Explains the concept of agrarian reforms and distinguishes it from two other related but distinct concepts of land reforms and land transfer reforms.Presents a comprehensive set of measures to bring the agrarian reforms in the developing countries
In economics, the cycle of poverty is the “Set of factors or events by which poverty, once started, is likely to continue unless there is outside intervention“. The poverty cycle can be called the “Development trap" when it is applied to countries.
In economics, the cycle of poverty is the “Set of factors or events by which poverty, once started, is likely to continue unless there is outside intervention“. The poverty cycle can be called the “Development trap" when it is applied to countries.
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Despite all the ups and downs, Pakistan is now the 26th largest economy in the world in terms of Purchasing Power Parity, (44th largest in terms of nominal GDP). With per capita income of US$ 4550, Pakistan occupies at 140th place on this count in the world, thanks to her burgeoning population of 200 million people. Pakistan is one of the Next Eleven, the eleven countries that, along with the BRICs, have a potential to become one of the world's large economies in the 21st century. By 2050, with an estimated GDP of $3.33 trillion, Pakistan is expected to become world’s 18th largest economy, according to Goldman Sachs. However, this progress is not as impressive as it looks or should have been keeping her potential. Similarly her dismal social indicators, structural anomalies and income disparities leave much to be desired.
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Part 6 of the series on the politica economy of Pakistan which examines the global and domestic environment at the time of General Zia's take over,the economic policies pursued by his team during the 1977-88 decade and how these policies affected the process of economic development of Pakistan
Political Economy of a Post-Colonial State; Economic Development of PakistanShahid Hussain Raja
Despite all the ups and downs, Pakistan is now the 26th largest economy in the world in terms of Purchasing Power Parity, (44th largest in terms of nominal GDP). With per capita income of US$ 4550, Pakistan occupies at 140th place on this count in the world, thanks to her burgeoning population of 200 million people. Pakistan is one of the Next Eleven, the eleven countries that, along with the BRICs, have a potential to become one of the world's large economies in the 21st century. By 2050, with an estimated GDP of $3.33 trillion, Pakistan is expected to become world’s 18th largest economy, according to Goldman Sachs. However, this progress is not as impressive as it looks or should have been keeping her potential. Similarly her dismal social indicators, structural anomalies and income disparities leave much to be desired.
This presentation sums up the development experience—what Pakistan did marvellously, what it did marginally and where it failed miserably during her development journey. It ends with an the lessons other developing countries can learn from this development experience of Pakistan.
Part 6 of the series on the politica economy of Pakistan which examines the global and domestic environment at the time of General Zia's take over,the economic policies pursued by his team during the 1977-88 decade and how these policies affected the process of economic development of Pakistan
The eight-member National Commission on Farmers, chaired by Prof. M.S. Swaminathan, was set up in 2004 by the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government to assess the extent of India’s agrarian crisis. This first report was meant to assist central and state governments in arresting the decline of farm incomes and abating farmers’ distress. The report provides an overview of India’s agrarian economy and discusses the causes and effects of the agri-crisis, both environmental and policy-based. Its recommendations include setting up knowledge centres for farmers, framing a code of conduct for contract farming, ensuring better water management, providing food security, improving crop insurance and introducing insurance that covers accident, death and medical expenses. These steps, the report says, must be taken immediately to avert further damage. And that we must take Jawaharlal Nehru’s advice in this often-quoted remark from 1948: “Everything else can wait, but not agriculture.”
Agriculture plays a important role in the global economy. Agriculture provides food supply to the entire world through providing regular supply of food to huge populated developing countries
The presentation provides the potential opportunities about the Agriculture for Sustainable Economic Development process
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-1: Definition, Process,& ChallengesShahid Hussain Raja
This is part 1 of the 3-part Course on Public Policy Formulation. This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps. It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
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Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-2:Features of Good Public PolicyShahid Hussain Raja
This is part 2 of the 4-part Course on Public Policy Formulation. This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps. It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of a good public policy
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This is part 3 of the 3-part Course on Public Policy Formulation.
This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps.
It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of public policy formulation in a developing country like Pakistan
This is an informational presentation about the intensive course
Finance For Non-finance Managers
Consisting of ten modules, this course is conducted by Shahid Hussain Raja whose antecedents are given in subsequent slide
It has now been put online in the form of ten video presentations, freely available on Youtube at
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK3jcY9a31eymq3pMqCPfxQ
Kindly before viewing these videos, do subscribe to this channel
Terrorism-historical as well as a universal phenomenon; few countries can claim not to have been affected by this menace which is rising
Has been practised by every type of organisation, religious or non-religious, right-wing or left-wing. Muslims, Christians, Jews, Hindus
Consequently, the reasons for the terrorist activity and the identity of its perpetrators are always subject to context, time, and place.
This presentation attempts to analyse global terrorism from its historical perspective, identify causes, and presents a plan of action to curb it
The breakup of the Soviet Union, the largest country in size, in 1991 was one of the top five news of the 20th century
Caused by multiple reasons, it resulted in multi-dimensional consequences, short term as well as long term
Some of the consequences we are still witnessing even in the 21st century, some may be witnessed by the coming generations
This presentation is an attempt to analyse the causes of this momentous event and assess its far-reaching consequences
Islamophobia is the irrational hostility, fear, or hatred of Islam, Muslims, and Islamic culture at individual, societal or state level
It also connotes active discrimination against these groups or individuals within them with due process of law or without it
It manifests itself through individual attitudes and behaviours, and the policies and practices of organizations and institutions.
This presentation attempts to clarify the concept, analyse its underlying causes, and suggests a plan of action to counter it
Though the worst intelligence failure, the USA took maximum advantage of the 9/11 tragedy and embarked on the mission to accomplish the objectives set forth in the infamous neo-con paper, known as the American Century.
America employed all its -military, diplomatic and financial, to wage a war of terror on several countries besides Afghanistan-its starting point.
Whether it was a stellar success or a dismal failure, it has cost the world massively in terms of loss of human lives, financial losses, refugees crises, missed opportunities, and surprisingly, increased global terrorism
This presentation covers all these issues in greater detail
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilizing the foreign relations of a country
Multiple constants & variables determine the foreign policy of a country; This presentation attempts to explain those determinants
Its word version is available on my website mentioned above. You will find many other articles and presentations there
Peace of Westphalia (1648) not only created the modern nation-state system in Europe but also stipulated the basic rules of statecraft.
Despite all the criticisms, the concept of state and nation took firm roots in most parts of the world, thanks to colonialism.
However, it is now facing existential challenges from different sources
This presentation is all about the modern nation-state system, its origin, essential elements, challenges it is facing, & its future prospects
International relations as a practice of interaction among states, and among state and non-state actors are thousands of years old
However, International Relations (IR) as an academic discipline studying these relations emerged as a specialized field after WW1.
Like every other academic discipline, International Relations (IR) has developed its own distinctive subject matter since its emergence
This presentation explains the scope and the subject matter of IR with the help of its five pillars- Aim, Actors, Agenda, Arena, and Actions
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The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilising the foreign relations of a country
This presentation attempts to explain foreign policy challenges of Pakistan in its rapidly changing regional apparatus and how to respond to them
Kindly do read Part 1 & 2 of this series for acquainting yourself with the basic concepts of foreign policy and history of foreign relations of Pakistan
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens-security of life & property, the standard of living, political empowerment
For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies. Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilizing the foreign relations of a country
This presentation is an attempt to explain how the foreign policy of Pakistan is shaped, history, successes & failures, as well as challenges
Before going further, you are advised to read Part 1 of this series for acquainting yourself with theoretical aspects of foreign policy
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Also the various ways of presenting these accounts-basic information about the three financial statements
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Terrorism is an historical as well as a universal phenomenon; has been practiced by every type of organisation, religious or non-religious, right-wing or left-wing.Consequently, the reasons for the terrorist activity and the identity of those who carry out these acts are always subject to the context, time and place.Unfortunately, there is no consensus on its accurate definition. More than one hundred definitions in the field; one country’s terrorists are other country’s freedom fighters. Rather than seeking the causes of terrorism itself, a better approach is to determine the conditions that make terror possible or likely.Stopping violence is rarely simple or easy. Only time and commitment by a majority of the parties involved can resolve a conflict. Keeping in view the multidimensional nature of terrorism, we must adopt a long term holistic and comprehensive approach for its eradication.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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2. Introduction
Conceptual Clarification
Need for Agrarian Reforms
Components of Agrarian Reforms
How to bring about Agrarian Reforms
Conclusion
3. Land reforms and agrarian reforms are two interrelated
but distinct concepts
Using them interchangeably can create confusion at
conceptual as well as at practical levels
World bank has introduced another element-land transfer
reforms in this concept. This has further confounded the
issue
This presentation is an attempt to clarify these three terms
and explain how agrarian reforms can transform the rural
landscape of a developing country
Its long article version is available at my website
www.shahidhussainraja.com
4. Eminent scholars and heads of advocacy groups are
very vocal about the need for carrying out land
reforms in the developing countries.
They stress it to obtain efficiency and equity gains
and make agriculture a dynamic sector of the
economy.
Unfortunately the advocates of land reforms confuse
these reforms with a related but distinct issue of
agrarian reforms.
Land reforms are essentially carried out to distribute
lands, state as well as those confiscated from large
estate holders, to the landless farmers along with
some changes in the tenurial relations
5. Agrarian reforms, on the other hand, are meant to transform
entire socio-economic landscape of the rural areas of a country
by introducing fundamental structural and institutional changes
in the political economy of a county’s agriculture sector.
Land Transfer Reforms, favourite of the World Bank for obvious
reasons, are different ball game. These are carried out to
streamline the process of buying and selling of land in
developing countries
Land Transfer Reforms are needed in those countries where
there is deficiency in legal framework to buy or sell land. WB
want to ensure that big MNCs do not face difficulties in acquiring
land for their corporate farming
While the agrarian reforms are the need of the day, land reforms
is an idea whose time has gone forever in the face of several
socioeconomic realities and sheer technological imperatives
6. None can deny the need for increasing the productivity of the
agriculture sector and improving the quality of life of the farmers.
But these can be done by agrarian reforms and not by just
redistributing lands to the landless
Providing better legal and regulatory framework for sale and
purchase of land, empowering the marginalized sections of rural
society, gender mainstreaming, improving rural Infrastructure,
altering the production relations, rationalizing the role of the
middlemen etc are desperately needed.
Frankly all these are the issues of improving the governance in the
rural areas and are not related to the land reforms as such.
However, it is equating the all encompassing concept of agrarian
reforms with a narrower concept of land reforms by some people
which creates confusion at the conceptual and practical levels.
7. Historically land reforms have been carried out at the initial stages of the
development process when agriculture is contributing more than half of the
GDP of a country as it used to do in Pakistan uptill 1960s.
Now it contributes around 20 percent of the GDP and is not a dominant
source of wealth notwithstanding its overall economic importance.
India did carry out, albeit at a limited scale, land reforms in its part of
Punjab primarily to accommodate the Sikh migrants from Pakistan in the
wake of partition.
Time to do so in Pakistan was in the 1950s and 1960s when it started its
planned development and land reforms could have been made a part of the
overall planning process to carry out the needed socioeconomic
restructuring of Pakistan.
However we missed the bus due to nature of political economy of the
country. The technological imperatives now demand quite the opposite.
8. Pakistan needs to push its technological frontier in the
agriculture sector for enhancing the productivity of its
agriculture sector not only to ensure food security on the
one hand and increasing the pace of its industrial sector.
Both need an efficient, productive and profitable
agriculture sector whose growth is sustainable and
outputs are competitive.
This is possible only and only if we increase the pace of
farm mechanisation and technological innovation in all the
agricultural operations. In order to introduce technology at
commercial scale the size of the farms is the basic
condition.
If we redistribute lands and each farmer gets a parcel of
land on which a tractor is not even economical, how we
can increase our productivity?
9. Land reforms for the sake of land reforms or social justice are
not a practical public policy option.
we cannot redistribute private lands, confiscated or purchased,
to landless farmers on moral grounds or as a sound economic
policy.
On what grounds you can confiscate the personal property of
someone? If accepted on the grounds of social justice, then it
should also apply to all sectors of the society without
discrimination.
Dare you touch the property tycoons, the industrial magnates,
the commercial Mafiosi?
Purchasing land from the big landlords as suggested by some
learned authors at market price and then redistributing it to the
landless farmers is a nonstarter, not possible to carry out by a
financially bankrupt state
10. Formulation of comprehensive Land Use Policy
Improving Agricultural Terms of Trade
Improving Rural Infrastructure
Improving Rural Governance
Environmental Sustainability
Creating Linkages and promoting Investment
Gender Mainstreaming
Production Relations-triple Cs
11. Developing a national land use policy for rational use of land
resources is the need of the day as valuable arable land is being
converted at alarming rates by the property developers and
industrial concerns for commercial non farm uses
Infrastructural development, though necessary is also rendering
fertile land to brick and mortar
Add to it the declining fertility of our agricultural lands due to
non sustainable agricultural practices
Plus the degradation of our lands due to water logging and
salinity going on for decades, a negative side effect of our
irrigation practices
All these issues needed to be addressed by formulating a long
term comprehensive land use policy by the government
12. Agricultural transformation demands restructuring, not
merely fine tuning, the political economy of the rural areas
which are an integral subset of the overall economic
structure of Pakistan.
One of the ways to do so is to improve the terms of trade
between agriculture and the other sectors of the economy so
that the squeezing of the peasants can be reversed.
For this purpose we have to rationalize the prices of the
inputs farmers use as well as those of commodities they
produce, ensuring that the farmers get fair returns for their
efforts.
Improving the marketing infrastructure, provision of subsidy
on inputs and selective procurement when the prices of
agricultural commodities crash as well as the introduction of
crop insurance scheme are other ways of improving the
terms of trade
13. Urban areas do need good public goods and services but
so do the rural areas.Visit any village in a developing
country and see the deplorable conditions of roads,
schools, hospitals and other rural infrastructure
No doubt the government has invested a lot in farm to
markets roads, construction of health facilities, schools
and also rural electrification
However there are complaints of substandard
workmanship and their fast wear and tear due to paucity
of maintenance funds
Similarly there are complaints of shortage of staff to man
these health and educational schools. 'Ghost Schools’ was
a term not invented in the air; it has a solid evidence
14. ◦ There is an urgent need to take adaptive and
mitigating measures to ensure sustainability of the
agriculture sector in the face of looming threat of
climate change
◦ Promoting environment friendly good agricultural
practices through creating awareness and
promulgating legal/regulatory framework with
adequate incentives and rewards are also needed
◦ Similarly adjusting the cropping pattern and fine-
tuning the planting and harvesting schedules,
practicing crop rotation and diversifying crop mix,
developing more varieties responsive to climate
change, and adapting irrigation practices and
fertilization regimes.
15. It is not an easy task to dismantle centuries old rural
governance structure and replace it with modern, formal
contract based rural public management in a short period
but can be done in long term
Start with education, literacy and skill formation which will
shake the foundations of this feudalistic structure
Establish alternate dispute resolution mechanism to
replace the informal system heavily dependent on big
landlords, supported by the police and the patwari
Local bodies elections be held as per fixed schedule which
will bring in the leadership interested in improving rural
infrastructure, the best guarantee of their fast journey to
urban culture
16. ◦ Sustained growth of the rural economy lies in the
development of efficient and effective agri-based supply
chains that link the agriculture sector with their
corresponding upstream and downstream links in the
rural nonfarm(RNF) to the national and international
markets
◦ RNF provides 40-60% of incomes/jobs in rural areas,
much of its activity occurs in the trading, services and
processing sector having strong forward and backward
linkages with agriculture.
◦ Informal and low capital using entities catering mostly to
domestic markets, RNF presents opportunities for
providing value addition to primary production at the
farm level
17. RNF is hampered by the numerous middle level low capital
using players who add little or no value to products and
services
For creating linkages between non-farm rural enterprises
with agri-based supply chains, we have to establish
modern agricultural produce wholesale markets in public-
private partnership with cold storages, pack houses,
customs facilities etc.
At the same time government should Introduce warehouse
receipt system for easy realization of sale proceeds to
farmers and encourage processing and value addition of
agricultural produce to fetch better value, and to reduce
post-harvest losses
18. We need to enhance the productivity of the agriculture at micro
and macro level by increasing efficiency in all agricultural
operations through public as well as private sector investment in
R&D, extension services, rural infrastructure, marketing, value
addition etc.
We need to make agricultural produce competitive in the rapidly
globalizing world by reducing cost of production, improving its
quality and meeting global food safety standards. raising the
awareness of the opinion leaders and decision makers to enforce
strict food safety standards.
Motivating domestic and foreign investors to invest in seed
production, fruit and vegetable processing, agri-infrastructure
development and encouraging development of commercially
viable non-farm rural agriculture enterprises
19. Rural women are under three pressures-nature, society and
family, all treat them unfairly in terms of status, ownership of
resources , job opportunities and empowerment
Improving healthcare and family planning facilities to relieve
them of excessive child bearing burden should be the top
priority
Launching of special rural female literacy and education
campaign by offering attractive monetary rewards would help in
their empowerment and reduce domestic violence
Ensuring women’s access to resources and assets, including
ownership of land by creating awareness about their rights and
strict enforcement of legal framework priority
Providing equitable opportunities to women by developing
marketing oriented skills and remunerative employment in the
rural areas;
20. Although it is not possible to replace the centuries old production
relations of land cultivation in the rural areas of Pakistan in the
short term, efforts can be made to introduce the three modern
forms of farming
Contract farming-encouraging agri-based processors to supply
inputs & technology packages to farmers on deferred payment
with buy-back of produce at guaranteed prices
Cooperative farming-piloting variations of successful coop-
models (with refinements to traditional coops)
Corporate farming-promoting lease of commercially viable tracts
of land to corporate level entrepreneurs who are willing to
practice high-tech export oriented agriculture and share profits
with the owners
However all the above three need comprehensive legislation about
contract making/dispute resolution as well as their strict
implementation through a specially created institutional
infrastructure
21. All over the world industrial revolutions have occurred after the
agricultural revolutions and not vice versa
Treat agriculture as a pivot for bringing this agricultural
revolution by carrying out fundamental structural and
institutional changes in the political economy of agricultural
sector
Promote farm mechanization to reap efficiency gains, encourage
commercial farming through appropriate legal/regulatory
framework, modernize its marketing channels and invest in R&D,
extension and rural infrastructure.
However it needs to be emphasized that the gains from this
enhanced productivity be made available to all stakeholders
without distinction by providing them good governance and
ensuring fair returns to the farmers
22. Thank you for viewing the presentation.
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Its long article version is available at my website
www.shahidhussainraja.com
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