Moon g6 2
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The document summarizes key features of the lunar landscape as observed from Earth. It describes light and dark colored areas on the moon's surface, including craters formed by impacts, large flat dark areas called maria formed by ancient lava flows, mountains around the edges of maria, and older highlands near the lunar poles with more craters. It also discusses lunar phases caused by the changing orientation of the moon as it orbits Earth, solar and lunar eclipses, and tides caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.
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Moon g6 1
The moon has many impact craters formed by collisions with space objects. It also has large, flat dark areas called maria that were formed by volcanic lava filling huge craters. There are also mountainous regions near the edges of maria and older, more heavily cratered highlands near the lunar poles. The changing phases of the moon are caused by the different portions of the moon that are illuminated by the sun as it orbits Earth. Eclipses occur when the moon passes through Earth's shadow (lunar eclipse) or the moon passes between Earth and the sun blocking the sun's light (solar eclipse). The gravitational pull of the moon is responsible for Earth's ocean tides.
Moon g6 2
The moon has many geological features formed by impacts, including craters caused by objects hitting the surface and maria, which are large, flat dark areas formed by ancient lava flows. Other features include mountains around the edges of maria, highlands near the lunar poles with more craters, and valleys such as Alpine Valley. The moon also experiences phases as the illuminated side facing Earth waxes and wanes, and eclipses can occur when Earth blocks the sun's light during a lunar eclipse or the moon blocks sunlight during a solar eclipse. Tides on Earth are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon.
Solar system g6
Gravity and inertia work together to keep planets in orbit around the Sun. Gravity provides an attractive force that pulls planets towards the Sun, while inertia causes objects to travel in a straight line. The balance of these two forces results in the curved orbital paths of planets around the Sun. Ancient models proposed Earth or the Sun as the center of the universe, but the model of planets orbiting the Sun best explains their motions. Comets, meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites are smaller solar system bodies that also orbit the Sun or can collide with Earth.
The moon and tides
The document discusses various lunar phenomena such as micro moons, blue moons, blood moons, eclipses, and tides. A micro moon occurs when the full moon coincides with the moon's farthest point from Earth. There are three types of lunar eclipses defined as penumbral, partial, and total. Eclipses happen when the sun, moon, and Earth are aligned. Tides are influenced by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, and there are two types of tides called spring tides and neap tides.
Phases of the moon
The document discusses the phases of the moon over a lunar cycle. It describes the eight main phases as the moon revolves around Earth - new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, and waning crescent. These phases are based on the amount of the moon's surface that is illuminated by the sun. It also explains the related phenomena of tides, which are influenced by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, and "blue moons", which refer to an extra full moon within a season or month.
Phases of the moon
The document discusses the phases of the moon. It explains that the moon appears to change shapes due to the revolution of the moon and earth. There are eight phases of the moon: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent. Each phase is described in terms of the portion of the moon that is illuminated and how long it lasts.
Season, Phases of the Moon, and Tides
The document discusses Earth's movements and their effects. It explains that Earth rotates daily on its axis and revolves yearly around the sun, causing seasons. It also describes the moon's phases as it revolves around Earth, and how eclipses occur when the sun, Earth, and moon are aligned. Further, it outlines how the moon's gravity creates tides on Earth, with high tide during maximum pull and low tide when the pull is weakest.
Moon phases for kids
The Moon appears to change shapes cyclically from new moon to full moon due to its orbit around Earth. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of the illuminated half are visible from Earth. Over the course of about 29.5 days, the Moon completes its cycle of phases: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent, before repeating as a new moon again. The Moon's phases are caused by the changing angle of the Moon as it orbits Earth relative to the Sun.
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Moon g6 1
The moon has many impact craters formed by collisions with space objects. It also has large, flat dark areas called maria that were formed by volcanic lava filling huge craters. There are also mountainous regions near the edges of maria and older, more heavily cratered highlands near the lunar poles. The changing phases of the moon are caused by the different portions of the moon that are illuminated by the sun as it orbits Earth. Eclipses occur when the moon passes through Earth's shadow (lunar eclipse) or the moon passes between Earth and the sun blocking the sun's light (solar eclipse). The gravitational pull of the moon is responsible for Earth's ocean tides.
Moon g6 2
The moon has many geological features formed by impacts, including craters caused by objects hitting the surface and maria, which are large, flat dark areas formed by ancient lava flows. Other features include mountains around the edges of maria, highlands near the lunar poles with more craters, and valleys such as Alpine Valley. The moon also experiences phases as the illuminated side facing Earth waxes and wanes, and eclipses can occur when Earth blocks the sun's light during a lunar eclipse or the moon blocks sunlight during a solar eclipse. Tides on Earth are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon.
Solar system g6
Gravity and inertia work together to keep planets in orbit around the Sun. Gravity provides an attractive force that pulls planets towards the Sun, while inertia causes objects to travel in a straight line. The balance of these two forces results in the curved orbital paths of planets around the Sun. Ancient models proposed Earth or the Sun as the center of the universe, but the model of planets orbiting the Sun best explains their motions. Comets, meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites are smaller solar system bodies that also orbit the Sun or can collide with Earth.
The moon and tides
The document discusses various lunar phenomena such as micro moons, blue moons, blood moons, eclipses, and tides. A micro moon occurs when the full moon coincides with the moon's farthest point from Earth. There are three types of lunar eclipses defined as penumbral, partial, and total. Eclipses happen when the sun, moon, and Earth are aligned. Tides are influenced by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, and there are two types of tides called spring tides and neap tides.
Phases of the moon
The document discusses the phases of the moon over a lunar cycle. It describes the eight main phases as the moon revolves around Earth - new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, and waning crescent. These phases are based on the amount of the moon's surface that is illuminated by the sun. It also explains the related phenomena of tides, which are influenced by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, and "blue moons", which refer to an extra full moon within a season or month.
Phases of the moon
The document discusses the phases of the moon. It explains that the moon appears to change shapes due to the revolution of the moon and earth. There are eight phases of the moon: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent. Each phase is described in terms of the portion of the moon that is illuminated and how long it lasts.
Season, Phases of the Moon, and Tides
The document discusses Earth's movements and their effects. It explains that Earth rotates daily on its axis and revolves yearly around the sun, causing seasons. It also describes the moon's phases as it revolves around Earth, and how eclipses occur when the sun, Earth, and moon are aligned. Further, it outlines how the moon's gravity creates tides on Earth, with high tide during maximum pull and low tide when the pull is weakest.
Moon phases for kids
The Moon appears to change shapes cyclically from new moon to full moon due to its orbit around Earth. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of the illuminated half are visible from Earth. Over the course of about 29.5 days, the Moon completes its cycle of phases: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent, before repeating as a new moon again. The Moon's phases are caused by the changing angle of the Moon as it orbits Earth relative to the Sun.
Phases of the Moon
The Moon appears to change shape daily as it orbits Earth and the illuminated side facing Earth varies. These changing shapes are called phases of the Moon, ranging from a thin crescent to a full Moon. The phases - new, crescent, half, gibbous, and full - refer to the portion of the Moon's face that is illuminated by the Sun's light and visible from Earth, with the waxing phase showing the illuminated area growing larger each night and the waning phase showing it shrinking smaller again.
Moon phases
The document discusses the phases of the Moon and its movements. It explains that the Moon revolves around Earth every 27 days and rotates on its axis over the same period. As it orbits Earth, different portions of the lit side are visible from our perspective, appearing as phases from new to full Moon and back again over 29.5 days. The terminator line divides the lit and dark hemispheres as the Moon waxes and wanes through its phases.
Phases of the moon
The document discusses phases of the moon, including its distance from Earth, exploration history including Apollo missions, lunar surface features, and common misconceptions. It provides details on lunar phases and how the moon's appearance changes throughout the month due to its orbit and rotation. The document aims to dispel myths including that the far side is always dark, the moon affects behavior, and that it appears larger at the horizon.
The Moon and Tides - Spring vs. Neap Tides
Spring tides occur during new and full moons when the sun and moon are aligned, causing their tidal bulges to constructively interfere and produce the largest difference between high and low tides. Neap tides happen at quarter moons when the sun and moon are at right angles, causing their tidal bulges to destructively interfere and result in a smaller tidal range. The tidal range is greatest when the moon is closest to Earth at perigee and Earth is closest to the sun at perihelion.
Moon Phases
The document discusses lunar phases and what causes them. It explains that moon phases are caused by the changing positions of the sun, earth, and moon relative to each other. As a result, we can only see certain lit parts of the moon from earth. There are 8 main phases - new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, and waning crescent - that each occur over the course of about a week as the moon orbits earth.
The Moon and Tides - What causes tides?
Tides are caused by the gravitational interactions between the Earth, moon, and sun. This causes two tidal bulges in the Earth's oceans, with one bulge facing the moon and the other on the opposite side. As the Earth rotates daily and revolves around its axis, different locations experience high and low tides depending on their alignment with the tidal bulges. Specifically, high tides occur when a location is aligned under the moon or opposite the moon, while low tides occur when a location is at a right angle to the tidal bulges.
2 - 3 ocean tides - low & high
Gravity plays a key role in many natural phenomena. It holds planets, stars, and galaxies together through gravitational attraction. On Earth, gravity causes ocean tides as the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun attract the oceans. This creates two high tides each day as the Moon and Sun's positions change. The highest tides occur during a full moon or new moon when the Moon, Earth, and Sun are aligned, magnifying their gravitational effects in what are called spring tides.
Moon, Phases of the Moon, OREO cookie activity Lesson PowerPoint
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Astronomy Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 3000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 8 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow and meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and follow up questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation. Teaching Duration = 5+ weeks. Areas of Focus in the Astronomy Topics Unit: The Solar System and the Sun, Order of the Planets, Our Sun, Life Cycle of a Star, Size of Stars, Solar Eclipse, Lunar Eclipse, The Inner Planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, Craters, Tides, Phases of the Moon, Mars and Moons, Rocketry, Asteroid Belt, NEOs, The Torino Scale, The Outer Planets and Gas Giants, Jupiter / Moons, Saturn / Moons, Uranus / Moons, Neptune / Moons, Pluto's Demotion, The Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud, Comets / Other, Beyond the Solar System, Types of Galaxies, Blackholes, Extrasolar Planets, The Big Bang, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, The Special Theory of Relativity, Hubble Space Telescope, Constellations, spacetime and much more. If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
By the light of the moon a cedited - comparing earth and moon
The document compares characteristics of the Earth and Moon. It notes that the Moon is about 1/4 the diameter of Earth and has no liquid water or atmosphere. While Earth rotates daily, the same side of the Moon always faces Earth. The document also discusses differences in temperatures, gravity, and impact craters on the two bodies.
4 14 2017 moon phases notes
The document discusses the phases of the moon and eclipses. It begins by explaining the different phases of the moon including new moon, crescent, quarter, gibbous, and full moon. It then discusses that the moon orbits the earth about once a month. Solar eclipses occur when the moon passes between the earth and sun, blocking the sun's light. Lunar eclipses occur when the earth passes between the sun and moon, and the earth's shadow falls on the moon. For an eclipse to occur, the moon must be new or full, and its orbit must be aligned with the earth and sun.
Phases of the moon
The document discusses the phases of the moon and how they occur as the moon orbits the Earth. It describes the 8 phases as: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent. As the moon orbits the Earth over approximately 29.5 days, the portion illuminated from our perspective changes in a cycle from new to full and back to new moon again.
Tides notes ppt
The document discusses how the moon's gravitational pull causes Earth's tides. It explains that the moon, being closer to Earth than the sun, has a stronger tidal influence. The moon's gravity causes the oceans to bulge on both the near and far sides of Earth, resulting in two high tides per day. It also describes spring tides with extra high and low tides during new and full moons, and neap tides with less pronounced tides during half moons due to the sun partially offsetting the moon's gravitational pull.
Tides
Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun on the oceans as well as the centrifugal force from the Earth's rotation. High tides occur where the moon is overhead, while low tides happen 90 degrees away, and both the moon and sun's gravitational pulls contribute to the regular rising and falling of sea levels, though the moon has a greater effect being closer to Earth.
phases of the moon
The document discusses the phases of the Moon. As the Moon revolves around the Earth, the angle of sunlight hitting its surface changes, which causes it to appear to go through eight phases in a cycle that takes approximately one month. The phases include new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, and waning crescent. The Moon does not produce its own light but rather reflects sunlight, making it visible from Earth.
Moon phases
The phases of the Moon are caused by the different angles at which we see the Moon as it orbits Earth and revolves around it. As it revolves, sometimes the illuminated half faces Earth, appearing as a full Moon, and other times none of the illuminated half can be seen from Earth, appearing as a new Moon. There are eight phases in total that the Moon cycles through - from new to waxing crescent to first quarter to waxing gibbous to full to waning gibbous to last quarter to waning crescent and back to new again.
Phases of the moon
The phases of the moon are caused by the changing position of the Earth, Moon, and Sun, with half the Moon's surface always reflecting sunlight. As seen from Earth, the amount of the Moon's lit surface changes over a cycle from new moon to full moon and back again, known as waxing and waning, with the main phases being new, crescent, quarter, and full moons.
Phases Of The Moon
The phases of the Moon are caused by the Moon revolving around the Earth and reflecting sunlight towards our planet. Half of the Moon is always lit, but we only see the lit portion facing Earth, which changes throughout the Moon's orbit. There are eight phases that occur in a repeating cycle as the illuminated area of the Moon appears to grow and then shrink over the course of around 29.5 days.
8 phases of the moon
The document discusses the phases of the moon and how they appear from Earth. It explains that as the moon orbits Earth, different portions are illuminated by sunlight, causing it to appear to change shapes. There are 8 total phases as the illuminated portion waxes and wanes from new moon to full moon and back again over the course of around 29.5 days: 1) new moon, 2) waxing crescent, 3) first quarter, 4) waxing gibbous, 5) full moon, 6) waning gibbous, 7) last quarter, 8) waning crescent. Diagrams and descriptions are provided to illustrate each phase.
The earth and the moon
The document describes key facts about the Earth, moon, eclipses, and lunar landforms. It states that the Earth orbits the sun in an elliptical path and rotates on its axis, causing day and night. The moon revolves around the Earth while the same side always faces it. Solar eclipses occur when the moon blocks the sun, and lunar eclipses happen when the Earth blocks the sun from the moon. Common lunar landforms include craters, maria (areas of hardened lava), and ray craters.
Types of clouds 1
There are three main types of clouds: stratus clouds which form a blanket, cumulus clouds which are billowy and puffy, and cirrus clouds which are wispy and feather-like. Clouds can be named by their altitude using prefixes like cirro- for high altitudes and alto- for middle altitudes, or suffixes like -nimbus which indicate storms. The four main types of precipitation are rain, sleet, snow, and hail, which form depending on temperatures and whether water vapor condenses or freezes before reaching the ground. Rainfall amounts are measured using rain gauges, which is important information for farmers.
Tides
The regular rise and fall of water levels along a shore is caused by tides. Tides are primarily caused by the gravitational pull of the moon on Earth's oceans, which causes the water to bulge on the side facing the moon. Sometimes when the sun, moon, and Earth are aligned, the combined gravitational pull results in especially strong spring tides with higher high tides and lower low tides, while neap tides with weaker gravitational pull result in smaller differences between high and low tides.
Humidity
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air, with warm air able to absorb much more water vapor than cold air. Relative humidity compares the actual amount of water vapor in the air to the total amount the air can hold at a given temperature, with 100% relative humidity occurring when the air can hold no more water vapor.
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Phases of the Moon
The Moon appears to change shape daily as it orbits Earth and the illuminated side facing Earth varies. These changing shapes are called phases of the Moon, ranging from a thin crescent to a full Moon. The phases - new, crescent, half, gibbous, and full - refer to the portion of the Moon's face that is illuminated by the Sun's light and visible from Earth, with the waxing phase showing the illuminated area growing larger each night and the waning phase showing it shrinking smaller again.
Moon phases
The document discusses the phases of the Moon and its movements. It explains that the Moon revolves around Earth every 27 days and rotates on its axis over the same period. As it orbits Earth, different portions of the lit side are visible from our perspective, appearing as phases from new to full Moon and back again over 29.5 days. The terminator line divides the lit and dark hemispheres as the Moon waxes and wanes through its phases.
Phases of the moon
The document discusses phases of the moon, including its distance from Earth, exploration history including Apollo missions, lunar surface features, and common misconceptions. It provides details on lunar phases and how the moon's appearance changes throughout the month due to its orbit and rotation. The document aims to dispel myths including that the far side is always dark, the moon affects behavior, and that it appears larger at the horizon.
The Moon and Tides - Spring vs. Neap Tides
Spring tides occur during new and full moons when the sun and moon are aligned, causing their tidal bulges to constructively interfere and produce the largest difference between high and low tides. Neap tides happen at quarter moons when the sun and moon are at right angles, causing their tidal bulges to destructively interfere and result in a smaller tidal range. The tidal range is greatest when the moon is closest to Earth at perigee and Earth is closest to the sun at perihelion.
Moon Phases
The document discusses lunar phases and what causes them. It explains that moon phases are caused by the changing positions of the sun, earth, and moon relative to each other. As a result, we can only see certain lit parts of the moon from earth. There are 8 main phases - new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, and waning crescent - that each occur over the course of about a week as the moon orbits earth.
The Moon and Tides - What causes tides?
Tides are caused by the gravitational interactions between the Earth, moon, and sun. This causes two tidal bulges in the Earth's oceans, with one bulge facing the moon and the other on the opposite side. As the Earth rotates daily and revolves around its axis, different locations experience high and low tides depending on their alignment with the tidal bulges. Specifically, high tides occur when a location is aligned under the moon or opposite the moon, while low tides occur when a location is at a right angle to the tidal bulges.
2 - 3 ocean tides - low & high
Gravity plays a key role in many natural phenomena. It holds planets, stars, and galaxies together through gravitational attraction. On Earth, gravity causes ocean tides as the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun attract the oceans. This creates two high tides each day as the Moon and Sun's positions change. The highest tides occur during a full moon or new moon when the Moon, Earth, and Sun are aligned, magnifying their gravitational effects in what are called spring tides.
Moon, Phases of the Moon, OREO cookie activity Lesson PowerPoint
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Astronomy Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 3000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 8 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow and meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and follow up questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation. Teaching Duration = 5+ weeks. Areas of Focus in the Astronomy Topics Unit: The Solar System and the Sun, Order of the Planets, Our Sun, Life Cycle of a Star, Size of Stars, Solar Eclipse, Lunar Eclipse, The Inner Planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, Craters, Tides, Phases of the Moon, Mars and Moons, Rocketry, Asteroid Belt, NEOs, The Torino Scale, The Outer Planets and Gas Giants, Jupiter / Moons, Saturn / Moons, Uranus / Moons, Neptune / Moons, Pluto's Demotion, The Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud, Comets / Other, Beyond the Solar System, Types of Galaxies, Blackholes, Extrasolar Planets, The Big Bang, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, The Special Theory of Relativity, Hubble Space Telescope, Constellations, spacetime and much more. If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
By the light of the moon a cedited - comparing earth and moon
The document compares characteristics of the Earth and Moon. It notes that the Moon is about 1/4 the diameter of Earth and has no liquid water or atmosphere. While Earth rotates daily, the same side of the Moon always faces Earth. The document also discusses differences in temperatures, gravity, and impact craters on the two bodies.
4 14 2017 moon phases notes
The document discusses the phases of the moon and eclipses. It begins by explaining the different phases of the moon including new moon, crescent, quarter, gibbous, and full moon. It then discusses that the moon orbits the earth about once a month. Solar eclipses occur when the moon passes between the earth and sun, blocking the sun's light. Lunar eclipses occur when the earth passes between the sun and moon, and the earth's shadow falls on the moon. For an eclipse to occur, the moon must be new or full, and its orbit must be aligned with the earth and sun.
Phases of the moon
The document discusses the phases of the moon and how they occur as the moon orbits the Earth. It describes the 8 phases as: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent. As the moon orbits the Earth over approximately 29.5 days, the portion illuminated from our perspective changes in a cycle from new to full and back to new moon again.
Tides notes ppt
The document discusses how the moon's gravitational pull causes Earth's tides. It explains that the moon, being closer to Earth than the sun, has a stronger tidal influence. The moon's gravity causes the oceans to bulge on both the near and far sides of Earth, resulting in two high tides per day. It also describes spring tides with extra high and low tides during new and full moons, and neap tides with less pronounced tides during half moons due to the sun partially offsetting the moon's gravitational pull.
Tides
Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun on the oceans as well as the centrifugal force from the Earth's rotation. High tides occur where the moon is overhead, while low tides happen 90 degrees away, and both the moon and sun's gravitational pulls contribute to the regular rising and falling of sea levels, though the moon has a greater effect being closer to Earth.
phases of the moon
The document discusses the phases of the Moon. As the Moon revolves around the Earth, the angle of sunlight hitting its surface changes, which causes it to appear to go through eight phases in a cycle that takes approximately one month. The phases include new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, and waning crescent. The Moon does not produce its own light but rather reflects sunlight, making it visible from Earth.
Moon phases
The phases of the Moon are caused by the different angles at which we see the Moon as it orbits Earth and revolves around it. As it revolves, sometimes the illuminated half faces Earth, appearing as a full Moon, and other times none of the illuminated half can be seen from Earth, appearing as a new Moon. There are eight phases in total that the Moon cycles through - from new to waxing crescent to first quarter to waxing gibbous to full to waning gibbous to last quarter to waning crescent and back to new again.
Phases of the moon
The phases of the moon are caused by the changing position of the Earth, Moon, and Sun, with half the Moon's surface always reflecting sunlight. As seen from Earth, the amount of the Moon's lit surface changes over a cycle from new moon to full moon and back again, known as waxing and waning, with the main phases being new, crescent, quarter, and full moons.
Phases Of The Moon
The phases of the Moon are caused by the Moon revolving around the Earth and reflecting sunlight towards our planet. Half of the Moon is always lit, but we only see the lit portion facing Earth, which changes throughout the Moon's orbit. There are eight phases that occur in a repeating cycle as the illuminated area of the Moon appears to grow and then shrink over the course of around 29.5 days.
8 phases of the moon
The document discusses the phases of the moon and how they appear from Earth. It explains that as the moon orbits Earth, different portions are illuminated by sunlight, causing it to appear to change shapes. There are 8 total phases as the illuminated portion waxes and wanes from new moon to full moon and back again over the course of around 29.5 days: 1) new moon, 2) waxing crescent, 3) first quarter, 4) waxing gibbous, 5) full moon, 6) waning gibbous, 7) last quarter, 8) waning crescent. Diagrams and descriptions are provided to illustrate each phase.
The earth and the moon
The document describes key facts about the Earth, moon, eclipses, and lunar landforms. It states that the Earth orbits the sun in an elliptical path and rotates on its axis, causing day and night. The moon revolves around the Earth while the same side always faces it. Solar eclipses occur when the moon blocks the sun, and lunar eclipses happen when the Earth blocks the sun from the moon. Common lunar landforms include craters, maria (areas of hardened lava), and ray craters.
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Moon, Phases of the Moon, OREO cookie activity Lesson PowerPoint
Moon, Phases of the Moon, OREO cookie activity Lesson PowerPoint
By the light of the moon a cedited - comparing earth and moon
By the light of the moon a cedited - comparing earth and moon
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There are three main types of clouds: stratus clouds which form a blanket, cumulus clouds which are billowy and puffy, and cirrus clouds which are wispy and feather-like. Clouds can be named by their altitude using prefixes like cirro- for high altitudes and alto- for middle altitudes, or suffixes like -nimbus which indicate storms. The four main types of precipitation are rain, sleet, snow, and hail, which form depending on temperatures and whether water vapor condenses or freezes before reaching the ground. Rainfall amounts are measured using rain gauges, which is important information for farmers.
Tides
The regular rise and fall of water levels along a shore is caused by tides. Tides are primarily caused by the gravitational pull of the moon on Earth's oceans, which causes the water to bulge on the side facing the moon. Sometimes when the sun, moon, and Earth are aligned, the combined gravitational pull results in especially strong spring tides with higher high tides and lower low tides, while neap tides with weaker gravitational pull result in smaller differences between high and low tides.
Humidity
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air, with warm air able to absorb much more water vapor than cold air. Relative humidity compares the actual amount of water vapor in the air to the total amount the air can hold at a given temperature, with 100% relative humidity occurring when the air can hold no more water vapor.
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There are three main types of clouds: stratus clouds which are blanket-like, cumulus clouds which are billowy and puffy rising from a flat bottom, and cirrus clouds which are wispy and feather-like. Clouds can be named according to their altitude by using Latin prefixes like "cirro" for high altitude or "alto" for middle altitude clouds, or suffixes like "nimbus" to indicate storm clouds. Examples of named clouds include alto stratus which uses the "alto" prefix and cumulo nimbus which uses the "nimbus" suffix.
Types of clouds 1
There are three main types of clouds: stratus clouds which are blanket-like, cumulus clouds which are billowy and puffy rising from a flat bottom, and cirrus clouds which are wispy and feather-like. Clouds can be named according to their altitude by using Latin prefixes like "cirro" for high altitude or "alto" for middle altitude clouds, or suffixes like "nimbus" to indicate storm clouds. Examples of named clouds include alto stratus clouds with the "alto" prefix and cumulo nimbus clouds with the "nimbus" suffix.
Unit 1 lesson 1
This document outlines some of the rules students should follow at school. It explains that rules help keep students safe and happy, and that teachers set the classroom rules to follow, such as playing nicely on the playground, following the line leader, and walking quietly in the hallways.
Shadows
The document discusses the International Date Line and how traveling west across it would change the date. It also talks about how space probes send images and data back to Earth for scientists to study, and how artificial satellites are sometimes launched into space by astronauts on the space shuttle before the astronauts return to Earth on the shuttle.
Iso bars
Isobars are lines on a weather map that connect places with equal air pressure. They indicate wind patterns and can be used to predict weather. Isobars that are closely spaced indicate high wind speeds, while widely spaced isobars mean gentle winds. Low pressure systems are associated with clouds and precipitation, while high pressure typically brings fair weather.
Fossil fuel
Soil forms slowly over hundreds or thousands of years from weathered rock and decayed animal and plant remains. Fossil fuels like coal and natural gas are non-renewable resources that are formed over millions of years as the remains of ancient organisms are buried and exposed to heat and pressure underground, transforming first into peat or soft coal and eventually into hard coal, oil or natural gas. The main difference between coal and natural gas is that coal forms from buried plant remains in ancient swamps, while natural gas forms from the remains of once-living organisms buried in the oceans.
Weather assciated with different types clouds
Clouds can indicate different weather conditions. Cumulus clouds suggest fair weather while cirrus clouds signal an upcoming weather change. Dark stratus clouds forecast precipitation. Measuring rainfall is important for farmers, with rain gauges used for thousands of years to collect data on precipitation amounts each year.
Metals and non metals
The document discusses the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids according to their locations on the periodic table. Metals are found to the left of the zig-zag line, are typically solids, and have properties like luster, ductility, malleability, and high melting points. Nonmetals are located to the right and have properties such as being dull, brittle, low density, and low melting points. Metalloids are clustered around the zig-zag line and exhibit properties in between metals and nonmetals.
Standard time zone
Standard time zones were established in 1884 with 24 zones around the world representing one hour each. Places within the same time zone use the same time, and time changes by one hour when traveling east or west between zones. If it is 8:00 pm in Denver, Colorado (Mountain Time), the time in Atlanta, Georgia (Eastern Time) would be 9:00 pm since Atlanta is one time zone east of Denver. Traveling west across the International Date Line would result in the date changing.
Classroom rules class 1
This document outlines 7 classroom rules: students must obtain permission before talking or leaving their seat; homework is due on assigned dates; students should come prepared with materials; name and date should be written on work; questions should be read carefully before answering; and interrupting is not allowed.
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The document provides information about the Moon through a series of slides. It discusses the Moon's location in our solar system, its physical features such as craters and maria, phases of the Moon, lunar eclipses and solar eclipses. The document also covers tides caused by the Moon's gravity, past exploration of the Moon including Apollo missions, and possibilities for future lunar bases. Photos and diagrams accompany the text to illustrate different phases of the Moon, lunar terrain, and other concepts. Additional online photo resources are also listed.
Moon
This document provides an overview of the Moon including its location, physical characteristics, surface features, phases and movements. Key details include that the Moon is Earth's only natural satellite, has no atmosphere or liquid water, and its surface contains craters, highlands, and low-lying volcanic plains called maria. The Moon revolves around Earth every 27 days while rotating on its axis in the same time, keeping the same hemisphere facing Earth. Its phases are caused by the varying illumination of its surface from Earth's perspective over the course of its revolution.
Earth's moon
This is a presentation about our Earth's moon. It is extremely extensive and is wonderful for academic purposes. It's extremely easy to edit, and this is sure to get you that A+ you've been wanting.
Moon Characteristics and Motion
The moon is tidally locked to Earth, meaning the same side always faces Earth. This is why there is a big difference between the appearance of the near side, which faces Earth, and the far side. The near side has many visible maria (dark plains) while the far side has fewer maria and a thicker crust with more craters. Additionally, the Earth and moon orbit a common center of gravity called the barycenter, located about 900 miles from Earth's surface. Both bodies revolve around this point, which itself revolves around the sun.
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The document summarizes key concepts about the Earth, moon, sun, and universe. It describes how the Earth rotates daily and revolves yearly around the sun, causing day/night and seasons. It also discusses the moon's phases, tides, and eclipses due to the positions of the Earth, moon and sun. Finally, it briefly outlines historic models of our solar system and discoveries about gravity and our sun.
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The document discusses the moon's formation and properties. It provides evidence that the moon was formed by a large impact during early solar system formation. The moon has many impact craters due to lack of erosion and tectonic activity. It is a solid, rocky body that was heavily bombarded in its early history as evidenced by its regolith layer.
tides_DrSS.pptx
The document summarizes tides and their causes. Tides are the daily rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Earth's rotation. The Moon's closer proximity to Earth means it has a stronger gravitational pull than the Sun. This pull creates tidal bulges in the oceans on the sides facing and facing away from the Moon. As Earth rotates, different locations experience high and low tides passing through these bulges. Spring tides occur during full and new Moons when the Sun and Moon pull together, creating higher tides. Neap tides happen at half Moons when the Sun and Moon pull at right angles, resulting in lower tides.
tides powerpoint.pptx
The document summarizes tides and their causes. Tides are the daily rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Earth's rotation. The Moon's closer proximity to Earth means it has a stronger gravitational pull than the Sun. This pull creates bulges in the oceans on the sides facing and facing away from the Moon. As Earth rotates, different locations experience high and low tides passing through these bulges. Spring tides occur during full and new Moons when the Sun and Moon pull together, creating higher tides. Neap tides happen at half Moons when their pulls are at right angles, resulting in smaller tides.
Our moon
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It orbits Earth approximately every 27 days and was formed from debris after a Mars-sized object collided with Earth. The Moon has no atmosphere and experiences extreme temperature ranges. Its surface features include mountainous highlands, flat plains called maria formed by ancient lava flows, and large impact craters. Future plans may include establishing a lunar base to support long-term human exploration and utilization of the Moon.
Astronomy lunar phases eclipses and tides
The phases of the moon are caused by the changing positions of the sun, Earth, and moon relative to one another. A new moon occurs when the moon is between the Earth and sun so its night side faces Earth. A full moon happens when the moon is on the opposite side of Earth from the sun, so its full day side faces Earth. Eclipses occur when the sun, Earth, and moon align so that one passes in front of the other, casting a shadow. Lunar eclipses happen during a full moon when Earth blocks the sun's light from reaching the moon. Solar eclipses occur during a new moon when the moon passes between the sun and Earth, casting its shadow on Earth. The moon
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Earth's moon
The moon rotates on its axis once every 29.5 days and revolves around Earth once every 29.5 days, keeping the same face pointed towards Earth. The changing positions of the moon relative to Earth and the sun cause the phases of the moon and tides on Earth. Features on the moon's surface include craters and flat dark areas called maria, which are large basins filled with hardened lava.
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The Giant-Impact Hypothesis proposes that the Moon formed about 4.5 billion years ago from debris left over after a collision between Earth and an astronomical body around the size of Mars. Evidence that supports this hypothesis includes the Moon and Earth having similar orientations of their spin and orbits, lunar samples indicating the Moon was once molten, the Moon having a lower density than Earth, and giant collisions being consistent with theories of Solar System formation.
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Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours, causing day and night. It also revolves around the sun once every 365.25 days, causing seasons. Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 66.5 degrees, which causes the length of days and nights to vary throughout the year and creates different seasons in each hemisphere simultaneously. The moon's gravitational pull causes high and low ocean tides daily as well as solar and lunar eclipses periodically as the moon passes between the earth and sun or earth passes between the moon and sun.
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Power Point notes that I use in class. I did not make this presentation. I got it from the internet, the reference is on the first page. I may have altered it from it\'s origninal state though.
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Gathered from many sources of Slideshare users, some of the pictures are not ours, we give credits to the owners. Our purpose of creating this slideshare are to pass our project and to inform others as well.
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The document discusses topics related to the Earth, moon, and beyond. It explains that the Earth rotates once every 24 hours, causing day and night, and revolves around the sun once every 365.25 days. It also describes the phases of the moon and compares features of the Earth and moon, such as their size, gravity, and composition. Seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis as it revolves and rotates.
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The document discusses the moon and its formation. The most accepted theory is that a large asteroid collided with Earth, sending debris into space that coalesced to form the moon. The moon has different terrain features like maria (smooth lowlands formed by lava) and craters created by meteoroid impacts. It rotates synchronously so the same side always faces Earth. The moon's phases are caused by our changing view of the illuminated half as it orbits, not Earth's shadow. Eclipses occur when the moon passes through Earth's shadow (lunar eclipse) or blocks the sun's light (solar eclipse).
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Living things have seven distinguishing life processes: nutrition, respiration, movement, growth, excretion, reproduction, and irritability. Animals and plants exhibit these processes in different ways. Animals must obtain food from other living things, while plants can make their own food through photosynthesis. Muscles enable animal movement and respiration releases energy from food in both animals and plants. Waste products are excreted to remove toxins from the body.
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Each student group chose a planet to explore for a project presented as a PowerPoint with videos and animations. The presentation must include the length of the planet's day and year, its order by distance from the sun and size, number of moons, structure and features, and recent discoveries.
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Between Mars and Jupiter lies the asteroid belt, home to rocky asteroids that orbit the sun. Comets are balls of ice and rocks that develop long tails as they near the sun due to warming and gas release. Meteoroids are small objects that orbit the sun and occasionally collide with celestial bodies like the moon, and meteors are meteoroids that burn up in a planet's atmosphere in a bright streak. Those that reach a planet's surface are called meteorites.
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This trimester, students have been learning about outer space, stars, moons and planets. They will be divided into groups to explore different planets in the solar system, with each group assigned certain planets to research and report on, as will be announced on the class wiki tomorrow along with due dates for each task.
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Gravity and inertia work together to keep planets in orbit around the Sun. Gravity provides an attractive force based on the masses of the planet and Sun that curves the planet's path. Inertia causes objects to travel in a straight line, but gravity pulls planets into an elliptical orbit rather than flying off into space in a straight line. Ancient models incorrectly thought Earth was the center, but it is now known that planets revolve around the Sun.
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An eclipse occurs when one celestial body blocks light from another body. There are two types of eclipses: solar and lunar. A solar eclipse happens during a new moon when the moon passes between the sun and earth, casting its shadow on earth. Some places experience the sun being fully covered while others only see a partial covering.
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The document summarizes key features of the lunar landscape. It describes craters as bowl-shaped depressions formed by impacts from space objects. Maria are large, flat, dark areas on the moon formed when huge impacts caused lava flows that cooled into smooth, dark surfaces. Mountains formed around the edges of maria from the same impacts. Highlands near the lunar poles have more craters, indicating they are older landscapes. Some deep valleys may contain small amounts of ice.
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The moon's surface has light and dark colored areas visible from telescopes. Large craters formed from impacts with space objects, and there are also large, flat dark areas called maria that appear smooth. The maria were formed when huge impacts caused lava to fill the impacted areas, and after cooling the lava gave the maria their dark, smooth appearance, though early observers mistakenly thought they were seas.
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Images taken from Earth of other planets have less sharpness and detail than those taken from space due to Earth's atmosphere interfering with photo quality, while images from space are not impacted by an atmosphere. The Earth revolves around the sun, resulting in the four seasons due to changes in the tilt of the Earth and the location of the sun throughout the year.
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The Earth has two types of movements: rotation around its axis, which takes 24 hours and results in the cycle of day and night as different parts of the Earth face the sun, and rotation around the sun in its orbit. The Earth's axis is an imaginary line passing through the north and south poles. When a part of the Earth faces the sun it is daytime, and when a part faces away it is night.
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Refracting telescopes use lenses to gather and focus light, while reflecting telescopes use mirrors. Most large telescopes, like those found in observatories, are reflecting telescopes because it is easier to build large mirrors that gather more light. Invisible light telescopes can detect wavelengths beyond the visible spectrum, allowing astronomers to study objects that cannot be observed with visible light alone, such as using infrared telescopes to gather heat signatures.
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Astronomy is the study of the universe including Earth, planets, stars and space. Telescopes are devices that collect and magnify light to make distant objects appear closer, larger and brighter. There are two main types of telescopes - refracting telescopes and reflecting telescopes - which use lenses or mirrors respectively to focus visible light, as well as telescopes that observe other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum invisible to the human eye.
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Hurricanes
A hurricane is a very destructive and dangerous storm that forms in stages, starting as a tropical depression then tropical storm before becoming a hurricane with wind speeds over 119km/hr. It is filled with rain, strong winds, lightning, thunder, hail and tornadoes. In the center of the hurricane is an eye, which is ironically a calm area within this otherwise very powerful storm.
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Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and ReplicabilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
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Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
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) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
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2
,
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km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
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CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
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Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
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Moon g6 2
- 3. Lunar Landscape • Surface of the moon from a telescope light and dark colored areas with bowl shaped pit are visible on Moon’s surface . 1)Craters • It has impacts from space objects have formed craters or bowl – shaped depression
- 4. • Even though the moon and Earth are hit by space objects at about the same rate ,the Moon has more craters . • Earth’s protective atmosphere causes most of the incoming objects burn up .
- 5. 2)Maria • They are large ,dark flat surface areas on the moon. • Maria means sea in Latin . • The smoothness of the maria led people long ago to think that they might be seas of water .
- 6. How Maria are formed ? • Maria formed when huge space objects collide with the moon’s surface. • These large areas of impact then filled with lava ,when lava cools it gives the maria their smooth appearance and dark color
- 7. 3)Mountains • They are formed around the edges of large maria . • The mountains probably formed from same impact that formed from the same impact that caused the maria .
- 8. 4)Highlands • They are found near the lunar poles. • They are higher elevations compared to maria . • The surfaces of highlands have more craters than maria do, so scientists believe that the high lands are geologically older landscape.
- 9. 5)Valley They are cigar shaped depressions. Perhaps the most famous is “Alpine Valley”. New evidence suggests that the floors of some deep moon valleys may contain small amounts of ice .
- 10. Moon phases
- 11. What causes phases of the moon? • The change in the relative position of Earth ,Moon and Sun .
- 13. It’s Just a Phase • Moonlight is reflected sunlight • Half the moon’s surface is always reflecting light • From Earth we see different amounts of the Moon’s lit surface • The amount seen is called a “phase”
- 14. Waxing and Waning • New moon • Waxing Crescent moon • First Quarter moon • Waxing Gibbous moon • Full moon • Waning Gibbous moon • Third Quarter moon • Waning Crescent moon • New moon earth moon orbit`s earth last (third)quarter gibbous moon full moon gibbous moon first quarter crescent new moon crescent waning Moon waxing Moon SUN
- 17. Eclipses • An eclipse happen when one body in space blocks light from reaching another body in space . • There are two types of eclipses : 1) Solar eclipse 2) Lunar eclipse They occur when Earth ,Moon and the Sun line up It occurs when the moon is always a new moon It occurs when the moon is always a full moon
- 18. SolarEclipse • It occurs when the moon makes a shadow on Earth, and this happens during the “new moon”. • In some places the moon seems to cover the sun, and the sky gets dark . • In other places ,only part of the sun is covered.
- 20. Lunar Eclipse • It occurs when the moon passes through the shadow of the Earth this happens during “full moon”. • Earth blocks the sun’s light from reaching the moon, but the moon doesn’t look black, instead it looks red. • This is because Earth’s atmosphere bends (refracts) red light, which then reflects off the moon.
- 22. Tides• The regular rise and fall of water level along a shore is called a “Tide” • The pull of gravity between Earth and the moon causes tides . • The greater the object mass the greater its gravitational pull • Gravity exists between the Sun and the planets and also between a planet and its moons .
- 24. • The pull of gravity changes with distance . • In case of Earth and moon ,the pull is stronger on the side of the earth that is facing the moon . • This causes the Earth’s water to bulge on the moon facing side of Earth . • The water level rises where the bulge is and falls where it is not . • This causes the regular rise and fall of the tides.
- 25. • Sometimes ,the way the Sun,Moon and Earth line up causes tides to be especially strong or weak . • These tides happens twice a month . • They depend on the gravitational pull of the moon and the Sun .
- 26. • When the Sun ,Earth and the moon are in a line ,a spring tide occurs. • During spring tides ,high tides are higher than usual and low tides are lower than usual .
- 27. • If the gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon are at right angles ,a neap tide occur. • During neap tides ,high tides are lower than usual and low tides are higher than usual .