This document discusses theories and procedures for complete denture impressions. It begins with a brief history of denture impressions from the 18th century to present. The key theories discussed are muco-compressive (Greene brothers), muco-static (Page, Addison), and selective pressure (Boucher). The muco-compressive theory advocates recording tissues under functional pressure, while muco-static advocates minimal pressure to avoid tissue distortion. Selective pressure applies pressure only to stress-bearing areas. The document also covers biologic considerations, impression materials, border molding, classifications (open/closed mouth, by theory/technique), and principles of retention, stability, support and esthetics.

1. THEORIES OF IMPRESSION MAKING
AND IMPRESSION PROCEDURE FOR COMPLETE
DENTURE
Dr. Dipal Mawani
1

2. CONTENTS
 History
 Definitions
 Biologic Considerations For
Maxillary Impressions
 Biologic Considerations of
Mandibular Impressions
 Principles of Impression
Making
 Classification of Impressions
 Impression Procedures
 Impression Techniques in
Compromised Situations
 Review of literature
 Conclusion
 References
2

3. 3
“Ideal impression must be in the mind of the dentist before it
is in his hand. He must literally make the impression rather
than take it”
- M.M. De Van

4. History
1728: Pierre Fauchard made dentures by measuring the mouth with
compasses and cutting bone into an approximate shape.
1845-1899: Concepts of atmospheric pressure, maximum extension of
denture bearing area, equal distribution of pressure and close adaptation of
the denture bearing tissues were stressed.
1886 – Richardson mentioned about making plaster impressions of tissues
at rest & achieving adhesion by contact
1896: Greene brothers introduced Muco-compressive theory.
1900-1929: Concepts like Rebase impressions, border molding, posterior
palatal seal and techniques for flabby tissues were introduced.
4

5. 1930-1940: This era recognized the anatomy of the
denture bearing areas and muscle physiology was related
to impression procedures. This is evident by descriptions
of border molding & concept of special trays.
1946: Page gave the concept of mucostatics
1951: Boucher introduced selective pressure theory.
1965-1980: Techniques to manage compromised situations
were introduced
5

6. 6
COMPLETE DENTURE IMPRESSION :-
a complete denture impression is a negative
registration of the entire denture bearing,
stabilizing and border seal areas present in the
edentulous mouth. (GPT-9)
PRELIMINARY IMPRESSION :-
a negative likeness made for the purpose of diagnosis, treatment planning, and/or the
fabrication of a custom impression tray preload . (GPT-9)

7. BORDER MOLDING :-
the shaping of impression material along the border areas of an
impression tray by functional or manual manipulation of the soft tissue
adjacent to the borders to duplicate the contour and size of the
vestibule (GPT-9)
IMPRESSION MATERIAL :-
any substance or combination of substances used for making an
impression or negative reproduction (GPT 9)
7

8. Limiting and supporting structures of maxillary
denture bearing area
8

9. Maxillary stress bearing and relief areas
Primary
Hard palate on
either side of
raphae
Firm tuberosity
9
Secondary
Rugae area
Crest of Residual
Alveolar Ridge
Relief
Incisive Foramen
Mid Palatine Raphae
Palatal Tori
Sharp Spiny Processes

10. Limiting and Supporting areas of mandibular denture
bearing area
10

11. Mandibular Stress bearing and Relief areas
11
Primary
Buccal Shelf Area
Retromolar Pad
Secondary
slopes of
Residual Alveolar
Ridge
Relief
Mandibular Tori
Mental Foramen
Genial Tubercles
Prominent Retromylohyoid Ridge

12. To achieve a successful impression, the following
concepts should be adhered to, irrespective of the
selected technique:
1. The impression should extend to include the entire basal seat.
2. The border must be in harmony with the anatomical and
physiological limitations of the structures.
3. Physiological type of border moulding procedure performed (dentist
/patient under the guidance of the dentist).
4. Space for the final impression material within the impression tray.
12

13. 5. Selective pressure on the basal seat during impression making.
6. The impression must be removed without damage to mucous membrane
7. A guiding mechanism is provided for correct positioning of the tray.
8. Tray and impression material should be dimensionally stable.
9. External shape is similar to external form of the complete denture.
13

14. Principles
of
Impression
Making
Support
Retention
Stability
Esthetics
Preservation
of alveolar
ridges
14

15. Retention
• that quality inherent in the dental prosthesis acting to resist the forces of
dislodgment along the path of placement (GPT-9)
• It is the quality inherent in the prosthesis which resists forces of gravity,
adhesiveness of food and forces associated with opening of mouth
15

16. Physical
Factors
affecting
Retention
Adhesion
Cohesion
Gravity
Interfacial
Surface
Tension
Capillary
Attraction
Atmospheric
Pressure &
Peripheral
Seal
16

17. Adhesion :-
• Physical attraction of unlike molecules
• It acts when saliva sticks to the denture base & to the
mucous membrane of basal seat .
17

18. Cohesion:-
the act or state of sticking together tightly (GPT-9)
• Physical attraction of like molecules for each other
• Occurs within the layer of fluid (usually saliva ) present between
the denture base & the mucosa.
• Effective – layer should be thin
18

19. Interfacial surface tension:-
• Resistance to separation by the film of liquid between the denture
base & the supporting tissues .
• Dependent on the ability of the fluid to wet the rigid
surrounding material .
19

20. Mucostatics dismiss adhesion and cohesion as factors in retention,
the entire phenomenon being attributed to interfacial surface
tension.
But it has been proved that if it was not for the forces of adhesion
and cohesion, the forces of interfacial surface tension wont exist.
Attachment of a denture is possible because both tissue and denture
base material can become wet which means its molecule will adhere
to water molecules.
Basic principles in impression making
J Prosthet Dent 2005;93:503-8.
20

21. Atmospheric pressure:-
• Acts to resist dislodging forces applied to the denture, if dentures have an effective seal
around their borders i.e. Peripheral Seal. (14.7lb/in2)
• Retention due to atmospheric pressure is directly proportional to the area covered by
the denture base.
21

22. Anatomical Factors involved in Retention
•Maxilla – PPS, Retro zygomatic space
•Mandible – Pear shaped pad, Retro Mylohyoid
Space
22

23. Mechanical Factors involved in Retention
•Undercuts
•Rubber Suction Discs
•Magnets
•Suction Chambers
23

24. Stability
the quality of a complete or removable partial denture to be firm,
steady, or constant, to resist displacement by functional horizontal
or rotational stresses (GPT-9)
24

25. Support
the foundation area on which a dental prosthesis rests;
“the resistance to forces directed toward the basal tissue or underlying
structures” (GPT-9)
Esthetics
Role of esthetics in impression making refers to the development of the
labial and buccal borders, so that they are not only retentive but also
support the lips properly.
25

26. Preservation of the alveolar ridges
DeVan (1952) stated that “the preservation of that which
remains is of utmost importance and not the meticulous
replacement of that which has been lost”
• Stress-bearing areas and non-stress bearing areas should be recorded
under stress and relief respectively.
• Peripheral tissues to be recorded without over extensions.
• Wide tissue coverage
26

27. Classification
Depending on
the theories of
impression
making
Muco-
compressive
Muco-static
Selective
pressure
Depending on
the technique
Open
Mouth
Closed
Mouth
Depending on
the purpose
of the
impression
Diagnostic
Primary
Secondary
27

28. Definite pressure technique/ Muco-compressive
• Introduced by Greene brothers
• The tissues recorded under functional pressure provide better support and
retention for the denture.
• Many advocate the use of closed-mouth impression techniques.
• Advocates of this theory believe that occlusal loading during impression
making is comparable to the occlusal loading during function.
28

29. • Primary impression made with impression compound
• Special tray made using shellac base plate. And its periphery are 1/8th inch shorter
than denture outline.
• Second Impression is made in the special tray using compound
• Bite rims with uniform occlusal surfaces are then made.
• Areas to be relieved are softened and the impression is inserted in mouth and held
under biting pressure for one or two minutes
• Borders are molded by asking the patient to perform functional movements
• The PPS was obtained by making the patient swallow, under biting pressure.
29

30. Advantages
• Better retention and support
during functional movements
• Provide more tissue coverage
Disadvantages
• The pressure applied can
overstress the tissues.
• This often resulted in good
initial retention but eventual
bone resorption and loose
dentures.
• Loss of retention during rest
due to tissue rebound.
30

31. Minimal pressure theory/ Mucostatic:-
• Described by Addison, 1944 who attributed it to Henry L. Page.
• He applied Pascal’s Law to soft tissues “Any pressure applied to a
confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions”.
• Mucosa being more than 80% water, will react like a liquid in a closed
vessel & cannot be compressed.
• The impression material should record, without distortion, every detail of
the mucosa denture would fit all minute elevations & depressions.
31

32. • Demanded that a metal base be used instead of acrylics
• This theory has regarded interfacial surface tension as the only important
retentive mechanism.
• Did not use conventional flanges (did not resist vertical displacement).
• Dykins (1947) recommended a short lingual flange to resist lateral
displacement.
32

33. • High regards for the
tissue health and
preservation
• Good stability due to
close adaptation of
denture bases
• Less tissue coverage
• Reduced retention
• Lack of border-moulding reduces
effective border seal
• Lack of border seal permits food
lodgment
• Compromised aesthetics due to
short denture flanges
• Tissue variations at the time of
impression making and insertion
may affect the results.
33
Advantages Disadvantages

34. Selective Pressure Technique (Boucher):-
• Principle – mucosa over the ridge is best able to withstand pressure
mucosa covering midline is thin and has little submucosal
tissue.
• Forces acting on the denture confined to the stress-bearing areas.
• Non stress-bearing areas are relieved and the stress-bearing areas are
allowed to come in contact with the tray.
34

35. Disadvantages of selective pressure technique
•Demands firm, healthy mucosal covering over the ridge.
Hence, it cannot be used in flabby ridges
35

36. MUCOSEAL TECHNIQUE :-
• Stated by Pryor, 1948
• Introduced as a variation to mucostatic technique
• Anterior lingual border molded by the floor of the mouth with the
tongue in repose
• Tray extended horizontally backward, over sublingual glands towards
the tongue to achieve a border seal
• Benefit of minimal pressure, provides maximum extension of denture
borders & maximum denture bearing area coverage.
36

37. Impression by the use of subatmospheric pressure
– Milo V. Kubalek, Bert C. Buffington (1966)
• The objective of this technique is to reduce the stress on
any given tissue by increasing the load bearing area.
• To realize the idea, the form of tissues must be recorded
both vertically and laterally so that all surfaces can bear an
equal load and vacustatic technique is an attempt to
achieve this.
• When a controlled partial vacuum is established, an
impression tray specially built for the patient is maintained
in the mouth without direct mechanical support of any
kind.
• The difference between subatmospheric pressure within
the tray and atmospheric pressure outside is all that
retained the impression in a static position.
• It denotes the equilibrium of forces which results when a
controlled vacuum is established.
37

38. 38

39. Open mouth impressions:-
• Made with a tray that is held by the dentist.
39
Advantages
Visualization of the muscle trimming
Various movements can be accomplished easily.
Denture retention can be predicted in open as well as in
closed mouth movements.
Pressure or pressure-less technique can be employed by
using this technique.

40. Closed mouth impressions:-
• Supporting tissues are recorded in functional relationship.
• Requires wax occlusal rims.
40

41. • Interferences of tray handles
and operator’s finger is
eliminated.
• Time saving -- Border molding,
final impression, jaw relation
(tentative/final) can be
completed in 1 time.
• Rebound of the tissues during rest leads
to denture displacement.
• Tendency for over-extension or under-
extension
• Fatiguing to the dentist and patient.
• A constant pressure is exerted over
tissues, hence blood supply is
compromised leading to ridge
resorption.
41
Advantages Disadvantages

42. • Hand manipulation
The contour of the denture borders may be obtained by the
dentist with the use of manual manipulation of the lips and
cheeks within functional limits. Patient’s tongue movements
record the lingual borders.
• Functional movements
The denture border may also be formed by having the
patient make “functional” or “physiological” movements such
as sucking, grinning, licking, swallowing etc.
42
Depending on Manipulation :-

43. (1) Diagnostic Impression :-
• The negative replica of the oral tissues used to prepare a diagnostic cast.
• Used for study purposes like measuring the undercuts, locating the path
of insertion.
• Is made as a part of treatment plan and to estimate the amount of pre-
prosthetic surgery required.
• Can be used for tentative jaw relation and to evaluate the inter-arch
space. 43
Depending on the purpose of the impression

44. (2) Primary Impression :-
• An impression made for the purpose of construction of a special tray.
• There should be at least 6mm clearance between the stock tray and the
ridge for materials used in making primary impression.
(3) Secondary Impression:-
• Making the wash impression.
• Developing the posterior palatal seal.
44

45. (A) Selection of Impression material :-
• The material is selected according to the clinical findings,
availability, which in turn influences the technique as well
45
• The beginning of good impression starts with the selection of
the correct stock tray.
(B) Selection of Impression tray :-

46. Selection of maxillary stock
Tray :-
• Width and height of the
vestibular spaces
• Posteriorly - cover the
Hamular notches & vibrating
line
• Anteriorly - labial notch
should coincide with labial
frenum providing sufficient
clearance for the impression
material
• Tray under extended –
• Tuberosities
• Distobuccal areas.
46

47. Selection of mandibular
stock tray :-
• Posteriorly the tray should cover
the retromolar pad
• Anteriorly should be centralized
with labial frenum with adequate
clearance
• Tray under extended –
• Retromolar pad or in
• Retromylohyoid fossae.
47

48. (C) Selection of impression technique :-
• Clinical findings
• Availability of the materials
• Experience of the dentist
• Patient related factors
48

49. Operator position for maxillary impression
Correct
49
Incorrect

50. Operator position for Mandibular Impression
50
Correct Incorrec
t

51. Making the preliminary impression
Tray should be
adjusted by bending
51
Selection of stock tray Position borders at
hammular notches
Lift the tray anteriorly,
3-5 mm space for
impression material

52. Border of the tray
should be cut if
required
Borders should be
smoothened
Material
Manipulation
(hot water bath
at 140F)
52

53. Placing the tray in the patients mouth.
Performing Movements to mold the material.
53

54. • Impression compound is softened in a hot water bath at 140°F.
• After kneading it is loaded on to the tray and shaped roughly to
the shape of the ridge with the fingers.
• The distolingual flange areas can be molded with fingers to
simulate the final impression.
54
Mandibular Impression

55. • The left posterior corner of the tray is inserted while retracting the
right cheek with operator’s left hand and tray is rotated and
centralized over the ridge.
55

56. • Patient is instructed to lift the tongue, and tray is seated while applying
pressure
• Light border molding movements are performed including tongue
movements.
• Compound is allowed to harden and chilled after removal impression is
inspected.
56

57. 57

58. Different
Techniques
Modified
stock tray -
Type II
impression
compound Double
thickness or
reinforced
shellac base
plate
Sprinkle-on
method for
acrylic resin
traysFinger
adaptation
Dough
method for
acrylic resin
trays
Vacuum-
formed
thermoplasti
c resin trays
Visible light
cure resin
trays
58
Special Tray :-
An individualized impression tray made from a cast recovered from a preliminary
impression. It is used in making a final impression (GPT 8 )

59. Depth of the sulcus is marked on the cast Borders are kept 2mm short
Lip and cheek are reflected and the
borders are observed
Over-extensions are
trimmed 59

60. Checking for tray extensions
60
Tray Inserted In the patient’s
mouth
Lip and cheek are reflected and the borders
are observed
Over-extensions are trimmed

61. 61
Tongue is Protruded Lateral movements performed Over-extensions are trimmed ;
Borders are smoothened.
If tray displaces =
indicates contra-lateral
side over extension
If tray raises posteriorly
distolingual flange need
adjustment.

62. Border molding (Peripheral tracing , Muscle
trimming)
• Border molding materials include:
• Modelling compound sticks (Green Stick)
• Polyether impression paste
• Tissue conditioners
• Auto polymerizing acrylic resin
• Impression waxes
62

63. Methods of border molding
Labial and
Buccal
borders
Smiling
whistling
grinning
63
(1) Functional method :-
 Normal functional movements mold the borders in harmony with
muscle action
Buccal frenum
and Buccal
borders
Sucking
Lingual
borders
Licking the lips
and tongue
movements
Lingual border
and Floor of
mouth
Swallowing
Distobuccal
borders
Opening, closing
and side to side
movements

64. (2) Digital manipulation :-
• Dentist manipulates the lips and cheeks of the patient to
simulate the influence of these on the denture borders.
• Easy ; does not require much of patient cooperation.
• Influenced by the direction of movement and the force
applied.
(3) Combined :-
• Border molding is usually done by a combination of digital
manipulation by the dentist and functional movements by
the patients.
64

65. Steps in Sectional border molding
65
Softened compound added along dry
borders of required segment
Cheek outward, downward and
inward
Softened again with alcohol torch.
Tempered in warm water bath.

66. 66
Labial Border Molding
outward, downward and inwards
Molding the Frenum
Compound placed on posterior border. Tray seated in mouth with firm pressure.

67. Compound placed on posterior border
71Compound added on buccal border
The tray gently seated in place.
The borders should be smooth,round
and symmetrical

68. Compound placed on labial border
72
Labial Border Molding
outward, upward and inward
Lingual Border Molding Movements

69. 77

70. Secondary impression
The final impression material is mixed according to manufacturer’s
directions and uniformly distributed within the tray.
78

71. 79

72. Techniques of Impression making
80

73. One step border molding procedure (polyether)
( Boucher, JPD:1979:41:347 )
Dale E. Smith
81
Adhesive is
applied on
the tray
Polyether
loaded into a
plastic
syringe with
slightly less
catalyst
Material is
syringed
around the
borders &
PPS area
Quickly pre-
shaped to
proper contours
with finger
moistened in
cold water
Tray is inserted
in the mouth
without
material
distortion

74. Borders
checked for
proper
extensions
All
movements
carried out
quickly.
Remove tray
when
material is set
Examine for
accuracy
Deficient site
corrected with
a small mix of
polyether
material added
to the area
Advantages :
• Numbers of insertion of the tray are reduced.
• Developing all borders simultaneously avoids propagation of errors
caused by a mistake in one section affecting the border contours in
another. 82

75. Impression using new silicone impression
materials
I.Hayakawa, I Watanabe(2003)
• Convenient technique for making
impression using newer silicone
materials .
• Heavy bodied silicone material is
used for simultaneous molding of
all borders . (Exahiflex GC)
• Final wash impression is made
with light bodied silicone material
(Exadenture GC)
83
Tray 2mm short of tissue
Apply adhesive

76. Add silicone across border and PPS area
Examine borders ; trim excess material ; Deficient areas remolded
84

77. Advantages :
• Easy to perform
• Recommended for beginners
• Reduction in chair side time
• Silicone material – non irritating, minimal patient discomfort.
85

78. Impression techniques in compromised situations
86
Unsupported
hyperplastic
flabby ridges
Severely resorbed
mandibular ridge.
Restricted access
to oral cavity.
Unemployed
Mandibular
Ridge.

79. Impression technique for patient with
unsupported flabby ridges
87
Hobkirk
Technique
Zafrulla Khan
Technique
Jone.D. Walter
Technique
Splint method
by Allan
William.H.Filler
Technique

80. • The hypermobile tissues should be recorded without distortion with
minimum displacement.
• Rest of the tissues are recorded with selective pressure technique.
88

81. Hobkirk technique:
• Single custom tray used.
• Border molding is done in the
usual manner.
• Impression - heavy bodied
addition silicone
89

82. Material overlying the hypermobile tissue is cut away and escape
holes made.
Wash impression - light bodied material.
90

83. Walter Technique: (BDJ 1964:117:392)
• Healthy tissues - zinc oxide eugenol paste
• Undisplaced fibrous tissue - impression plaster.
91

84. Zafurulla Khan Technique: -
92

85. Splint Technique by Allan Mack
• Exceptionally flabby tissues.
• Special tray made with heavy relief over the flabby area, plaster is mixed
and applied (3mm), allowed to set.
• Tray is filled with 2nd mix of plaster and the impression is made.
• The initial coating of the flabby areas thus acting as a ‘splint’ whilst the
impression is made and it gets removed along with the second
impression
93

86. Impression Technique For Severely Resorbed
Mandibular Ridge
• Cases which lack of ideal amount of supporting structure.
• Encroachment of the surrounding mobile tissues on to the denture
border reduce both stability and retention.
• Thus the main aim of the impression procedure is to gain maximum
area of coverage with minimum pressure by obtaining a fairly long
retromylohyoid flange for a better border seal and retention.
94

87. Flange Technique
Dynamic Impression
Technique
Winkler’s
Technique(Functional
Reline)
Miller’s Technique
Mccold and Tyson
Admixed Technique
95

88. Flange technique by Frank Lott and Bernard Levin
(JPD 1966:16:394-413)
• Making impressions of the soft structures adjacent to the buccal, lingual labial
surfaces and incorporating the resulting extensions or flanges in denture.
• Fluid wax is rolled from the retromolar pad region to sublingual region, large
enough to restore the areas of estimated resorption.
• Patient is asked to forcefully perform functional movements to give a border
extensions which covers maximum surface area.
96

89. Dynamic impression method
(G. Tryde, K.Olsson, Jenson)
Dislocating effect of the muscles on improperly formed denture
borders is avoided
Impression material : Irreversible hydrocolloid
• For this mandibular rests are made
on the occlusal aspect of lower record
base with thermoplastic material.
97

90. • Alginate is mixed and DIRECTLY
APPLIED on tissues & then tray is
placed
• When material is soft the patient is
asked to close the jaw slowly.
• Impression material is shaped by
muscular activity.
• Patient should swallow 3 to 4 times
in the 10 seconds interval till the
material in still moldable state .
98

91. •Winkler’s technique : -
He described closed mouth
impression technique which uses
tissue conditioners and the final
impression is made with a light body
elastomeric impression material
Miller’s Modification: -
Uses mouth temperature waxes
instead of tissue conditioners
99

92. • Complicated by folds of atrophic and/or non-
keratinised tissue lying on the ridge
• Impression medium -- admix –
3 parts (red) impression compound
7 parts of greenstick (by weight)
• The working time of this admix is 1–2 minutes
and this enables the clinician to mould the
tissues to give good peripheral moulding
100
Flat mandibular ridge covered with atrophic
mucosa : McCord and Tyson admixed
technique

93. Fabrication of a sectional impression tray and sectional complete
denture for a patient with microstomia and trismus: A clinical
report (J Prosthet Dent 2003;89:540)
• Maxillary impression inserted into the patient’s mouth in 2 separate
pieces: left and right.
• After placement, these pieces were stabilized by means of the acrylic
resin block.
• Zinc-oxide eugenol impression.
101

94. •After the impression paste set, acrylic resin block detached from the
pins, right and the left pieces removed separately by fracturing the
impression material.
•The acrylic resin block was carefully fitted on the pins, and after it
was determined that the fracture line joined smoothly, and cast were
poured
102

95. Unemployed mandibular ridge
• Due to continuous ridge resorption in old denture wearers support
of the denture becomes progressively transferred to peripheral
parts of the denture bearing areas while the ridge takes less load.
Thus the ridge is referred as unemployed.
• Technique:
103
Old
denture
New denture

96. • Primary impression - alginate and cast poured.
• Impression compound impression is taken of the cast.
• Periphery is trimmed.
• Green stick is applied to the periphery and placed in patients mouth to
record borders with border molding.
• The compound over the ridge is then cut with a sharp knife.
• Record the working surface with impression paste under heavy digital
pressure -- transfer as much of the load as possible to the peripheral
parts of the denture bearing area.
104

97. 105
Cocktail Impression Technique: A New Approach to Atwood’s Order VI
Mandibular Ridge Deformity
Praveen G
J Indian Prosthodont Soc (Jan-Mar 2011) 11(1):32–35
Custom tray with mandibular
rests
Custom tray fits against maxillary
alveolar ridge at an increased ht.

98. 106
Patient performing functional
movements
The final impression

99. Review of Literature
107

100. Diurnal variation in palatal tissue thickness –
Stephens, Cox, Sharry (1966)
• In this study the variation in palatal thickness at
different time of the day is measured.
• A small micrometer was attached to an acrylic resin
hood which straddled the upper arch and fitted the
occlusal surface of the molar and premolar teeth, this
was used to measure the diurnal changes in palatal
tissue.
• The results indicated that the palatal tissues were
thickest when the subjects were lying in bed after a full
night sleep and it starts to shrink in the morning and
continues in the afternoon. Slight increase in tissue
thickness is seen again in the evening.
108

101. CONCLUSION
The main objective of impression making is to fabricate
dentures having maximum retention and stability
without causing any damage to the supporting
structures. Thus the choice of impression technique and
material is made by the dentist on the basis of the oral
conditions, concepts of function of the tissues
surrounding the denture and ability to handle the
available impression material.
109

102. References :
• Zarb GA,Bolender CL,Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients- 12th
ed, 13th ed
• Rudd KD, Morrow RM, Dental laboratory procedures complete dentures Vol.
l ,2nd ed
• Impression for complete dentures, Bernard Levin
• Complete denture prosthodontics, John J Sharry, 3rd ed
• Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Winkler
• A colour atlas of overdentures and complete dentures
• Basic principles in impression making MM Devan J Prosthet Dent
2005;93:503-508
• Complete denture impressions J Prosthet Dent;1965:15(4):603-614
• Jacobson TE, Krol AJ. A contemporary review of the factors involved in
complete denture retention, stability, and support. Part I: retention. The
Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1983 Jan 1;49(1):5-15.
110

103. • Jacobson TE, Krol AJ. A contemporary review of the factors involved in complete
dentures. Part II: stability. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1983 Feb 1;49(2):165-
72.
• Jacobson TE, Krol AJ. A contemporary review of the factors involved in complete
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104. THANK YOU
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