THE SAMOAN MAU MOVEMENT: A UNITED SAMOAN OPPOSITION
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Samoans began to feel a sense of injustice and loss of authority in the early 1920s as New Zealand asserted more control over Samoa through colonial paternalism. Two public meetings in 1926 organized by Olaf Nelson saw growing anti-New Zealand sentiment among Samoans, with the second meeting attracting almost 700 people. The New Zealand administration did not recognize the Mau movement that emerged that year as a nationalist movement seeking autonomy due to the paternalistic view that inhibited listening to Samoan grievances.
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The Mau Movement in Samoa began a campaign of non-violent non-cooperation in response to New Zealand deporting its leaders, including boycotting European stores. They also withdrew from government schools and cancelled women's meetings. New Zealand responded with police crackdowns, arresting over 400 Mau members. Despite some releases, opposition continued in both Samoa and New Zealand. Nelson traveled to the League of Nations seeking self-rule while the New Zealand Samoan Defence League advocated in Auckland. The Mau Movement faced heavy pressure from New Zealand's administration.
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The document summarizes the formation and goals of the Mau a Samoa nationalist movement in Samoa in the 1920s. Deep-rooted discontent with New Zealand's administration led to the formation of the Mau a Samoa movement in 1927. Their main aim was to promote Samoan interests through non-violent opposition, but New Zealand's racist attitudes led the Mau to declare its goal of self-determination. The Mau unified Samoans and actively opposed New Zealand's administration through tactics like refusing to pay taxes and withdrawing from government schools.
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The document discusses various aspects of social, economic, and political life in the United States during the 1920s, including the economic boom following WWI, rise of radical politics, passage of restrictive immigration laws, Prohibition and rise of organized crime, Scopes "Monkey" Trial, growth of consumerism fueled by mass production and advertising, and new technologies emerging during the decade. Fears of communism and xenophobia led to suppression of civil liberties and discrimination against immigrants and political radicals. The period was one of social change, economic growth, and cultural transformation in American society.
The 1920s
The document summarizes several key social, political, and economic events of the 1920s in the United States. It discusses the Red Scare and fear of communism spreading. It also describes the controversial Sacco and Vanzetti trial, Palmer Raids targeting leftist radicals, and terms like anarchists and leftist radicals. Additional topics covered include the Harlem Renaissance, women gaining the right to vote and changing roles, the Great Migration, the rise of radio, and Prohibition and the rise of bootlegging.
USA in world wars
1) Between 1800 and 1900, the United States grew rapidly from 16 states and 6 million people to 45 states with 76 million people, over half of whom lived in cities and worked in factories and offices.
2) In the late 1800s, the Suffragist Movement led by Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony fought for women's right to vote.
3) In 1898, the U.S. went to war with Spain over Cuba and gained control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. This marked the beginning of the U.S. as a world power.
Gatsby and the Roaring Twenties PowerPoint
The document provides context about the 1920s and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It summarizes the political, social, economic, and cultural aspects of the 1920s including the prosperity of the Roaring Twenties, Prohibition, the rise of organized crime, changing gender roles, the Harlem Renaissance, new technologies, and iconic works of literature from the period. The document also gives biographical details about Fitzgerald and analyzes themes from The Great Gatsby like the pursuit of the American Dream and the decline of moral standards in the era.
25. imperialism in southeast asia and the pacific
Western powers colonized most of Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands by the late 1800s. The Dutch took control of Indonesia, the British expanded into Burma and Malaysia, and the French seized areas that became French Indochina. Spain originally held the Philippines but lost it to the United States after the Spanish-American War in 1898. Many colonized peoples resisted European rule but were unable to overcome the industrialized military powers. The colonizers restructured local economies and societies to their benefit, weakening traditional cultures, imposing arbitrary borders, and causing dependence on imported goods.
15 1920s
The document provides an overview of life in the United States during the 1920s, known as the Jazz Age. It discusses the rise of consumerism driven by new technologies like cars and appliances. Mass culture expanded through radio, movies, and music like jazz. Social and cultural conflicts emerged, such as Prohibition, immigration restrictions, and the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan. Politically, Republican presidents like Harding and Coolidge pursued business-friendly policies emphasizing tax cuts, spending reductions, and protectionist tariffs. The overall period was marked by economic prosperity and widespread social change.
Ch 17 lecture powerpoints
The document summarizes key events and developments in the post-Civil War South between 1877-1900. It discusses the economic growth of industries like steel, textiles and railroads that characterized the New South. However, the South remained economically dependent on the North. It also examines the rise of southern populism in response to economic hardship among farmers and the growth of segregation and disfranchisement that disenfranchised African Americans and reinforced white supremacy.
Political revolution in the northern and southern interior
The document summarizes political changes in southern Africa between 1820-1835, including the rise of two kingdoms:
1) In the northern interior, the Ndebele kingdom was established under the leadership of Mzilikazi, who defeated many Tswana chiefdoms but also absorbed people into his kingdom.
2) In the southern interior, the Basotho kingdom emerged under Moshoeshoe, who attracted thousands of followers to his stronghold at Thaba Bosiu. He used diplomacy to maintain relations with neighbors like the Zulu.
The document also discusses the role of Boer settlers, including voortrekkers, and their increasing conflicts with African kingdoms over land. Raiding
4. life under the british empire
Britain's empire stretched across the globe by the end of World War 1, but life under British rule was not always easy. Locals had little opportunity for self-governance and non-white populations faced discrimination and second-class treatment. While some benefits were brought, like infrastructure development and a shared language, many people suffered exploitation through loss of lands, poor working conditions, and slavery. By 1918, opposition to British control grew as independence movements formed in India, Ireland, and South Africa seeking more local autonomy and civil rights.
Ancient beginnings (Public Relations)
1) Public relations has evolved significantly over time but the basic goals and techniques used in ancient civilizations are similar to modern public relations, including using art, speeches, and staged events to influence people and spread messages.
2) Early examples of public relations included the Rosetta Stone which promoted the pharaoh's accomplishments and Julius Caesar who wrote compelling accounts of his military victories to promote his political ambitions.
3) Public relations developed in other countries throughout the 19th century, often driven by large companies and governments looking to communicate their messages, and professional public relations associations began forming in the early 20th century.
The American people
The document provides information on the different groups of people that make up the American population throughout history. It discusses the Native Americans as the original inhabitants, followed by groups like the British, African Americans, and immigrants from various parts of Europe and Asia at different time periods. It also explores concepts like the "melting pot" view of a shared American culture versus the "mosaic" view of maintaining separate cultural identities within the nation.
Other states and paramountcies in the political revolution
1. The Gaza kingdom was established in 1830s Mozambique by Soshangane, a general who fled defeat in South Africa. He extended control over a large area and incorporated local groups, reducing the Portuguese to paying tribute. The kingdom lasted until 1897 when it was overthrown by the Portuguese.
2. Sobhuza I founded the Swazi kingdom in the 1810s-1820s, saving the area from the Ndwandwe and Zulu and incorporating other chiefdoms. Through diplomacy including marriage alliances and tribute, he avoided direct conflict and built a strong, unified kingdom.
3. After re-establishing itself under Sekwati following conquest in the 18
160 Roaring Twenties Pp Pres
The document provides an overview of life and culture in America during the 1920s. Some key events and trends summarized are:
1) The Republican party and Warren G. Harding came to power promising a return to "normalcy" after World War I. However, scandals like the Teapot Dome scandal tarnished Harding's administration.
2) The 1920s saw cultural changes like Prohibition, women gaining new freedoms, the rise of jazz music and the Harlem Renaissance, and new technologies like radio and movies becoming popular forms of entertainment.
3) The economy generally prospered in the 1920s under policies of laissez-faire capitalism, but the stock market crash of
A short history of
The South African flag was first introduced when the Portuguese and Dutch settled in the Cape in 1652 as the first Europeans. This was followed by the British who annexed the Cape in 1815. In response, the Boers embarked on a Great Trek inland in the 1830s to escape British control. Diamonds and gold were discovered in 1867, bringing foreigners and conflict. The Anglo-Boer War erupted between 1899-1902, with the Boers defeated and South Africa becoming a British colony. In 1910, the Union of South Africa was formed, but apartheid policies were introduced, segregating and oppressing non-white populations.
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07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCES
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESS
The document discusses the early success of the Nazi party in Germany. It notes that while the party made progress in organization and membership in its early years after 1919, it had little impact in elections initially. The Nazis received only 6.5% of the vote in their first national election in 1924. Later elections in 1928 saw their support decline further to just 2.6% as the German economy and political situation stabilized under Stresemann. While the Nazis appealed to specific groups frustrated with the Weimar Republic, they remained a small party with less than 30,000 members by 1925.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 02. NAZI PARTY IDEOLOGY IN 1920
The document provides background information on the origins and early development of the Nazi party in Germany during the 1920s. It describes how the party began as the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler before Hitler joined in 1919 and became the leader in 1921. It also outlines some of the key aspects of the Nazi party platform outlined in the 25-point program, including nationalism, anti-Semitism, and a desire for more territory. Finally, it discusses Hitler's failed Munich Putsch coup attempt in 1923 and how he wrote Mein Kampf while in prison.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 01. FASCISM
1) Post-war instability and economic crisis weakened established political systems in countries like Germany and Italy. 2) A sense of nationalism was used by fascist leaders to promote unity and scapegoat others for the nation's problems. 3) Charismatic leaders like Hitler and Mussolini were able to gain followers by promoting fascism as an alternative to communism and liberal democracy.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933
The document provides background information on the rise of the Nazi party in Germany between 1930-1933. It discusses how Germany's economic dependence on American loans led to the collapse of German industry following the 1929 Wall Street crash. This caused widespread unemployment, with over 6 million people jobless by 1932. As economic conditions deteriorated, support grew for the Nazis as they promised strong leadership and blamed Jews and communists for Germany's problems. The Nazis increased their Reichstag seats in elections in 1933 after Hitler became Chancellor, and he then used emergency powers to crush opposition and establish a one-party Nazi state in Germany.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONS
The document discusses the Weimar Republic in Germany through tables and cartoons as part of a Cambridge IGCSE depth study on Germany. It provides information on the political and economic challenges faced by the Weimar Republic between 1919-1933 through statistical tables and illustrations. The depth study uses multiple visual elements to summarize key events and issues like inflation, unemployment, and the rise of extremism during this period of German history.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESS
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929
Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1923 during the Weimar Republic period. As Chancellor and later as Foreign Minister, he implemented policies that helped stabilize Germany's economy and improve its international standing. This included establishing a new currency to end hyperinflation, crushing communist uprisings, and pursuing diplomatic agreements like the Locarno Pact to normalize Germany's relations with other European powers. However, the economic and political stability of the Weimar Republic remained fragile.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATION
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 04. WEIMAR TURMOIL YEARS 1919-1923
Weimar had faced a series of problems between 1919 and 1923 (hyperinflation, Munich Putsch, Kapp Putsch) but despite the odds had managed to survive.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY
The document summarizes the impact of World War 1 on Germany. It discusses how Germany initially found success on the Eastern Front and made advances on the Western Front in 1918 but was eventually overwhelmed as the US joined the war effort. Germany experienced political instability, economic devastation from blockades, widespread hunger and disease, and psychological trauma from defeat. The German people bitterly blamed leaders for the defeat, sowing seeds for the rise of the Nazis in the unstable Weimar Republic that followed the war.
08. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Questions and Answers.pptx
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
07. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Abyssinian Crisis.pptx
This cartoon was likely published after the Stresa Pact was signed in early 1935, when Britain and France failed to raise the issue of Abyssinia with Mussolini and were perceived as turning a blind eye to his plans in hopes of keeping Italy as an ally against Germany. The cartoon directly criticizes the British and French policy of appeasing Mussolini, so the purpose was to criticize, not just inform. By criticizing the policy, the hope would be to influence and change the policy by swaying public opinion.
06. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Manchurian Crisis.pptx
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptx
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
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THE SAMOAN MAU MOVEMENT: A UNITED SAMOAN OPPOSITION
- 1. 18 THE SAMOAN MAU MOVEMENT A UNITED SAMOAN OPPOSITION
- 2. PROBLEMS IN SAMOA •Grievances emerged in Samoa in the early 1920’s. •A sense of injustice became more widespread as the possibility for autonomy was vanishing under New Zealand’s colonial paternalism. •The problems were evident when talking about authority and sovereignty issues. •The chiefs did not like their loss of authority.
- 3. PROBLEMS IN SAMOA •By 1926, anti-New Zealand feeling was strong throughout Samoa and this was reinforced by memories of the handling of the 1918 influenza pandemic.
- 4. PUBLIC MEETINGS •Two public meetings were held at the Market Hall in Apia. •In the October 1926 meeting there were 250 Samoans, Papalagi and Afakasi attending. •One month later, there were almost 700 people in the attendance. •Richardson sent a message to the second meeting in which he expressed his disapproval of local interference in European politics and affairs. •The meetings were organised by Olaf Nelson.
- 6. PATERNALISM •Paternalism is a historical force that inhibited any real effort to listen to the Samoan people. When the Mau Movement appeared in 1926, it was not recognised by the New Zealand administration for what is was – a nationalist movement. •Paternalism was seen as a negative force. •Samoan people were subject to a variety of legal disadvantages: they did not vote or sit on juries, were not trusted to tell the truth and were restricted in their ability to hold property.