Explains the nature and origins of present Syrian crises in the wider backdrop of the geopolitical and other faultlines of the Middle East..It then enumerates the stakes of the various global and regional powers and how they are reacting to the rapidly evolving situation.Ends with possible outcomes and suggests the best way forward.
More than 200,000 Syrians have lost their lives in four years of armed conflict, which began with anti-government protests before escalating into a full-scale civil war. More than 11 million others have been forced from their homes as forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad and those opposed to his rule battle each other - as well as jihadist militants from Islamic State.
Management of over 4 million refugees is in itself a great challenge and is likely to affect world economy.
More than 200,000 Syrians have lost their lives in four years of armed conflict, which began with anti-government protests before escalating into a full-scale civil war. More than 11 million others have been forced from their homes as forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad and those opposed to his rule battle each other - as well as jihadist militants from Islamic State.
Management of over 4 million refugees is in itself a great challenge and is likely to affect world economy.
Terrorism in the present time one of biggest problem across the globe. Some state directly or indirectly support the terrorist organisation. In this ppt we discuss reason, type, leading activities of terrorist organisation. This will be helpful for those person who wants to detail knowledge about the terrorist.
Terrorism, one of the most widely discussed issues of the present time, remains as one of the least understood aspect. It exudes horror and fascinations, their shocking and unexpected character has captured headlines for years; It has become the most publicized form of political violence. But the serious study of terrorism still remains in its infancy and widely divergent views continue to prevail-with regard to its origins, its true impact on international politics and the forms it may assume in future.
Explains background information on the volatile country of Syria, including conflicts within the Muslim groups and with Muslims and other religions in the country.
This presentation is first in the series of lectures for a programme on International Humanitarian Law in the curriculum of law degree.However ,it will also be useful to the students of Law of Armed Conflict in military, para- military forces and other security elements.
Syrian civil war: Impact on Global Peace and Stability Sajid Karim
The Syrian crisis, which started in 2011 as an anti-government protest against President Bashar-al-Assad transformed into a civil war in the first quarter of 2012. Since then, the war continued unabated resulting into one of the worst humanitarian crises after the Second World War by killing more than 470,000 people and displacing half of the Syria’s total population either internally or externally. It has also dragged regional and global powers to wage proxy war in its territory and caused spill-over effects within and beyond the region. In this context, this paper is an attempt to analyse the Syrian crisis, geopolitics behind the crisis and its implications. In doing so, the paper identifies authoritarian nature of President Bashar-al-Assad’s government, sectarian division, deteriorated socioeconomic condition, competing gas export interest by global and regional powers, acute water crisis in rural areas and intervention of foreign powers as major reasons for deepening the crisis and prolonging this war. The ruling Baath Party of Syria headed by President Assad, coalition of Syrian opposition forces and their military entity, regional and global forces namely Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, Qatar, United States (US), Russia, Lebanon’s Shiite militia group Hezbollah and different Sunni armed extremist groups like Al-Nusra Front and Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) are the main actors of this conflict. The paper argues that apart from its devastating impact on Syria’s socio-political and economic condition, the conflict has shaken the entire Middle East in particular and has made a corrosive effect on the West’s relations with both Russia and China as a whole. This conflict has also caused the biggest wave of disorderly migration after the Second World War and facilitated emergence of armed extremist organisations like ISIS and Al Nusra Front which are posing serious threat to global peace and security
The war in Yemen has created another humanitarian catastrophe, wrecking a country that was already the poorest in the Arab world. With millions of people now on the brink of famine, the need for a comprehensive cease-fire and political settlement is ever more urgent. Yemenis have suffered tremendous hardships from air bombardments, rocket attacks, and economic blockades. According to the U.N., approximately 4,000 civilians have been killed, the majority in Saudi-led coalition airstrikes. All parties to the conflict stand accused of war crimes, including indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas .
The Arab Spring is a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests (both non-violent and violent), riots, and civil wars in the Arab world that began on 18 December 2010 and spread throughout the countries of the Arab League and surroundings.
A Report in Soc. Sci. 417 (Selected Topics in Social Science) under Dr. Vima Olivares in Filamer Christian University, Roxas City, Philippines (Summer 2014)
Pakistan's Agriculture Sector- 3 (Horticulture) Challenges and ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
Explains the importance of horticulture for the political economy of Pakistan,carries out its SWOT analysis and describes the challenges it is facing.Ends with a comprehensive set of recommendations for its improvement
Explains the concept of agrarian reforms and distinguishes it from two other related but distinct concepts of land reforms and land transfer reforms.Presents a comprehensive set of measures to bring the agrarian reforms in the developing countries
Terrorism in the present time one of biggest problem across the globe. Some state directly or indirectly support the terrorist organisation. In this ppt we discuss reason, type, leading activities of terrorist organisation. This will be helpful for those person who wants to detail knowledge about the terrorist.
Terrorism, one of the most widely discussed issues of the present time, remains as one of the least understood aspect. It exudes horror and fascinations, their shocking and unexpected character has captured headlines for years; It has become the most publicized form of political violence. But the serious study of terrorism still remains in its infancy and widely divergent views continue to prevail-with regard to its origins, its true impact on international politics and the forms it may assume in future.
Explains background information on the volatile country of Syria, including conflicts within the Muslim groups and with Muslims and other religions in the country.
This presentation is first in the series of lectures for a programme on International Humanitarian Law in the curriculum of law degree.However ,it will also be useful to the students of Law of Armed Conflict in military, para- military forces and other security elements.
Syrian civil war: Impact on Global Peace and Stability Sajid Karim
The Syrian crisis, which started in 2011 as an anti-government protest against President Bashar-al-Assad transformed into a civil war in the first quarter of 2012. Since then, the war continued unabated resulting into one of the worst humanitarian crises after the Second World War by killing more than 470,000 people and displacing half of the Syria’s total population either internally or externally. It has also dragged regional and global powers to wage proxy war in its territory and caused spill-over effects within and beyond the region. In this context, this paper is an attempt to analyse the Syrian crisis, geopolitics behind the crisis and its implications. In doing so, the paper identifies authoritarian nature of President Bashar-al-Assad’s government, sectarian division, deteriorated socioeconomic condition, competing gas export interest by global and regional powers, acute water crisis in rural areas and intervention of foreign powers as major reasons for deepening the crisis and prolonging this war. The ruling Baath Party of Syria headed by President Assad, coalition of Syrian opposition forces and their military entity, regional and global forces namely Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, Qatar, United States (US), Russia, Lebanon’s Shiite militia group Hezbollah and different Sunni armed extremist groups like Al-Nusra Front and Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) are the main actors of this conflict. The paper argues that apart from its devastating impact on Syria’s socio-political and economic condition, the conflict has shaken the entire Middle East in particular and has made a corrosive effect on the West’s relations with both Russia and China as a whole. This conflict has also caused the biggest wave of disorderly migration after the Second World War and facilitated emergence of armed extremist organisations like ISIS and Al Nusra Front which are posing serious threat to global peace and security
The war in Yemen has created another humanitarian catastrophe, wrecking a country that was already the poorest in the Arab world. With millions of people now on the brink of famine, the need for a comprehensive cease-fire and political settlement is ever more urgent. Yemenis have suffered tremendous hardships from air bombardments, rocket attacks, and economic blockades. According to the U.N., approximately 4,000 civilians have been killed, the majority in Saudi-led coalition airstrikes. All parties to the conflict stand accused of war crimes, including indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas .
The Arab Spring is a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests (both non-violent and violent), riots, and civil wars in the Arab world that began on 18 December 2010 and spread throughout the countries of the Arab League and surroundings.
A Report in Soc. Sci. 417 (Selected Topics in Social Science) under Dr. Vima Olivares in Filamer Christian University, Roxas City, Philippines (Summer 2014)
Pakistan's Agriculture Sector- 3 (Horticulture) Challenges and ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
Explains the importance of horticulture for the political economy of Pakistan,carries out its SWOT analysis and describes the challenges it is facing.Ends with a comprehensive set of recommendations for its improvement
Explains the concept of agrarian reforms and distinguishes it from two other related but distinct concepts of land reforms and land transfer reforms.Presents a comprehensive set of measures to bring the agrarian reforms in the developing countries
Part 6 of the series on the politica economy of Pakistan which examines the global and domestic environment at the time of General Zia's take over,the economic policies pursued by his team during the 1977-88 decade and how these policies affected the process of economic development of Pakistan
Pakistan’s Agriculture Sector- 2 /Livestock : Challenges and ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
Explains the importance of livestock sector for the political economy of Pakistan,carries out its SWOT analysis and describes the various challenges it is facing.Ends with a comprehensive set of recommendations for improving the productivity of the sector
Explains the meaning of two interrelated but distinct concepts of ethics and morality,states its need for public servants and the ways a public servant should pursue his career by following ethical principles of behaviour
Describes the process,need and benefits of privatisation in a developing country ,traces its history in Pakistan and how it has befitted the state and the society.Ends with a suggested strategy of privatisation
A thorough analysis on Samuel P. Huntington's, Clash of Civilizations. The presentation starts with some basic information on the writer, the nature and history of civilizations as well as the basic reasons of their conflict. It continues with presenting and criticizing specific topics imposed by the writer and ends with our own ideas and implications based on the work of Samuel P. Huntington.
FaithApproximate Year FoundedFounderScriptureLanguageMai.docxnealwaters20034
Faith
Approximate Year Founded
Founder
Scripture
Language
Main Idea
Place of Worship
Name for a Person of this faith
Adjective
Judaism
1200 BCE
Moses
Tanak
Hebrew
Covenant
synagogue
Jew
Jewish
Christianity
60 CE
Paul and John
New Testament
Greek
Faith in Salvation
church
Christian
Christian
Islam
620 CE
Muhammad
Quran
Arabic
Obedience submission
to the will of Allah
mosque
Muslim
Islamic
Edgecombe Community College
REL 110 OL1
Update on human rights and ideas of salvation.
What we are going to be looking at between now and the end of the semester is the whole question of human rights. This is about the push for universal human rights as embraced by a secular civil society vs. a more conditional religious approach which would see human rights from the perspective that people who belong to a certain faith have different rights.
In Judaism, in Christianity, and in Islam there are groups of people pulling in opposite directions. Some advocate for the ideals of a secular, humanistic civil society where everyone is treated equally. Others advocate for a more specifically religious social narrative where a person's status, and thus their rights, are determined more by the narrative of faith. The more religious social narrative inclines more toward religious fundamentalism.
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all possess narratives of salvation and damnation. That is to say, they all have doctrines which deal with salvation, with who exactly gets to live with God in the after-life. They also have doctrines of damnation, or who gets excluded from the heavenly fellowship after death. We might see these as narratives of divine inclusion and divine exclusion. These competing narratives merge into considerations of human rights because, if we really believe a certain person is going to hell, why should we work to assure their rights while they are here on earth? This has led to tremendous religious persecution in the past.
The problem all three religions have is that there are people in each faith who strongly believe that their own personal doctrine of salvation is the only one that works. Likewise, all three faiths have scriptures which call for respect and hospitality to be shown to those who are “sojourners”, or people of a different, or outsider faith. Unfortunately, in many situations these are not the scriptures which get promoted. Instead, people tend to gravitate toward doctrines which promote a more limited and specific idea of exactly who enjoys the favor of the Almighty.
Edgecombe Community College GEO 111
Stephen Herring, Instructor
April 1, 2015
Key Vocabulary for Study of the Middle East
Chapter 7 covers the Middle East, also known as Southwest Asia/North Africa
To understand this region you need to begin with the first round of colonial expansion under Arab influences following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE. There was a division right after his death between the Arabs and the Persians over who would .
Edgecombe Community College GEO 111Stephen Herring, Instructor.docxtidwellveronique
Edgecombe Community College GEO 111
Stephen Herring, Instructor
April 1, 2015
Key Vocabulary for Study of the Middle East
Chapter 7 covers the Middle East, also known as Southwest Asia/North Africa
To understand this region you need to begin with the first round of colonial expansion under Arab influences following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE. There was a division right after his death between the Arabs and the Persians over who would be the leader of Islam. This division led to the split between Sunni and Shiite Muslims. This split has many complex religious and cultural overtones, but it has been historically exacerbated by ethnic and economic tensions throughout the region between Sunni Arabs and Shiite Persians. Sunni Islam is largely influenced by ethnic Arabs and Shiite Islam is largely influenced by ethnic Persians. This is an oversimplification because many Shiite or Sunni Muslims are neither Arabs nor Persians, but this way of framing the conflict helps us to see the influences of Arab colonialism throughout the area.
Following the era of Arab colonialism we come into the period of European colonialism, a time when many of the present day nation states of the region had their borders drawn without regard to pre-existing tribal or ethnic allegiances. Look, for example, at Greater Kurdistan, a well- defined ethnic region which came to be subsumed within Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Syria.
The next item required for an understanding of the Middle East is the Holocaust. The Holocaust was the slaughter of over six million Jewish men, women, and children under the Nazi leadership of Germany during the Second World War. The Holocaust was the direct result of accumulating attitudes of anti-Semitism in the Christian West. There had been centuries of pogroms and outbursts of anti-Semitic violence throughout Europe prior to the Holocaust. The Holocaust brought about the realization that there needed to be a Jewish sovereign state, a Jewish homeland in the Biblical land of Israel. All religious considerations aside, this was initially a purely practical, secular observation, that there had to be an organized Jewish state in order that the Jews might defend themselves effectively against the threats of widespread anti-Semitism. This concept came to be known as Secular Zionism.
Various definitions are available for Zionism, but for our purposes it will be defined as the belief that there must be a Jewish sovereign nation in the Biblical land of Israel. Today within the modern state of Israel and elsewhere we have both secular and religious Zionists.
After the Holocaust Jewish people migrated back to Israel from all over the world. They claimed and settled the land of Israel. The problem with this was that there were already people living there who called the place Palestine. The Palestinians were forced to leave their homes and property as Israel expended through the 1950’s. The Palestinian refugees moved int.
Edgecombe Community College GEO 111Stephen Herring, Instructor.docxgidmanmary
Edgecombe Community College GEO 111
Stephen Herring, Instructor
April 1, 2015
Key Vocabulary for Study of the Middle East
Chapter 7 covers the Middle East, also known as Southwest Asia/North Africa
To understand this region you need to begin with the first round of colonial expansion under Arab influences following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE. There was a division right after his death between the Arabs and the Persians over who would be the leader of Islam. This division led to the split between Sunni and Shiite Muslims. This split has many complex religious and cultural overtones, but it has been historically exacerbated by ethnic and economic tensions throughout the region between Sunni Arabs and Shiite Persians. Sunni Islam is largely influenced by ethnic Arabs and Shiite Islam is largely influenced by ethnic Persians. This is an oversimplification because many Shiite or Sunni Muslims are neither Arabs nor Persians, but this way of framing the conflict helps us to see the influences of Arab colonialism throughout the area.
Following the era of Arab colonialism we come into the period of European colonialism, a time when many of the present day nation states of the region had their borders drawn without regard to pre-existing tribal or ethnic allegiances. Look, for example, at Greater Kurdistan, a well- defined ethnic region which came to be subsumed within Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Syria.
The next item required for an understanding of the Middle East is the Holocaust. The Holocaust was the slaughter of over six million Jewish men, women, and children under the Nazi leadership of Germany during the Second World War. The Holocaust was the direct result of accumulating attitudes of anti-Semitism in the Christian West. There had been centuries of pogroms and outbursts of anti-Semitic violence throughout Europe prior to the Holocaust. The Holocaust brought about the realization that there needed to be a Jewish sovereign state, a Jewish homeland in the Biblical land of Israel. All religious considerations aside, this was initially a purely practical, secular observation, that there had to be an organized Jewish state in order that the Jews might defend themselves effectively against the threats of widespread anti-Semitism. This concept came to be known as Secular Zionism.
Various definitions are available for Zionism, but for our purposes it will be defined as the belief that there must be a Jewish sovereign nation in the Biblical land of Israel. Today within the modern state of Israel and elsewhere we have both secular and religious Zionists.
After the Holocaust Jewish people migrated back to Israel from all over the world. They claimed and settled the land of Israel. The problem with this was that there were already people living there who called the place Palestine. The Palestinians were forced to leave their homes and property as Israel expended through the 1950’s. The Palestinian refugees moved int ...
Communist Party of the Philippines
Contribution to the 13th International Communist Seminar:
"The Strategy and Tactics of the Struggle against Global US Imperialist War"
Brussels, 2-4 May 2004
Modern Middle EastThe turbulence in the Middle East contin.docxaudeleypearl
Modern Middle East
The turbulence in the Middle East continues to attract the attention of the international community as the reports on gross human violations, and the unrestrained wanton bloodshed continues to capture news headlines. The international community can no longer afford to ignore the issues happening in the region as threats associated with the conflicts and destabilizations in the Middle East continue to spread to other parts of the world. Furthermore, the fighting in the modern Middle East has led to an unprecedented increase in the number of asylum seekers to various European countries as well as America. Thousands of immigrants have detached themselves from their families and risked their lives in the last few years since the 2010 Arab Spring with the hopes of finding sanctuary from the constant fighting and bloodshed witnessed in their native lands. How did it come to this? Why does peace and stability among the Muslims remain so elusive in the Middle East despite professing in the same Allah? Would the bloodshed and fighter ever end? Many people ask these questions as the global media houses continue to report about massacres and attacks on unarmed civilians as well as the rise of terrorist organizations affiliated to different governments in the Middle East.
The international community has been largely drawn into the fighting witnessed in the modern Middle East due to varied geopolitical interests. For instance, the United States and Russia have openly shown their support for opposing sides in the Middle Eastern wars despite calls for two superpowers to intervene to end the bloody conflicts that threaten global peace. A worrisome prospect of the issue is that sustainable peace would remain unrealized due to the differences in opinion between Washington and Kremlin. However, a significant factor that often remains underreported or deliberately ignored in the instability in the modern Middle East is the roles of Iran and Saudi Arabia in the issue.
International security analysts and human rights groups have accused the two Islamic powerhouses of supporting various rebel factions and fighting proxy wars to establish regional superiority with the backing of their main allies, Russia and the U.S. respectively. An essential issue in the matter is understanding why Iran and Saudi Arabia remain at odds over the years. An online news article titled “Why Saudi Arabia and Iran are bitter rivals” that was published by a BBC reporter, Jonathan Marcus, attempts to associate the constant conflicts in the Middle East with the religious differences that the two countries maintain. The sustained conflicts in the Middle East is due to the centuries-old differences between the Sunni and Shiite Muslims and have little to do with the geopolitical interests of the world’s superpowers. Instead, the United States and Russia appear interested in the continued fighting to support their strategic interests in the region by exploiting the disagre.
Post assad Geo-strategic Possibilities.Zakir Hussain
The paper deals with the post-Assad geo-strategic possibilities in the the region and the countries supporting or opposing the Assad regime.
The article has been published first at Indian Council of World Affairs.
ISIL is the offspring of WWI, Hitler, Sadam and PovertySteve Hartkopf
In 10 slides see how ISIL and the violence in the Middle East are byproducts of ancient tensions, a post-WWI map, the meeting between Adolf Hitler and the founder of Muslim Radicalism, a direct link to Saddam Hussein, a lack of education and poverty.
Lessons from the lebanese civil war for the syrian warMoneer Barazi
Syria and Lebanon used to be one territory before the first world war. After the war, the territory was split and the two countries took two different directions and paths in history. From 1975 till 1990, Lebanon suffered from a gruesome civil war which ended by the Taif agreement. In this paper we attempt to extract some lessons from the Lebanese civil war that can be applied to Syria's war which has been ongoing since 2011.
Source: Looking Glass Publications
By Linda Lavender, Writer / Robin Barnett, Editor
Understanding the past proxies is relevant to the recent unrest in the Middle East, which is often mischaracterized as a purely sectarian conflict. While clearly there is a sectarian component to ongoing unrest in the region, the conflicts, both latent and manifest within Lebanon, Iraq, Syria and Yemen are often reported as a struggle between opposing religious sects - Sunnis and Shiites. However, according to F. Gregory Gause of the Brookings Institution, the best way to understand regional politics and the current unrest in the Middle East is through a Cold War framework between Saudi Arabia and the Republic of Iran where the central issue is that of regional hegemony.
A dangerous circus right next door, in the middle eastGRAZIA TANTA
The greatest danger is that decadent states tend to not accept this decadence and cause disasters, without, preferentially, opting for hara-kiri.
Contents
Introducing the clowns
An erratic, chaotic pecking
Persian Gulf - many attackers for one target
Where are the threats?
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-1: Definition, Process,& ChallengesShahid Hussain Raja
This is part 1 of the 3-part Course on Public Policy Formulation. This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps. It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of public policy, six stages of public policy formulation, & challenges faced
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-2:Features of Good Public PolicyShahid Hussain Raja
This is part 2 of the 4-part Course on Public Policy Formulation. This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps. It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of a good public policy
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-3: Public Policy Formulation in PakistanShahid Hussain Raja
This is part 3 of the 3-part Course on Public Policy Formulation.
This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps.
It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of public policy formulation in a developing country like Pakistan
This is an informational presentation about the intensive course
Finance For Non-finance Managers
Consisting of ten modules, this course is conducted by Shahid Hussain Raja whose antecedents are given in subsequent slide
It has now been put online in the form of ten video presentations, freely available on Youtube at
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK3jcY9a31eymq3pMqCPfxQ
Kindly before viewing these videos, do subscribe to this channel
Terrorism-historical as well as a universal phenomenon; few countries can claim not to have been affected by this menace which is rising
Has been practised by every type of organisation, religious or non-religious, right-wing or left-wing. Muslims, Christians, Jews, Hindus
Consequently, the reasons for the terrorist activity and the identity of its perpetrators are always subject to context, time, and place.
This presentation attempts to analyse global terrorism from its historical perspective, identify causes, and presents a plan of action to curb it
The breakup of the Soviet Union, the largest country in size, in 1991 was one of the top five news of the 20th century
Caused by multiple reasons, it resulted in multi-dimensional consequences, short term as well as long term
Some of the consequences we are still witnessing even in the 21st century, some may be witnessed by the coming generations
This presentation is an attempt to analyse the causes of this momentous event and assess its far-reaching consequences
Islamophobia is the irrational hostility, fear, or hatred of Islam, Muslims, and Islamic culture at individual, societal or state level
It also connotes active discrimination against these groups or individuals within them with due process of law or without it
It manifests itself through individual attitudes and behaviours, and the policies and practices of organizations and institutions.
This presentation attempts to clarify the concept, analyse its underlying causes, and suggests a plan of action to counter it
Though the worst intelligence failure, the USA took maximum advantage of the 9/11 tragedy and embarked on the mission to accomplish the objectives set forth in the infamous neo-con paper, known as the American Century.
America employed all its -military, diplomatic and financial, to wage a war of terror on several countries besides Afghanistan-its starting point.
Whether it was a stellar success or a dismal failure, it has cost the world massively in terms of loss of human lives, financial losses, refugees crises, missed opportunities, and surprisingly, increased global terrorism
This presentation covers all these issues in greater detail
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilizing the foreign relations of a country
Multiple constants & variables determine the foreign policy of a country; This presentation attempts to explain those determinants
Its word version is available on my website mentioned above. You will find many other articles and presentations there
Peace of Westphalia (1648) not only created the modern nation-state system in Europe but also stipulated the basic rules of statecraft.
Despite all the criticisms, the concept of state and nation took firm roots in most parts of the world, thanks to colonialism.
However, it is now facing existential challenges from different sources
This presentation is all about the modern nation-state system, its origin, essential elements, challenges it is facing, & its future prospects
International relations as a practice of interaction among states, and among state and non-state actors are thousands of years old
However, International Relations (IR) as an academic discipline studying these relations emerged as a specialized field after WW1.
Like every other academic discipline, International Relations (IR) has developed its own distinctive subject matter since its emergence
This presentation explains the scope and the subject matter of IR with the help of its five pillars- Aim, Actors, Agenda, Arena, and Actions
After carrying out an in-depth SWOT Analysis of Pakistan's Horticultural Sector, this presentation identifies the challenges this sector is facing and proposes a set of recommendations to respond to these challenges
After carrying out an in-depth SWOT Analysis, this presentation identifies the challenges Pakistan's Livestock Sector is facing and then makes recommendations to respond to these challenges.
Pakistan's Agriculture Sector 1 (crops sector) Challenges and ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
Explains the historical evolution of Pakistan's agricultural sector and carries out its SWOT Analysis by describing its major strengths and weaknesses as well as the threats it faces and the opportunities available for its growth. Then lists the challenges Pakistan's agricultural sector is facing and comes up with a detailed plan of action to face those challenges.
Presentation Pakistan Regional Apparatus; Challenges & ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilising the foreign relations of a country
This presentation attempts to explain foreign policy challenges of Pakistan in its rapidly changing regional apparatus and how to respond to them
Kindly do read Part 1 & 2 of this series for acquainting yourself with the basic concepts of foreign policy and history of foreign relations of Pakistan
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens-security of life & property, the standard of living, political empowerment
For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies. Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilizing the foreign relations of a country
This presentation is an attempt to explain how the foreign policy of Pakistan is shaped, history, successes & failures, as well as challenges
Before going further, you are advised to read Part 1 of this series for acquainting yourself with theoretical aspects of foreign policy
Welcome to Module 2 of One day intensive course on Finance for Non finance Managers/Professionals
This course consists of five modules, each dealing with different aspects of financial management.
One of the core elements of financial management is the three financial statements
Module 2 relates to discussion of the Blance Sheet-what is a Balance Sheet and how to read, interpret and use it
Finance for non finance managers module 1 financial accounting basicsShahid Hussain Raja
Welcome to this one day intensive course on finance for non finance managers/professionals
Besides learning essential concepts, we will discuss the difference among financial accounting, management accounting and financial management
In Module 1, we will discuss the basics of financial accouning such as financial transactions, jargon used, conventions etc
Also the various ways of presenting these accounts-basic information about the three financial statements
Political Economy of a Post-Colonial State; Economic Development of PakistanShahid Hussain Raja
Despite all the ups and downs, Pakistan is now the 26th largest economy in the world in terms of Purchasing Power Parity, (44th largest in terms of nominal GDP). With per capita income of US$ 4550, Pakistan occupies at 140th place on this count in the world, thanks to her burgeoning population of 200 million people. Pakistan is one of the Next Eleven, the eleven countries that, along with the BRICs, have a potential to become one of the world's large economies in the 21st century. By 2050, with an estimated GDP of $3.33 trillion, Pakistan is expected to become world’s 18th largest economy, according to Goldman Sachs. However, this progress is not as impressive as it looks or should have been keeping her potential. Similarly her dismal social indicators, structural anomalies and income disparities leave much to be desired.
This presentation sums up the development experience—what Pakistan did marvellously, what it did marginally and where it failed miserably during her development journey. It ends with an the lessons other developing countries can learn from this development experience of Pakistan.
Book review 10 Essential Skills for Public Servants a Handbook by shahid huss...Shahid Hussain Raja
Being a public servant is an honour and a privilege on the one hand but a great responsibility on the other. Faithful discharge of your duties demands you being very effective in service delivery, efficient in execution and honest in your public dealing. This short handbook is an attempt to list down the skills which can help you to transform yourself into that mould. Fortunately, all these skills which you will need while performing your duties, can be learnt and are not inherited. It only demands whole hearted commitment and dedicated efforts to learn them.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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2. Introduction
Middle East and Global Politics
Nature and Origin of the Present Crises
Global/Regional Powers Interests
Likely Scenarios
Way Forward
Conclusion
3. What is happening in Syria is a snapshot of what is
happening in the Middle East as a whole.
Several conflicts, crises and wars presently going on in Syria
with deep rooted causes have serious implications for
regional stability and global security
This presentation explains the nature, background and
possible future scenarios of the present Syrian crises and
their likely repercussions.
You can read my detailed analysis about this crises in my
Amazon EBook by downloading it from my Author page
http://www.amazon.com/author/shahid_hussain_raja
4. Middle East, is the cradle of several
civilizations and birth place of three world
religions
Before discovery of oil, it was not considered
worth occupation, Its political significance
started with the construction of Suez Canal,
discovery of oil, creation of the Zionist state of
Israel and escalation of the Cold War
5. Location-Whatever happens anywhere affect Middle East more than any
region. Similarly whatever happens here affects the global politics.
Boundaries-Cartographic blunders of the colonial powers creating
arbitrary nation-states with artificial boundaries containing divided
loyalties
Resources-Discovery of oil and building of Suez Canal increasing its
geo-economic and geo-political significance.
Ideologies-Creation of Israel and onset of cold war, which introduced ideological
conflicts other than religion, making it the playground of the global powers
Modernization-Modernization and globalization, stoking the aspiration of the
middle class without providing them adequate channels of expression and
empowerment in countries historically governed by authoritarian elites
Underdevelopment-Overall sociopolitical and economic underdevelopment in the
backdrop of rapidly increasing population and unemployment, stalled state
building and nation building–a legacy of the colonialism and neo colonialism
6. Modern Syria(Syrian Arab Republic) , with a total land mass of more than
185,000 sq km is a part of ancient Syria, located at the eastern end of the
Mediterranean Sea in southwestern Asia.
It borders with Turkey(north),Iraq(east), Jordan(south) and
Israel/Lebanon(west).
Around 1000 Sq km of Syrian territory in Golan Heights is under Israeli
occupation. Part of this annexed territory is claimed by Lebanon
Hatay province, currently known as Iskenderun ,is under Turkish suzerainty
,awarded to Turkey by the French occupation forces. Syria does not
recognize this occupation
There are two main rivers whose water apportionment is a bone of
contention between Turkey and Syria on the one hand and between Syria
and Israel on the other
7.
8. Because of its strategic location, Syria has been scene of internal
conflicts and external invasions throughout history
It can boast of giving alphabets to the world and home of the
oldest Semitic language-Aramaic.
Akkadians gave it the cultural foundations and racial stock- the first
dimension of the present crises
Romans introduced the authoritarian governance structure,
improved by the Ottomans- second dimension of the crises
Crusades sowed the first seeds of Arab nationalism, the defining
feature of modern day Middle East
Islamic conquest introduced three crucial elements-religion, sects
and language-the third dimension of the present crises
9. Ottoman rule resulted in creating the nationalistic feelings
in hitherto diverse communities and invited ,by default, the
penetration of European colonial powers-the fourth
dimension of the crises
Colonial era gave it the boundaries as well as the
oppressive, extractive state apparatus-the fifth dimension
of the crises
Post colonial era introduced cold war power politics,
ideological conflicts other than religion, resource scramble
and non-state violent actors
10. Syrian population of 25 million growing @2.2 % per annum is
creating a huge educated and informed youth bulge, thanks to
compulsory primary education and spread of computer literacy.
Life expectancy at 70 years and a literacy rate of above 70 % make
it a fairly modern country
Racially,90 % of population is of Arab origin,9 % are Kurds and
remaining are Armenians, Turkmans and others
Sectarian/religious divide-75 % are Sunni Muslims, 12% are Alawi
Shias,10 % Christians and 3% are Jews, Druze and others
Arabic, the official language is mother tongue of the majority while
English and French are understood by the urbanites
11. Republic in name, authoritarian in substance, Syria is a
microcosm of overall Middle Eastern governance style
Heavy dominance of armed forces and security agencies in
policy formulation and implementation
These institutions have over representation of Alawi Shias
who are only 12% of population
Limited powers of 250 members strong uni-chamber
legislature, elected by universal suffrage of 18 years
Centralized governance structure with one party rule
although 08 parties are represented in National Alliance
Freedom of expression if you do not speak against the
government
12. 1967 War, when Israel finally established its supremacy in
the Middle East, annexed vast Arab territories including
Golan Heights and displaced millions of Palestinians from
their homeland, can be conveniently taken as the starting
point of origins of the present Syrian crises
1973 war resulted in Egypt and Jordan concluding separate
peace treaties, isolating Syria which blamed Egypt for
treachery and vowed to continue the struggle against
Israeli hegemony
It also exposed the vulnerability of US and its allies in
terms of their overdependence on Middle East oil and
necessitated establishing Israel as a regional power,
protecting friendly Arab states and ousting USSR as one
of the active players in ME-main drivers of present
crises
13. Fall of Shah of Iran and the rise of anti American ruling elite in
Iran with threats of exporting anti Arab version of Islam added
another dimension to the jigsaw puzzle
It became more complicated by the rise of Taliban in Afghanistan
after the withdrawal of USSR and concentration of anti west
militants there
Fall of Saddam and of Taliban in Afghanistan resulted in an
unintended but crucial consequence- emergence of Iran as one
of the regional powers and the main rival of Israel in the Middle
East, to challenge American hegemony
It was decided by USA and her allies that before sorting out Iran,
it is necessary to fix its allies namely Syria and Hezbollah which
may pose any threat to Israel when the final assault is made on
nuclear ambitious Iran
14. Ideological Clash-Wider global ideological clash between capitalism and anti-
capitalist forces
Regional Hegemony-War among aspirants of regional hegemony using
different factions as proxies
Arab Spring-Public aspirations for good governance, empowerment and
better quality of life
New cold war- among two old power blocks with China as a new entrant
Resource Scramble-Scramble for water, hydrocarbon and other resources
Ethno-religious Conflicts-Centuries old ethnic, religious and sectarian
conflicts adding fuel to the fire by the non state violent actors
Nationalism-Nationalistic aspirations of suppressed and divided communities
for self determination
16. Regime change with replacement of a pro-west and not an
overtly anti-Israel government in Syria
Neutralizing Syria as a military force in ME and destruction
of its chemical weapons to pave way for Israeli hegemony
Resource denial to China
Expulsion of Russia from Syria, its last outpost in Middle
East as well as its military base
Reducing threat of international terrorism to USA/West
Neutralizing Hezbollah as a threat by cutting its supply
routes before taking on Iran-the final threat to Israel
17. Maintaining its military bases and influence in its last
outpost in Middle East
Enhancing credibility of new Russia, inheritor of
Soviet Empire, as a defender of its friends
New cold war, checking American hegemony
Stopping ‘regime change dramas’ which might be
enacted in its sphere of influence or in Russia itself
Keeping ME in turmoil to keep the oil prices high and
ensuring Europe relies on Russia for its energy needs
18. Presently China is only interested to ensure its
resource security
However it is worried about the creeping total
hegemony of the Middle East by the USA
particularly after Libyan fiasco
It is also interested to flex its muscle and to be
taken seriously as a future global power
Also interested that USA and NATO forces are
bogged down in another conflict in a far off
battleground rather than pestering her near
home
19. Regime replacement with a friendly Sunni regime
Countering Iran ,its old rival in ME since millennia
Flexing its muscles as a regional power
Prelude to its entry to EU
Settling three issues in one shot-water dispute,
Hatay annexation and Kurdish question
20. Asserting its regional hegemony by destroying one of the best
fighting forces in ME and destroying its chemical weapons armory
Finishing pro-Iranian regime before sorting out Iran
Securing its security by fixing the main supporter of anti Israel
militant groups in ME i.e. Hezbollah by cutting off the land route of
Iranian assistance to them
Regime change to have a neutral if not pro Israeli government in
Syria, who would conclude separate peace treaty with Israel like
Egypt and Jordan
Sorting out three strategic issues in one go-Golan Heights, water
apportionment and Palestinian question
21. Sectarian affinity with Shia regime, one which sided with
her during Iran-Iraq War
Safeguarding its flanks by providing assistance to its
militant outposts in Lebanon and Gaza through the only
land route open to her via Syria
Countering USA and Israel-its main foes
Asserting its hegemony in ME- centuries' old rivalry with
Turkey and Saudi Arabia
Ensuring that western forces land in Syria and get
bogged down there instead of sorting Iran out
22. Regime change-having a Sunni regime in a
predominantly Sunni society
Countering Iran-the Shia and the rival
Fixing Shias,to contain its own restive Shia
community and appease its own Salafi clergy
Siding with its old American/Western friends
Old tribal war ,clad in sectarian colour
23. Assad dug in with the help of internal tribal alliances, armed forces
and security apparatus support within Syria
Externally, propped up due to diplomatic assistance by China which
do not want to repeat the Libyan fiasco while Russia is providing full
support to Assad- intelligence, weapons and finance
Iran-physical support through Hamas and Hezbollah, weapons and
finances and intelligence, encouraging Kurds to outflank Turkey
Russia, China and Iran are interested to prolong the fighting,
necessitating attack by NATO forces as it will give them some respite
from American machinations in their respective spheres of influence
and control as well as draining out USA energy
24. USA and its allies are not interested in sending their troops in
Syria as it will result in full scale war which may bog them
down for a year or so, delaying their ultimate aim of fixing Iran
Third war front against an Arab state will not go well with their
allies in the Middle East, turning many of the footloose
Jihadists against NATO forces, instead of their cooperation in
war against Iran
USA is trying to oust Assad by supporting rebels i.e. foreign
forces, state as well as non-state, from every source by
providing intelligence ,weapons and finance, preparing for all
out attack once the regime shows signs of weakness, UNO or
no UNO
25. Stalemate -business as usual, more of the same
Violent Overthrow of Assad regime by the rebels
with the help of foreign forces
Voluntary abdication of Assad as a result of UNO
or friendly selloff by Russia/Iran
Last scenario is now becoming a reality as USA
and her allies will give concessions to Russia on
Ukraine after Russian open support to Assad
26. Negotiated settlement through the auspicious of UNO and
backed by regional and global powers
Withdrawal of all foreign forces, disbanding of armed groups
and destruction of chemical weapons
Voluntary abdication of Assad and formation of an interim
government to suitably amend the constitution
Holding of elections by independent election commission
supervised by the international observers
Launching of Marshall Plan style development package to
rehabilitee the economy
Start of comprehensive Middle East peace package
27. Syria’s social composition, economic underdevelopment and political
governance in the backdrop of regional alignments is the root cause of
present crises
These have been aggravated by the onslaught of Arab Spring, Iranian
ambitions for nuclear parity with Israel and resource scramble
There is an urgent need to amicably solve the Syrian Crises by
the world powers as the situation is getting out of control
Regime change by force will result in state collapse by default,
resulting in civil war which will invite regional powers and may
result in full scale war and ultimately Balkanization of the country
which is already showing signs of tearing at the seams
Resultant economic mayhem, social unrest, capital flight, brain
drain and flood of internally displaced refugees will make the
situation even worse
28. Thank you for viewing the presentation.
If you have liked it, may I request you to
kindly download its EBook version on your
computer/tablet for only US $3.05
It is available at the following URL
http://www.amazon.com/author/shahid_hussain_raja