Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) is a small, domain-neutral, upper-level ontology that is used to support integration of domain-specific ontologies in scientific, military, clinical and other areas.
Like Lowe's 4CO, BFO divides reality into particulars and universals. But it replaces 4CO's dichotomy of substantials and non-substantials with a trichotomy of independent continuants, dependent continuants, and occurrents.
I will sketch the BFO ontology and show how it is being used as a starting point for the creation of domain ontologies to support data integration in scientific research.
Forms part of a training course in ontology given in Buffalo in 2009. For details and accompanying video see http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/IntroOntology_Course.html
EPM, ERP, Cloud and On-Premise – All options explained - OOW CON9532Ray Février
Oracle Enterprise Performance Management provides multiple and extensive integration options with both Oracle and non-Oracle enterprise resource planning systems, both on premises and in the cloud. This session explains all the options and their respective benefits, plus it discusses the future roadmap for integration functionality.
Ontology development in protégé-آنتولوژی در پروتوغهsadegh salehi
This document describes an agenda for an ontology development presentation in Protégé. It discusses the syntactic web and its limitations, as well as the promise of the semantic web to address these issues by adding meaning to web content that is understandable to machines. It outlines two sessions on ontology and OWL basics, Protégé, and developing a pizza ontology in Protégé.
E-Business Suite comes packed with great tools. Learn more about the free web service integration tools included in the Oracle software you already own. Check out our free whitepaper for more information: http://www.smartdogservices.com/whitepapers/free-web-service-integration-tools-included-in-ebs/
The document provides an overview and introduction to SQL and PL/SQL. It discusses the main SQL statements including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, ALTER, DROP, COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and GRANT. It also describes the main tables that will be used in the course, including the EMP and DEPT tables. Finally, it demonstrates basic SELECT statements to retrieve data from tables and how to select specific columns or all columns.
Vertica is a column-oriented database developed by Michael Stonebraker based on his earlier work on C-Store at MIT. The document discusses Vertica's storage model, which uses projections to store table columns separately in sorted order to enable more efficient scanning and compression compared to row storage. It also covers compression techniques like run-length encoding used in Vertica to further improve storage and performance.
Forms part of a training course in ontology given in Buffalo in 2009. For details and accompanying video see http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/IntroOntology_Course.html
EPM, ERP, Cloud and On-Premise – All options explained - OOW CON9532Ray Février
Oracle Enterprise Performance Management provides multiple and extensive integration options with both Oracle and non-Oracle enterprise resource planning systems, both on premises and in the cloud. This session explains all the options and their respective benefits, plus it discusses the future roadmap for integration functionality.
Ontology development in protégé-آنتولوژی در پروتوغهsadegh salehi
This document describes an agenda for an ontology development presentation in Protégé. It discusses the syntactic web and its limitations, as well as the promise of the semantic web to address these issues by adding meaning to web content that is understandable to machines. It outlines two sessions on ontology and OWL basics, Protégé, and developing a pizza ontology in Protégé.
E-Business Suite comes packed with great tools. Learn more about the free web service integration tools included in the Oracle software you already own. Check out our free whitepaper for more information: http://www.smartdogservices.com/whitepapers/free-web-service-integration-tools-included-in-ebs/
The document provides an overview and introduction to SQL and PL/SQL. It discusses the main SQL statements including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, ALTER, DROP, COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and GRANT. It also describes the main tables that will be used in the course, including the EMP and DEPT tables. Finally, it demonstrates basic SELECT statements to retrieve data from tables and how to select specific columns or all columns.
Vertica is a column-oriented database developed by Michael Stonebraker based on his earlier work on C-Store at MIT. The document discusses Vertica's storage model, which uses projections to store table columns separately in sorted order to enable more efficient scanning and compression compared to row storage. It also covers compression techniques like run-length encoding used in Vertica to further improve storage and performance.
The document discusses the divisions of logic. There are two main divisions - traditional logic and symbolic logic. Traditional, or Aristotelian logic, uses deductive syllogisms to attain demonstrated knowledge. Symbolic logic uses symbols to analyze arguments and determine their validity. Logic can also be divided into formal logic, which examines argument structure and validity, and material logic, which considers the meaning and truth of concepts in arguments. Language has three basic functions - informative, which communicates information; expressive, which expresses emotions; and directive, which causes or prevents actions through commands, requests, and recommendations.
The document provides an overview and demonstration of Oracle's iSupplier Portal product. It describes how the portal allows suppliers to communicate procurement information with buyers in real-time, including viewing and responding to purchase orders, shipping notices, and invoices. The presentation then demonstrates key features of the portal such as searching, viewing order details, creating advance shipment notices, and updating supplier profile information.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to data warehousing and online analytical processing (OLAP). It defines what a data warehouse is, describes common data warehouse architectures and models including star schemas, snowflake schemas, and fact constellations. It also discusses multidimensional data modeling using data cubes and cuboids, as well as common OLAP operations such as roll-up, drill-down, slice and dice, and pivot. Finally, it outlines typical processes for designing, developing and implementing a data warehouse system.
This document provides instructions for setting up Oracle Approvals Management Engine (AME) to handle purchase requisition approval workflows in Oracle E-Business Suite. It describes assigning AME roles to users, granting users access to transaction types, and configuring AME attributes, conditions, action types, and rules to determine the approval process for purchase requisitions based on item details. Screenshots are provided from the 11i version of AME but most details apply to later versions as well.
The document discusses the Web Ontology Language (OWL). It provides an overview of OWL, describing its three sublanguages - OWL Lite, OWL DL, and OWL Full - and their increasing expressiveness and reasoning complexity. The document also reviews the requirements for ontology languages and how OWL builds upon XML, RDF, and RDF Schema as the ontology language for the Semantic Web.
Logic is the study of correct reasoning and thinking. It involves identifying good arguments and making good arguments through formal logic about forms and structures, and material logic concerning subject matter and content. There are two main types of logical processes - deductive reasoning which goes from general to specific, and inductive reasoning which goes from specific to general. Reasoning involves advancing from premises to a conclusion to prove something, and considerations include understanding ideas, comparing ideas, and expressing judgments as propositions based on inferences.
The document provides an introduction to XML, including that it is defined by the W3C as a markup language for documents and data interchange. XML allows users to define their own tags and has become widely used for data exchange between organizations. Key aspects of XML covered include elements, attributes, nesting of elements to represent relationships between data, and using Document Type Definitions (DTDs) or XML Schema to constrain the structure and relationships of XML documents.
Here are proofs for the tautologies using RDFS semantics:
1. rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:subPropertyOf
- By definition, if P rdfs:subPropertyOf Q then IEXT(P) ⊆ IEXT(Q)
- So if P rdfs:subPropertyOf R and R rdfs:subPropertyOf S then IEXT(P) ⊆ IEXT(R) ⊆ IEXT(S), hence P rdfs:subPropertyOf S
2. rdfs:domain rdfs:domain rdf:Property
- By definition, the domain of rdfs:domain is rdf:Property
3. rdfs:domain rdfs:range rdf:Class
This document discusses key decisions for implementing the disbursements feature in Oracle Fusion Payments. It covers:
- Setting up payment methods, profiles, validations and formats to support business processes for decentralized, centralized or factory payment models.
- Choosing between broad or targeted invoice selection criteria to optimize payment creation.
- Configuring validation rules and security at the document, payment or file level based on processing goals.
- Tailoring human-readable and transmission formats to bank requirements.
I used these slides for an introductory lecture (90min) to a seminar on SPARQL. This slideset introduces the RDF query language SPARQL from a user's perspective.
Data warehousing combines data from multiple sources into a single database to provide businesses with analytics results from data mining, OLAP, scorecarding and reporting. It extracts, transforms and loads data from operational data stores and data marts into a data warehouse and staging area to integrate and store large amounts of corporate data. Data mining analyzes large databases to extract previously unknown and potentially useful patterns and relationships to improve business processes.
This training module introduces Resource Description Framework (RDF) for describing data, including representing data as triples, graphs and syntax; it also introduces the SPARQL query language for querying and manipulating RDF data, covering SELECT, CONSTRUCT, DESCRIBE, and ASK query types and the structure of SPARQL queries. The module provides learning objectives and an overview of the content which includes an introduction to RDF and SPARQL with examples and pointers to further resources.
SPARQL introduction and training (130+ slides with exercices)Thomas Francart
Full SPARQL training
Covers all SPARQL : basic graph patterns, FILTERs, functions, property paths, optional, negation, assignation, aggregation, subqueries, federated queries.
Does not cover except SPARQL updates.
Includes exercices on DBPedia.
CC BY license
Cloud Dataflow is a fully managed service and SDK from Google that allows users to define and run data processing pipelines. The Dataflow SDK defines the programming model used to build streaming and batch processing pipelines. Google Cloud Dataflow is the managed service that will run and optimize pipelines defined using the SDK. The SDK provides primitives like PCollections, ParDo, GroupByKey, and windows that allow users to build unified streaming and batch pipelines.
Infolets and OTBI Deep link Actionable Reports - Configuration Work Book Feras Ahmad
This document provides information and instructions for configuring deep links from Oracle Transactional Business Intelligence (OTBI) reports and analyses to pages and objects in the Risk Management Cloud application. It includes sample deep link URLs for various application pages and objects, such as risks, controls, processes, and more. It also explains how to set the "interaction" property in OTBI analyses to create clickable links using these deep link URLs.
Built on Oracle Analytics Cloud and powered by Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse Cloud, Fusion Analytics Warehouse
(FAW) provides Oracle ERP and HCM Cloud Application customers with best-practice key performance indicators (KPIs)
and actionable insights driven by advanced analytics
Forms part of a training course in ontology given in Buffalo in 2009. For details and accompanying video see http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/IntroOntology_Course.html
This document discusses the body-mind problem and language from an interactionist perspective. It rejects the idea that the body-mind problem can be solved by distinguishing between physical and psychological languages, as these languages are not mutually translatable. It also rejects the idea that the problem arises from faulty language about minds, as there are mental states like beliefs and intentions that exist separately from behavior. The document outlines four main functions of language - expressive, stimulative, descriptive, and argumentative - and argues that any physicalist or causal theory of language can only account for the lower two functions, and not higher functions like describing and arguing that involve intentionality.
The document discusses the divisions of logic. There are two main divisions - traditional logic and symbolic logic. Traditional, or Aristotelian logic, uses deductive syllogisms to attain demonstrated knowledge. Symbolic logic uses symbols to analyze arguments and determine their validity. Logic can also be divided into formal logic, which examines argument structure and validity, and material logic, which considers the meaning and truth of concepts in arguments. Language has three basic functions - informative, which communicates information; expressive, which expresses emotions; and directive, which causes or prevents actions through commands, requests, and recommendations.
The document provides an overview and demonstration of Oracle's iSupplier Portal product. It describes how the portal allows suppliers to communicate procurement information with buyers in real-time, including viewing and responding to purchase orders, shipping notices, and invoices. The presentation then demonstrates key features of the portal such as searching, viewing order details, creating advance shipment notices, and updating supplier profile information.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to data warehousing and online analytical processing (OLAP). It defines what a data warehouse is, describes common data warehouse architectures and models including star schemas, snowflake schemas, and fact constellations. It also discusses multidimensional data modeling using data cubes and cuboids, as well as common OLAP operations such as roll-up, drill-down, slice and dice, and pivot. Finally, it outlines typical processes for designing, developing and implementing a data warehouse system.
This document provides instructions for setting up Oracle Approvals Management Engine (AME) to handle purchase requisition approval workflows in Oracle E-Business Suite. It describes assigning AME roles to users, granting users access to transaction types, and configuring AME attributes, conditions, action types, and rules to determine the approval process for purchase requisitions based on item details. Screenshots are provided from the 11i version of AME but most details apply to later versions as well.
The document discusses the Web Ontology Language (OWL). It provides an overview of OWL, describing its three sublanguages - OWL Lite, OWL DL, and OWL Full - and their increasing expressiveness and reasoning complexity. The document also reviews the requirements for ontology languages and how OWL builds upon XML, RDF, and RDF Schema as the ontology language for the Semantic Web.
Logic is the study of correct reasoning and thinking. It involves identifying good arguments and making good arguments through formal logic about forms and structures, and material logic concerning subject matter and content. There are two main types of logical processes - deductive reasoning which goes from general to specific, and inductive reasoning which goes from specific to general. Reasoning involves advancing from premises to a conclusion to prove something, and considerations include understanding ideas, comparing ideas, and expressing judgments as propositions based on inferences.
The document provides an introduction to XML, including that it is defined by the W3C as a markup language for documents and data interchange. XML allows users to define their own tags and has become widely used for data exchange between organizations. Key aspects of XML covered include elements, attributes, nesting of elements to represent relationships between data, and using Document Type Definitions (DTDs) or XML Schema to constrain the structure and relationships of XML documents.
Here are proofs for the tautologies using RDFS semantics:
1. rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:subPropertyOf
- By definition, if P rdfs:subPropertyOf Q then IEXT(P) ⊆ IEXT(Q)
- So if P rdfs:subPropertyOf R and R rdfs:subPropertyOf S then IEXT(P) ⊆ IEXT(R) ⊆ IEXT(S), hence P rdfs:subPropertyOf S
2. rdfs:domain rdfs:domain rdf:Property
- By definition, the domain of rdfs:domain is rdf:Property
3. rdfs:domain rdfs:range rdf:Class
This document discusses key decisions for implementing the disbursements feature in Oracle Fusion Payments. It covers:
- Setting up payment methods, profiles, validations and formats to support business processes for decentralized, centralized or factory payment models.
- Choosing between broad or targeted invoice selection criteria to optimize payment creation.
- Configuring validation rules and security at the document, payment or file level based on processing goals.
- Tailoring human-readable and transmission formats to bank requirements.
I used these slides for an introductory lecture (90min) to a seminar on SPARQL. This slideset introduces the RDF query language SPARQL from a user's perspective.
Data warehousing combines data from multiple sources into a single database to provide businesses with analytics results from data mining, OLAP, scorecarding and reporting. It extracts, transforms and loads data from operational data stores and data marts into a data warehouse and staging area to integrate and store large amounts of corporate data. Data mining analyzes large databases to extract previously unknown and potentially useful patterns and relationships to improve business processes.
This training module introduces Resource Description Framework (RDF) for describing data, including representing data as triples, graphs and syntax; it also introduces the SPARQL query language for querying and manipulating RDF data, covering SELECT, CONSTRUCT, DESCRIBE, and ASK query types and the structure of SPARQL queries. The module provides learning objectives and an overview of the content which includes an introduction to RDF and SPARQL with examples and pointers to further resources.
SPARQL introduction and training (130+ slides with exercices)Thomas Francart
Full SPARQL training
Covers all SPARQL : basic graph patterns, FILTERs, functions, property paths, optional, negation, assignation, aggregation, subqueries, federated queries.
Does not cover except SPARQL updates.
Includes exercices on DBPedia.
CC BY license
Cloud Dataflow is a fully managed service and SDK from Google that allows users to define and run data processing pipelines. The Dataflow SDK defines the programming model used to build streaming and batch processing pipelines. Google Cloud Dataflow is the managed service that will run and optimize pipelines defined using the SDK. The SDK provides primitives like PCollections, ParDo, GroupByKey, and windows that allow users to build unified streaming and batch pipelines.
Infolets and OTBI Deep link Actionable Reports - Configuration Work Book Feras Ahmad
This document provides information and instructions for configuring deep links from Oracle Transactional Business Intelligence (OTBI) reports and analyses to pages and objects in the Risk Management Cloud application. It includes sample deep link URLs for various application pages and objects, such as risks, controls, processes, and more. It also explains how to set the "interaction" property in OTBI analyses to create clickable links using these deep link URLs.
Built on Oracle Analytics Cloud and powered by Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse Cloud, Fusion Analytics Warehouse
(FAW) provides Oracle ERP and HCM Cloud Application customers with best-practice key performance indicators (KPIs)
and actionable insights driven by advanced analytics
Forms part of a training course in ontology given in Buffalo in 2009. For details and accompanying video see http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/IntroOntology_Course.html
This document discusses the body-mind problem and language from an interactionist perspective. It rejects the idea that the body-mind problem can be solved by distinguishing between physical and psychological languages, as these languages are not mutually translatable. It also rejects the idea that the problem arises from faulty language about minds, as there are mental states like beliefs and intentions that exist separately from behavior. The document outlines four main functions of language - expressive, stimulative, descriptive, and argumentative - and argues that any physicalist or causal theory of language can only account for the lower two functions, and not higher functions like describing and arguing that involve intentionality.
Science aims to develop an accurate understanding of reality through a
variety of rigorously empirical and formal methods. Ontologies are used to formalize
the meaning of terms within a domain of discourse. The Basic Formal Ontology
is an ontology of particular importance in the biomedical domains, where it provides
the top-level for numerous ontologies, including those admitted as part of the
OBO Foundry collection. The Basic Formal Ontology requires that all classes in an
ontology are actually instantiated in reality. Despite the fact that it is hard to show
whether entities of some kind exist or do not exist in reality (especially for unobservable
entities like elementary particles), this criterion fails to satisfy the need of
scientists to communicate their findings and theories unambiguously. We discuss
the problems that arise due to the Basic Formal Ontology’s realism criterion and
suggest viable alternatives.
-----GROVER MAXWELL------The Ontological Status of TheoretRayleneAndre399
-----GROVER MAXWELL------
The Ontological Status of Theoretical Entities
That anyone today should seriously contend that the entities referred
to by scientific theories are only convenient fictions, or that talk about
such entities is translatable without remainder into talk about sense con-
tents or everyday physical objects, or that such talk should be regarded
as belonging to a mere calculating device and, thus, without cognitive
con tent-such contentions strike me as so incongruous with the scientific
and rational attitude and practice that I feel this paper should turn out
to be a demolition of straw men. But the instrumentalist views of out-
standing physicists such as Bohr and Heisenberg are too well known to
be cited, and in a recent book of great competence, Professor Ernest
Nagel concludes that "the opposition between [the realist and the in-
slrumentalist] views [of theories] is a conflict over preferred modes of
sp cch" and "the question as to which of them is the 'correct position'
ha s only terminological interest." 1 The phoenix, it seems, will not be
laid to rest.
The literature on the subject is, of course, voluminous, and a compre-
lt nsive treatment of the problem is far beyond the scope of one essay.
I sl1all limit myself to a small number of constructive arguments (for a
r lically realistic interpretation of theories) and to a critical examination
of s me of the more crucial assumptions (sometimes tacit, sometimes
· pli it) that seem to have generated most of the problems in this area.2
' fo: . Nngcl, TJ1c Structure of Science (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World,
l ') il), h . 6.
1 l•'or th e ge nes is and part of the content of some of the ideas expressed herein,
I 11n ind ·bled to a number of sources; some of the more influential are H. Feig!,
" 11: IN! ·11t inl llypotheses," PI1ilosophy of Science, 17 : 35-62 ( 1950); P . K. Feyerabend ,
'' 11 Alt · 111pt nt n Rcnlistic Interpretation of Experience," Proceedings of the Aristo-
1 / 1111 Soi ty, 58 :144- 170 (1958); N . R . Hanson, Patterns of Discovery (Cam-
111 ii 1: ,n111hridgc University Press, 1958); E. Nagel, Joe . cit.; Karl Popper, The
I 11 c• of S ·i 11tilic Dis ovcry (London : Hutchinson, 19 59); M. Scriven, "Definitions,
f1,ph11111 t i11 11 s 1 :ind Th ·ori ·s," in Miuneso ta Studies in tlie Philosophy of Science,
3
Grover MaxweII
The Problem
Although this essay is not comprehensive, it aspires to be fairly self-
contained. Let me, therefore, give a pseudohistorical introduction to the
problem with a piece of science fiction (or fictional science).
In the days before the advent of microscopes, there lived a Pas teur-
like scien tist whom, following the usual custom, I shall call Jon es. Re-
fl ecting on the fact that certain diseases seemed to be transmitted from
one person to another by means of bodily contact or b y contact with
articles handled previously by an afHicted person, Jones began to specu-
late about ...
-----GROVER MAXWELL------The Ontological Status of TheoretSilvaGraf83
-----GROVER MAXWELL------
The Ontological Status of Theoretical Entities
That anyone today should seriously contend that the entities referred
to by scientific theories are only convenient fictions, or that talk about
such entities is translatable without remainder into talk about sense con-
tents or everyday physical objects, or that such talk should be regarded
as belonging to a mere calculating device and, thus, without cognitive
con tent-such contentions strike me as so incongruous with the scientific
and rational attitude and practice that I feel this paper should turn out
to be a demolition of straw men. But the instrumentalist views of out-
standing physicists such as Bohr and Heisenberg are too well known to
be cited, and in a recent book of great competence, Professor Ernest
Nagel concludes that "the opposition between [the realist and the in-
slrumentalist] views [of theories] is a conflict over preferred modes of
sp cch" and "the question as to which of them is the 'correct position'
ha s only terminological interest." 1 The phoenix, it seems, will not be
laid to rest.
The literature on the subject is, of course, voluminous, and a compre-
lt nsive treatment of the problem is far beyond the scope of one essay.
I sl1all limit myself to a small number of constructive arguments (for a
r lically realistic interpretation of theories) and to a critical examination
of s me of the more crucial assumptions (sometimes tacit, sometimes
· pli it) that seem to have generated most of the problems in this area.2
' fo: . Nngcl, TJ1c Structure of Science (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World,
l ') il), h . 6.
1 l•'or th e ge nes is and part of the content of some of the ideas expressed herein,
I 11n ind ·bled to a number of sources; some of the more influential are H. Feig!,
" 11: IN! ·11t inl llypotheses," PI1ilosophy of Science, 17 : 35-62 ( 1950); P . K. Feyerabend ,
'' 11 Alt · 111pt nt n Rcnlistic Interpretation of Experience," Proceedings of the Aristo-
1 / 1111 Soi ty, 58 :144- 170 (1958); N . R . Hanson, Patterns of Discovery (Cam-
111 ii 1: ,n111hridgc University Press, 1958); E. Nagel, Joe . cit.; Karl Popper, The
I 11 c• of S ·i 11tilic Dis ovcry (London : Hutchinson, 19 59); M. Scriven, "Definitions,
f1,ph11111 t i11 11 s 1 :ind Th ·ori ·s," in Miuneso ta Studies in tlie Philosophy of Science,
3
Grover MaxweII
The Problem
Although this essay is not comprehensive, it aspires to be fairly self-
contained. Let me, therefore, give a pseudohistorical introduction to the
problem with a piece of science fiction (or fictional science).
In the days before the advent of microscopes, there lived a Pas teur-
like scien tist whom, following the usual custom, I shall call Jon es. Re-
fl ecting on the fact that certain diseases seemed to be transmitted from
one person to another by means of bodily contact or b y contact with
articles handled previously by an afHicted person, Jones began to specu-
late about ...
The document outlines six philosophical perspectives based on parts of speech: pronoun, noun, adjective, verb, adverb, and preposition. Each perspective orients towards a different metaphysical view of being. Examples of representative thinkers are provided for each view. The semantic form and key characteristics of each perspective are also summarized in a table.
The document discusses ontology and how it relates to building user profiles and updating interest scores. It presents an approach where ontological profiles are built using a reference ontology to classify and categorize web pages. Each user profile consists of concepts from the reference ontology assigned interest scores that are initially set to one. The profiles are treated as networks of concepts and the interest scores are updated using a spreading activation algorithm based on the user's current interactions. When a user selects documents, their profile is updated by modifying the interest scores of existing concepts. This allows the most relevant pages to rise to the top based on the updated interest scores.
This document summarizes Joseph A. Bracken's essay on self-organizing systems and final causality. It discusses how 17th century thinkers like Galileo shifted away from teleological views of the natural world towards mechanistic views. It then discusses how Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was interpreted mechanistically. Some scientists like Polanyi and Sheldrake have challenged this view by proposing theories of "morphogenetic fields" and "formative causation" that reintroduce notions of teleology. Bracken seeks to provide a metaphysical framework from Whiteheadian philosophy to support these alternative conceptions.
The document outlines six philosophical perspectives based on parts of speech: pronoun, noun, adjective, verb, adverb, and preposition. Each part of speech corresponds to a metaphysical orientation and representative thinkers. Pronounal philosophy views being as perspective. Nounal philosophy sees being as substance. Adjectival philosophy considers being as appearance. Verbal philosophy understands being as process. Adverbial philosophy frames modes of being. Prepositional philosophy presents being as relation. The document analyzes how each part of speech informs a semantic form and type of ontology.
Differences Between Informal Logic, And Theoretical...Claudia Brown
- Theoretical philosophy categorizes philosophical questions into metaphysics, ontology, philosophy of language, epistemology, philosophy of mind, and logic. It provides an introduction to human reasoning and knowledge.
- Informal logic focuses on reasoning found in everyday exchanges like debates and media, rather than formal logic. Symbolic logic uses mathematical concepts to address problems not solvable through traditional logic.
- Jack Whitehead developed the "living educational theory" approach where practitioners improve their work by communicating the educational values they embody in practice and creating their own educational theories.
Benedict de Spinoza was a 17th century philosopher who argued for substance monism, the view that only one substance exists in the universe, which he called either "God" or "Nature." In his major work Ethics, he uses a geometrical method of definitions, axioms, propositions, and proofs to develop this view. His substance monism holds that the one substance has an infinite number of attributes, including thought and extension, and all things in the world like humans, rocks, and plants are merely modes or modifications of this one substance. This view was highly controversial at the time for rejecting the traditional Judeo-Christian conception of a transcendent God.
This document discusses a model of the text generator proposed by Michael W. Mair. It aims to provide an organic basis for consciousness by modeling how the brain generates text in real time. The author analyzes a 3.7 second fragment of conversation between two participants to understand how the brain segmented time, coordinated speech and movement, and rapidly generated the text. While the model is incomplete, it aims to understand cognition by studying examples at a fine-grained temporal scale to see how brain processes intersect with the timing of natural language production.
Introspection and enlightenment a case for teaching intelligent designJulio Banks
This essay provides justification for teaching Intelligent Design along with Biology. Adolf Hitler and Stalin used the results of the
Theory of Evolution to commit atrocities against humanity.
Russell argues that propositional functions, rather than propositions, are the fundamental units of meaning and that existence is a property of propositional functions. He claims facts, rather than things, are what really exist in the world. Parsons presents a quasi-Meinongian view that allows for nonexistent objects by correlating sets of properties with unique objects. Quine advocates a naturalistic and behaviorist approach to meaning and argues that reference and ontology are indeterminate and theory-relative rather than absolute.
In 1988 Stephen Hawking published the bestseller A brief History of Time. In this document, published by Kluwer Academic Publishers (now Springer) a summary and philosophical evaluation is given of Hawkings's work. Especially the proof of the existence of God is discussed in detail.
The doctrine of reality and a new paradigm of science are proposed. The unity of formal logic and rational dialectics is the correct methodological basis for the solution of the problem of reality. The main result is the following system of conceptions: (1) reality represents the unity of opposites: the controlling (governing) aspect and the controllable aspect. The controlling (governing) aspect is God, and the controllable aspect is the Universe; (2) the principle of existence and of uniqueness of God reads as follows: the scientific object “Absolute, Creator, and Governor of essence (information) and of material manifestation of essence” exists. This scientific object is the unique and correct theoretical model (identifier) of the religious object “God (Creator and Governor of the World)”; (3) the Universe represents the informational-material system: the unity of essence (information) and of material manifestation of essence. The manifestation of information is matter. The material structure of the Universe represents the set of states of matter: the physical vacuum, the system block, the ether, and the discrete objects; (4) God created the system block, the ether and the objects, entering information into the physical vacuum. God governs the Universe by means of information; (5) the correct science of the 21st century should research the fundamental relation between the controlling (governing) information and the material manifestation of the controlling (governing) information in the Universe.
This document provides an overview of resources for studying Aristotle's Metaphysics, including general introductions, editions of the original Greek text, translations, and commentaries. It discusses the complex history of the text and outlines some of the key philosophical issues addressed in the Metaphysics, such as substance, essence, and universals. The document aims to guide readers through the vast body of scholarly work on Aristotle's influential work.
50 words for snow: constructing scientific phenomenaJohn Wilkins
The document discusses the construction of natural phenomena in science. It addresses questions around what phenomena are, how we identify them, and whether they are self-presenting, theory-based, or just patterns in data.
The key points are:
1) Phenomena are observable regularities with salient characteristics that recur under certain conditions.
2) Our observations and categories of phenomena are influenced by our theories and expectations, but we can also identify phenomena in the absence of theory.
3) Phenomena are patterns we discern in observational data based on prior experience with clear cases, but they need not be theory-based. Species are examples of phenomena.
This document provides an overview of philosophy, including:
1. Definitions of philosophy from various philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Al-Farabi, and Ibn Sina that see philosophy as understanding nature, assessing wisdom, or a combination of theory and practice.
2. The main areas of philosophy like ontology, epistemology, and axiology.
3. Specific branches of philosophy like the philosophy of religion, science, law, education, history, and mathematics.
4. The relationship between philosophy and religion in addressing fundamental problems.
Similar to The Six Category Ontology: Basic Formal Ontology and Its Applications (20)
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The Six Category Ontology: Basic Formal Ontology and Its Applications
1. The Six Category Ontology:
BFO and Its Applications
Barry Smith
Durham, May 21, 2013
2. Fantology
The doctrine, usually tacit, according to
which „Fa‟ (and „Rab‟) is the key to the
ontological structure of reality
The syntax of first-order predicate logic is a
mirror of reality (a Leibnizian universal
characteristic)
http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/Against_Fantology.pdf
2
3. 3
For the fantologist
“F(a)”, “R(a, … , b)” is the language for
ontology
This language reflects the structure of
reality
The fantologist sees reality as being made
up of individuals (a, b, c, …) plus abstract
(1- and n-place) „properties‟ or „attributes‟
4. Fantology
Wittgenstein: Propositions show the logical
form of reality. They display it. (4.121)
Russell: logic is concerned with the real
world just as truly as zoology, though with
its more abstract and general features.
(1919)
Armstrong: the spreadsheet ontology*
* “Vérités et vérifacteurs” (2004) 4
5. 5
F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
6. 6
F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
a x x x x x
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
7. 7
F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
a x x x x x
b x x x x x
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
8. 8
F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
a x x x x x
b x x x x x
c x x x x x
d x x
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
and so on …
9. 9
Fantology
tends to make you believe in some future
state of „total science‟
when the values of „F‟ and „a‟, all of them,
will be revealed to the elect
All true ontology is the ontology of a future
perfected physics of ultimate atoms
(Armstrong: all examples proving my
ontology is wrong will be shown to
belong merely to the „manifest image‟)
10. 10
Varieties of fantology
„F‟ stands for a property
„a‟ stands for an individual
Platonistic: the Fs belong to something
like the Platonic realm of forms
Set-theoretic: the Fs are sets of
individuals which F
Nominalistic: „F‟ is just a predicate
15. 15
Nominalist Fantology (1CO)
To understand properties is to understand
predication
If John is white, there is no extra entity,
John„s whiteness
If John is a man, there is no extra entity,
John„s humanity
-- modes and kinds and attributes are all
ontologically in the same boat
17. 17
Aristotle’s Ontological Square
(Husserl, Lowe, …)
Substantial Accidental
Second substance
man
cat
ox
Second accident
headache
sun-tan
dread
First substance
this man
this cat
this ox
First accident
this headache
this sun-tan
this dread
UniversalParticular
18. 18
Aristotle’s two kinds of
predication
Predication in the category of substance:
• John is a man, Henry is an ox
Predication in the category of accident:
• John is hungry, Henry is asleep, John
is wise
19. 19
For Fantology
these two types of predication are often
confused
For Armstrong: property universals are all
we need
no need for kind universals
(Armstrong‟s four-dimensionalism implies
that there are no substances)
20. Husserl, Lowe, etc., tell us that
there is a third kind of predication
John is a man
John is hungry
John has a headache (John has this headache)
20
21. Husserl, Lowe, etc., tell us that
there is a third kind of predication
John is a man
John is hungry
John has a headache (John has this headache)
21
22. Husserl, Lowe, etc., tell us that
there is a third kind of predication
John is a man
John is hungry
John has a headache (John has this headache)
22
23. Husserl, Lowe, etc., tell us that
there is a third kind of predication
John is a man
John is hungry
John has a headache (John has this headache)
23
25. Three FOL ways of treating
temporally indexed predication
„F holds of a at t‟:
(1) F holds-at-t of object a (the copula is
indexed by times; F holds t-ly) (adverbial
view)
(2) F is a relation between object a and time t;
(3) F holds of a new special entity called „at‟or
„a-at-t‟ (an object stage or phase or slice)
(four-dimensionalism)
25
26. I agree with Jonathan in accepting the
adverbial alternative (1)
Lowe*: (1) has “been overlooked, at least by
philosophers trained to think in terms of
the categories of modern quantification or
predicate logic, as it is called. For such
logic simply has no place for adverbs.”
* A Survey of Metaphysics, 2002, p. 47
26
27. But now Jonathan himself seems
to do too little justice to the ways
adverbs, other than t-ly, are used
in natural language
27
28. 4CO plus temporal indexing still
cannot deal with adverbs
Consider a simple change of property in an
ordinary object:
a ball undergoes a change of shape.
At t1 there is one shape-mode
At t2 there is another shape-mode.
Cf. Johansson, Review of Lowe, Dialectica 60 (4)
28
29. 4CO cannot deal with change
Lowe can assert: both these modes instantiate
shape universals and inhere in the same ball, and
as a two-plurality the modes instantiate the
temporal relation „coming after‟.
But more must be said: a simple sum of relations of
instantiations of shapes, inherences of shape
modes, and the external relation of coming-after
lacks the temporal unity characteristic of
changes and other processes (such as
squeezings, surgical procedures, heart attacks,
conversations, ontology lectures …).
29
30. 4+2CO
Event talk is common in natural language
… but there is no fundamental category of
being called „event‟
… if events exist at all, then they supervene
on talk about objects and modes changing
The two extra categories in what follows
should be interpreted by Lowe-ists in this
spirit
30
31. 31
A better view
6CO = there are objects, qualities and
processes at the level of both universals and
instances
Processes, like qualities, are dependent on
substances
• one-place processes:
getting warmer, getting hungrier
• relational processes:
kissings, thumpings, conversations, dances
37. 41
For extreme fantologists ‘a’ leaves no
room for ontological complexity
From this it follows:
that fantology cannot do justice to the
existence of different levels of granularity of
reality
more generally, that fantology is conducive to
and conduced by reductionism in philosophy
38. from “Against Fantology”, in: M. E. Reicher, J. C. Marek (Eds.),
Experience and Analysis, 2005, Vienna: ÖBV-HPT, 153-170
59
40. “Against Fantology”, in: M. E. Reicher, J. C. Marek (Eds.),
Experience and Analysis, Vienna, 2005,
http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/Against_Fantology.pdf 61
42. Applied Ontology 1. Biology
Plant Ontology
“Ontologies as Integrative Tools for Plant Science”,
American Journal of Botany, 99(8): 2012.
Protein Ontology
“The Protein Ontology: A Structured
Representation of Protein Forms and
Complexes”, Nucleic Acids Research, 39: 2011.
Cell Ontology
“Logical development of the Cell Ontology”, BMC
Bioinformatics 12(6): 2011.
73
44. Applied Ontology 2. Medicine
Infectious Disease Ontology
“Infectious Disease Ontology”, in Sintchenko (ed.),
Infectious Disease Informatics, Springer, 2009.
Foundational Model of Anatomy
“A Reference Ontology for Bioinformatics: The
Foundational Model of Anatomy”, Journal of Biomedical
Informatics, 36, 2003.
Mental Disease Ontology
“Foundations for a Realist Ontology of Mental Disease”,
Journal of Biomedical Semantics, 1(10), 2010
75
45. Applied Ontology 3. Finance
XBRL = eXtensible Business Reporting
Language
government mandated syntax for all
reports to SEC
extensibility defeats comparability of data
76http://financialreportontology.wikispaces.com/
47. Applied Ontology 4. Defense
US Army Intelligence and Information
Warfare Directorate (I2WD)
“Ontology for the Intelligence Analyst”, CrossTalk:
The Journal of Defense Software Engineering,
November/December, 2012, 18-25.
78
50. Why do people in the military think
they need lexicons
• Training
• Compiling lessons learned from former engagements
• Compiling results of testing, e.g. of proposed new
doctrine
• Collective inferencing
• Official reporting
• Doctrinal development
• Joint operations
• Standard operating procedures
• People need to share data
• People need to (ensure that they) understand each
other
51. But each community produces its own ontology,
this will merely create new, semantic siloes
Fire
Support
LogisticsAir
Operations
Intelligence
Civil-Military
Operations
Targeting
Maneuver
&
Blue
Force
Tracking
82
52. The problem with (actually existing)
lexicons
• They promote the development of silos (roach
motels for data)
• They do not allow us to exploit today’s
technologies
• They do not combine natural language
understandability with computational
adequacy
• They do not scale
83
55. US DoD Civil Affairs strategy for non-classified
information sharing
86
56. Military is 10 years behind the times when it
comes to resolving data interoperability
problems
– where the problems of Big Data in
biomedicine were recognized already in 1998
87
57. The Gene Ontology (1999)
response to the massive opportunities
created by the success of the Human
Genome Project
for cross-organism biology
for intra-organism biology
for the biology of environments
88
63. How to find your data?
How to reason with data when you find it?
How to understand the significance of the data
you collected 3 years earlier?
How to integrate with other people’s data?
Part of the solution must involve consensus-
based, standardized terminologies and coding
schemes
94
64. Unifying goal: integration of biological
and clinical data
– within and across domains
– across different species
– across levels of granularity (organ,
organism, cell, molecule)
– across different perspectives (physical,
biological, clinical)
96
65. Ontologies
• are computer-tractable representations of
types in specific areas of reality
• are more and less general (upper and lower
ontologies)
– upper = organizing ontologies
– lower = domain ontologies
97
66. Ontologies must be comparable
• if we have multiple, redundant ontologies for
a given domain, then this will recreate the
very problem of siloes which ontology
technology was designed to
• to ensure non-redundancy, ontologies must
be comparable
• to enhance comparability ontologies should
share a common upper level architecture
98
73. More than 100 Ontology
projects using BFO
http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/users
One argument against 4CO
and 8CO: BFO has more users
74. Some Ontologies Built from BFO
• AFO Foundational Ontology
• US Army Biometrics Ontology
• BioTop: A Biomedical Top-Domain Ontology
• Cell Ontology (CL)
• Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI)
• Common Anatomy Reference Ontology (CARO)
• Drug Interaction Ontology (DIO)
• Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA)
• Gene Ontology (GO)
• Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO)
• Neuroscience Information Framework Standard (NIFSTD) Ontology
• Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI)
• Protein Ontology (PRO)
• Sequence Ontology (SO)
• Universal Core Semantic Layer (UCore SL)
• Subcellular Anatomy Ontology (SAO)
• Zebrafish Anatomical Ontology (ZAO) 106
75. DOLCE, SUMO, Cyc
DOLCE: 6CO (largely) compatible with BFO,
but built to support „linguistic and cognitive
engineering‟ – there to describe people‟s
assumptions people have about reality
(ethno-Quineanism)
SUMO: 2CO (no diabetes, no temperature
instances); SUMO has its own tiny biology
(„body-covering‟, „fruit-Or-vegetable‟); not a
true top level
Cyc: Allows inconsistent microtheories
(embraces chaos) 107
76. Cyc:ConceivingSomething_Biological
ReproductionEvent =def a collection of events; a
sub-collection of BiologicalReproductionEvent. In
each conceivingSomething_BiologicalReproduction
Event, someone becomes pregnant.
Cyc:The immaculate conception =def. The
ConceivingSomething_BiologicalReproductionEvent
in which Mary_MotherOfJesus was conceived.
Catholic dogma holds that Mary (unlike Jesus) was
conceived by conventional biological means, but
that GodOfAbrahamIsaacAndJacob interceded at
the time of her conception to keep her free from the
stain of original sin, or „immaculate‟.
108
78. Blinding Flash of the Obvious
Continuant Occurrent
process, event
Independent
Continuant
thing
Dependent
Continuant
quality
.... ..... .......
quality depends
on bearer
79. Blue Force Overwatch
Continuant Occurrent
process, event
Independent
Continuant
thing
Dependent
Continuant
quality, …
.... ..... .......
event depends
on participant
80. Occurrents depend on participants
instances
15 May bombing
5 April insurgency attack
occurrent types
bombing
attack
participant continuant types
explosive device
terrorist group
81. General rules for ontology development
incorporated into BFO
Common traffic laws
Lessons learned and disseminated as
common guidelines – all developers are
doing it the same way
Tools built for BFO ontologies can be re-
used by others
Expertise developed in working with one
BFO ontology can be-used with others
83. this particular case
of redness (of a
particular fly eye)
the universal red
instantiates
an instance of eye
(in a particular fly)
the universal eye
instantiates
depends_
on
115Phenotype Ontology (PATO)
84. the particular case
of redness (of a
particular fly eye)
red
instantiates
an instance of an
eye (in a particular
fly)
eye
instantiates
depends
on
color anatomical structure
is_a is_a
116
88. temperature
John’s temperature
120
37ºC 37.1ºC 37.5ºC37.2ºC 37.3ºC 37.4ºC
instantiates
at t1
instantiates
at t2
instantiates
at t3
instantiates
at t4
instantiates
at t5
instantiates
at t6
89. temperature
John’s temperature (exists continuously)
121
37ºC 37.1ºC 37.5ºC37.2ºC 37.3ºC 37.4ºC
instantiates
at t1
instantiates
at t2
instantiates
at t3
instantiates
at t4
instantiates
at t5
instantiates
at t6
in nature, no sharp
boundaries here
in nature, no sharp
boundaries here
91. coronary heart
disease
John’s coronary heart disease (exists continuously)
123
asymptomatic
(„silent‟)
infarction
early lesions
and small
fibrous plaques
stable
angina
surface
disruption of
plaque
unstable
angina
instantiates
at t1
instantiates
at t2
instantiates
at t3
instantiates
at t4
instantiates
at t5
time
100. Roles pertain not to what a thing enduringly is,
but to the part it plays, e.g. in some operation
Continuant
Occurrent
process, eventIndependent
Continuant
thing
Realizable
Dependent
Continuant
(e.g. chef role)
.... ..... .......
realization-of