
15. THUNDER VS LIGHTNING
Plasma travels downward to create a path
for the current to flow. The electrons surge
down to meet the streamers, creating
lightning.
As lightning strikes, the air around it is
heated and expands rapidly to the point
that it explodes.
Thunder is a shockwave caused by this
explosion, which manifests as a loud
booming sound.
18. DO YOU KNOW?
Lightning strikes can occur in succession, and can
certainly hit the same place repeatedly. Such is the
case with the 444-meter tall Empire State Building,
which gets struck 25 to 100 times a year.
• Light travels faster than sound so we see lightning
before we hear thunder.
• The closer you are, the shorter the gap between the
lightning and thunder.
Astraphobia is the fear of thunder and lightning.
19. TYPES OF THUNDERSTORMS
Thunderstorms can be classified by severity
or structure.
According to the National Weather Service
of U.S., a thunderstorm is severe if it
contains wind gusts of at least 94 km/h,
hail at least an inch in diameter, or a
tornado.
A thunderstorm can be single cell, multi-
cell, or supercell, or a squall line.
20. SINGLE CELL vs MULTI CELL THUNDERSTORM
A single cell thunderstorm is a short-
lived storm consists of a single updraft-
downdraft couplet. It is capable of
producing heavy rainfall and lightning.
A multi-cell thunderstorm is a system
of individual cells. Each cell usually
lasts for 30 minutes to an hour, while
the entire system can last for hours.
Multi-cells may produce hail, flood, and
brief tornadoes.
21. SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORM
A supercell thunderstorm is a
highly organized thunderstorm
with a large rotating updraft
that can be 20 km in diameter
and 15 km in height. It can last
for several hours and produces
violent tornadoes.
22. SQUALL LINE
A squall line is a group of storms
arranged in a straight line. It is shorter-
lived than multi-cells and supercells,
and are less likely to produce
tornadoes. Squall lines are typically 15
to 20 km long, but can reach up to
hundreds of kilometers.
23. THUNDERSTORMS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Most of the thunderstorms that have occurred in the Philippines
are associated with typhoons
24. In 2013, a thunderstorm
caused by tropical depression
Wilma created a water spout,
or a tornado that originated
from a water body. This
tornado hit north Bohol and
Cebu, with winds up to 80
km/h.
One week later, a tornado
with winds of 200 km/h also
hit Leyte. Tornadoes are not
uncommon in the Philippines,
but are not as frequent or
severe as in countries such as
the U.S.
26. A waterspout is an intense
columnar vortex (usually
appearing as a funnel-shaped
cloud) that occurs over a body
of water.
A tornado is a rapidly rotating
column of air that is in contact
with both the surface of the
Earth and a cumulonimbus
cloud or, in rare cases, the base
of a cumulus cloud.
27. In 2016, two individuals
were killed in a house fire
ignited by lightning during
a thunderstorm brought by
typhoon Marce.
This typhoon caused heavy
rains and thunderstorms in
Davao. It was suspected
that lightning struck the
main electricity line,
igniting the house.
28. SIGNS OF AN APPROACHING
THUNDERSTORM
An approaching thunderstorm has apparent warning signs, such as gentle
warm air suddenly replaced by strong, chilly bursts of wind, lightning strikes
accompanied by deafening thunder, and abrupt, intense rain. Apart from these
observable indicators, there are forecasts and weather bulletins to let you know of
any impending thunderstorms.
29. PAG-ASA WEATHER FORECASTS
PAGASA begins a thunderstorm watch
when thunderstorm formation is likely
within the next twelve hours. Updates will
be disseminated thru media networks and
the PAGASA website
When there is indication that a
thunderstorm is threatening a specific area
within the next two hours, PAGASA issues
a thunderstorm advisory.
32. When a thunderstorm is imminent, you can do the following:
Stay indoors and make sure windows, doors, or other openings
are locked;
Seek shelter. A car is ideal for this purpose because it lets the
current bounce around its walls, not because the rubber tires keep the
charges away;
Unplug electrical appliances and avoid using corded phones or
any gadget physically connected to the wires outside. It is safe to use
cellular phones and remote controls;
33. When a thunderstorm is imminent, you can do the following:
Avoid any contact with water. This includes bathing and
washing your hands;
If on water, get to land immediately; and
If in an open field, keep distance from trees/high points
because they have a higher possibility of being struck by lightning.
34. THE LIGHTNING CROUCH*Squat down with your feet together,
your head tucked to your chest or
between your knees, and your hands
covering your ears or flat against your
knees. Do not lie flat on the ground, as
this gives the lightning a larger target.
This is a difficult position to hold, and
it definitely doesn't guarantee your
safety. However, by making it easier
for a lightning strike to flow over your
body rather than through vital organs,
you may be able to sustain a smaller
injury from it.
Cover your ears and close your eyes
to protect against nearby thunder and
bright lightning flashes.
36. It is incredibly dangerous to fly into a hurricane so
airlines cancel their flights when there is a hurricane, but
flights usually go on through regular thunderstorms.
Thunderstorms bring a lot of hazards to aircrafts.
Dangers of windshear, microbursts, severe turbulence,
icing and torrential rain can all take place at the same
time when the airplane comes across a thunderstorm.
Airplanes that wander into a thunderstorm are at risk of
structural failure or even the physical breaking of planes.
37. Windshear is a sudden change in
wind direction and velocity and this
results to severe turbulence.
Microbursts are severe updrafts,
downdrafts, and horizontal
windshear that can really test the
performance capabilities of the pilot
and the plane.
38. Modern airplanes are
equipped to withstand
lightning strikes but pilots
still try to avoid lightning
because occasionally, there
can still be damages
incurred from lightning
strikes. Lightning strikes
cannot always be avoided
because even if the plane is
far from the thunderstorm,
the lightning can still reach
the plane.
39. Pilots regularly encounter areas
with thunderstorms and they
need to rely on the plane’s
onboard weather radar and
windshear detection systems,
ground-based observation, and
experience, to make the safest
decisions possible. Sometimes it
can be hard to make decisions
because there are other factors
to consider such as the route
and the schedule that they have
to follow