REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: ABYSSINIAN WAR
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The Abyssinian War was a conflict between Italy and Ethiopia from 1935-1936 where Mussolini invaded Ethiopia to create a new Roman Empire and increase his popularity, avenging an earlier defeat. Ethiopia's leader Haile Selassie appealed to the League of Nations for help against Italian aggression, but while the League condemned Italy's actions, it did not take steps to prevent Italy from winning the war or discourage Mussolini, revealing the flaws in the League's concept of collective security.
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1) Italy wanted to build an empire to secure resources due to the Great Depression, and Mussolini wanted to revive Rome's glory.
2) There was a border dispute between Abyssinia and Italian Somaliland which led to a small skirmish. Mussolini demanded an apology and threatened invasion.
3) In 1935, a League commission suggested giving part of Abyssinia to Italy, but Mussolini rejected the plan and invaded later that year using tanks and flamethrowers. The League imposed weak sanctions but did not cut off crucial oil.
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Mussolini's foreign policy aimed to restore Italy's power and make the Mediterranean under Italian control. His invasion of Abyssinia in 1935 marked a shift to a more aggressive approach as he sought domestic support. By 1939 he had allied with Hitler but had achieved little of real value for Italy. The disunity of Republican forces and support for Franco from Germany and Italy contributed to the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War. Hitler rapidly expanded German power by remilitarizing the Rhineland, annexing Austria and Czechoslovakia. The Nazi-Soviet pact allowed the invasion of Poland but worried German generals as it expanded the war.
REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: HOARE LAVAL PACT
The Hoare-Laval Pact was a 1935 agreement between Britain and France that allowed Italy to keep two-thirds of Abyssinia, including the coastline, in exchange for stopping its invasion. Britain and France were willing to sign away Abyssinian sovereignty because they wanted Italian support against Germany and to end Mussolini's invasion. However, the agreement faced strong resistance in Britain as an example of appeasement. Public outcry led Britain's foreign minister to resign and the pact was dropped, allowing Mussolini to complete his conquest of Abyssinia instead.
Abyssinia-LON
The document discusses a political cartoon drawn in 1935 by David Low commenting on Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia). It provides context for the cartoon, noting that Mussolini invaded claiming he would bring them "civilization." Students are asked to explain what is depicted in the cartoon and its message regarding the invasion.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus And Its Population
This document provides background information on HIV and its impact in Italy. It defines HIV as a virus that attacks and destroys CD4 positive T cells, weakening the immune system over time. Unlike other viruses, the immune system cannot clear HIV from the body on its own. As more CD4 cells are lost, individuals become susceptible to opportunistic illnesses. The document explains that no country is immune from the effects of HIV and that Italy has seen HIV take shape within its population like other nations.
HISTORY IGCSE CONTENT - 20TH CENTURY OPTION - LEAGUE OF NATIONS: ABYSSINIA 19...
Italy was ruled by the fascist dictator Mussolini in the 1930s. Mussolini invaded Abyssinia in 1935 for revenge from a previous defeat, to gain an African colony, and because he admired Japan's recent invasion of Manchuria which faced no consequences. The League of Nations imposed sanctions on Italy but they were ineffective as supplies could still pass through the Suez Canal. Italy conquered Abyssinia in 1936, damaging the League's reputation and pushing Italy closer to allying with Hitler's Germany.
28. Descent into the Abyss
The document summarizes the rise of nationalist movements around the world in response to World War I and European colonialism. It discusses the growth of nationalism and calls for independence in India, Egypt, the Middle East, and parts of Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Nationalist movements were often led by western-educated elites and used both violent and nonviolent tactics to resist colonial rule and push for self-governance. Figures like Gandhi, Nasser, and leaders of Pan-Africanism played important roles in these emerging independence struggles.
REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: MARCH ON ROME
Mussolini ordered his fascist supporters to march on Rome in 1922 to take advantage of the near civil war conditions existing in Italy after fascist involvement in breaking a general strike. The march was a gamble for Mussolini as the army could have defended Rome, but they were ultimately ordered to stand aside. Mussolini gained from the march by being appointed as prime minister by King Victor Emmanuel to avoid civil war, despite the march itself not being the glorious event Mussolini later claimed and the marchers being drenched and short on food.
League Of Nations Summary 1930\ S
The document discusses why the League of Nations failed in Manchuria and Abyssinia. In Manchuria, Japan invaded in 1931 and the League took a long time to respond, appearing weak. Germany then left the League and began openly rearming. In Abyssinia, Italy invaded in 1935 and the League could not agree on effective sanctions, with Britain and France seeking a secret deal. The League was seen as powerless and irrelevant against the actions of dictators like Japan, Germany, and Italy.
Abyssinia
The Abyssinian Crisis involved a series of escalating events between Italy and Ethiopia starting in 1934 with a border clash. Italy began building up troops along the border which prompted Ethiopia to ask the League of Nations to arbitrate. Despite League attempts to prevent war, Italy invaded Ethiopia in October 1935. The League imposed limited sanctions on Italy but failed to prevent its conquest of Ethiopia, demonstrating the League's inability to effectively respond to acts of aggression and marking a failure of the organization.
Chapter 1 LON (Crises and Weaknesses)
The document discusses the League of Nations (LON) and its successes and failures in resolving conflicts in the 1920s. It outlines the LON's aims of collective security and disarmament. However, the LON struggled due to structural weaknesses like its lack of authority and military power. Major powers were unwilling to help enforce LON decisions, undermining its credibility and ability to resolve crises like the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and Italian invasion of Abyssinia.
Sec 3N Hist (Elec) Chapter 4.1: Outbreak of War in Europe (Weakness of the LON)
The document summarizes key weaknesses of the League of Nations that contributed to its inability to prevent World War 2 from breaking out in Europe. Specifically, it notes that the League had (1) structural weaknesses without an army or means to enforce sanctions, (2) lacked full membership from major powers like the US and USSR, and (3) failed to prevent German and Italian expansionism in the cases of Manchuria in 1931 and Abyssinia Crisis of 1935-1936, demonstrating the inability of collective security to deter strong nations.
REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: STRESA FRONT
REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: STRESA FRONT.
Stresa Front, coalition of France, Britain, and Italy formed in April 1935 at Stresa, Italy, to oppose Adolf Hitler’s announced intention to rearm Germany, which violated terms of the Treaty of Versailles. When Italy invaded Ethiopia later that year, France and Britain tried to reconcile the action with the need to remain united against Germany, but the coalition soon dissolved.
Italy And Fascism
The document provides an overview of Italy from unification in 1861 through World War 2 and the rise of fascism. It discusses Italy's entry into WWI in 1915 with the goal of territorial gains, the economic struggles in the postwar period, and the March on Rome in 1922 that brought Mussolini and the Fascists to power. It also outlines Italy's alliance with Germany leading up to WWII and role in the Mediterranean theater during the war.
Unif. of italy
The document summarizes the key individuals and events involved in the unification of Italy from the 18th century to 1871. It describes the roles of nationalist leaders Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo Benso di Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi in inspiring nationalist sentiment and military campaigns that helped unify the Italian states. It outlines how Cavour allied with France and fought Austria, and how Garibaldi led volunteers to take control of Sicily and southern Italy. By 1871, Italy was unified under King Victor Emmanuel II, though tensions remained with the Papal States over control of Rome.
The road to war presentation
The document outlines several underlying causes of World War 2, including the harsh Treaty of Versailles which left Germany feeling resentful, territorial disputes after WWI, the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany in the 1920s-1930s under Mussolini and Hitler, and the failure of the League of Nations to prevent aggression by Japan, Germany and Italy due to its lack of enforcement powers and limited membership.
07. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Abyssinian Crisis.pptx
This cartoon was likely published after the Stresa Pact was signed in early 1935, when Britain and France failed to raise the issue of Abyssinia with Mussolini and were perceived as turning a blind eye to his plans in hopes of keeping Italy as an ally against Germany. The cartoon directly criticizes the British and French policy of appeasing Mussolini, so the purpose was to criticize, not just inform. By criticizing the policy, the hope would be to influence and change the policy by swaying public opinion.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: AIMS MUSSOLINI FOREIGN POLICY
Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy in the 1920s and 1930s driven by his egotism and desire to distract Italians from fascism's failures domestically. He had some early successes like occupying Corfu and Fiume that boosted his popularity. However, his invasion of Abyssinia damaged Italy's reputation and his involvement in the Spanish Civil War and alliance with Hitler led to humiliation and defeat. Ultimately, Mussolini's overconfidence in Italy's power led his foreign policy to fail and breed animosity among Italians.
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07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCES
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESS
The document discusses the early success of the Nazi party in Germany. It notes that while the party made progress in organization and membership in its early years after 1919, it had little impact in elections initially. The Nazis received only 6.5% of the vote in their first national election in 1924. Later elections in 1928 saw their support decline further to just 2.6% as the German economy and political situation stabilized under Stresemann. While the Nazis appealed to specific groups frustrated with the Weimar Republic, they remained a small party with less than 30,000 members by 1925.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 02. NAZI PARTY IDEOLOGY IN 1920
The document provides background information on the origins and early development of the Nazi party in Germany during the 1920s. It describes how the party began as the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler before Hitler joined in 1919 and became the leader in 1921. It also outlines some of the key aspects of the Nazi party platform outlined in the 25-point program, including nationalism, anti-Semitism, and a desire for more territory. Finally, it discusses Hitler's failed Munich Putsch coup attempt in 1923 and how he wrote Mein Kampf while in prison.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 01. FASCISM
1) Post-war instability and economic crisis weakened established political systems in countries like Germany and Italy. 2) A sense of nationalism was used by fascist leaders to promote unity and scapegoat others for the nation's problems. 3) Charismatic leaders like Hitler and Mussolini were able to gain followers by promoting fascism as an alternative to communism and liberal democracy.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933
The document provides background information on the rise of the Nazi party in Germany between 1930-1933. It discusses how Germany's economic dependence on American loans led to the collapse of German industry following the 1929 Wall Street crash. This caused widespread unemployment, with over 6 million people jobless by 1932. As economic conditions deteriorated, support grew for the Nazis as they promised strong leadership and blamed Jews and communists for Germany's problems. The Nazis increased their Reichstag seats in elections in 1933 after Hitler became Chancellor, and he then used emergency powers to crush opposition and establish a one-party Nazi state in Germany.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONS
The document discusses the Weimar Republic in Germany through tables and cartoons as part of a Cambridge IGCSE depth study on Germany. It provides information on the political and economic challenges faced by the Weimar Republic between 1919-1933 through statistical tables and illustrations. The depth study uses multiple visual elements to summarize key events and issues like inflation, unemployment, and the rise of extremism during this period of German history.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESS
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929
Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1923 during the Weimar Republic period. As Chancellor and later as Foreign Minister, he implemented policies that helped stabilize Germany's economy and improve its international standing. This included establishing a new currency to end hyperinflation, crushing communist uprisings, and pursuing diplomatic agreements like the Locarno Pact to normalize Germany's relations with other European powers. However, the economic and political stability of the Weimar Republic remained fragile.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATION
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 04. WEIMAR TURMOIL YEARS 1919-1923
Weimar had faced a series of problems between 1919 and 1923 (hyperinflation, Munich Putsch, Kapp Putsch) but despite the odds had managed to survive.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY
The document summarizes the impact of World War 1 on Germany. It discusses how Germany initially found success on the Eastern Front and made advances on the Western Front in 1918 but was eventually overwhelmed as the US joined the war effort. Germany experienced political instability, economic devastation from blockades, widespread hunger and disease, and psychological trauma from defeat. The German people bitterly blamed leaders for the defeat, sowing seeds for the rise of the Nazis in the unstable Weimar Republic that followed the war.
06. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Manchurian Crisis.pptx
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptx
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
04. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Social Work LON.pptx
SOCIAL WORK OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations Commissions tried to tackle a huge range of social issues including economic recovery (the Financial Committee), working conditions (International Labour Office), health (Health Office) and scientific research.
03. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Weaknesses LON.PPTX
WEAKNESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. However, the League also had three great weaknesses. The USA, Russia and Germany were not members; without these powers, the League was too weak to make a big country do as it wished (for instance, Italy over Corfu in 1923). Also, the League's organisation was a muddle, so when there was a crisis, no-one could agree.
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REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: ABYSSINIAN WAR
- 2. DEFINITION Abyssinian War was a conflict developed in 1935-1936, which followed the Italian invasion of the East African state of Abyssinia (Ethiopia).
- 3. Question 1 Why did Mussolini invade Abyssinia?
- 4. Answer 1 To create an empire modelled on ancient Rome. To increase his popularity. To avenge an earlier defeat in 1896.
- 5. Question 2 Name the Abyssinian leader who appealed to the League of Nations help.
- 7. Question 3 What was the response of the international community to Italian aggression?
- 8. Answer 3 The League of Nations condemned Italy but did nothing to prevent the Italian race to win the war.
- 9. Question 4 Was there anything the League could have done to discourage Mussolini?
- 10. Answer 4 Yes. It could have closed the Suez Canal or banned oil sales to Italy.
- 11. Important The lack of a coherent international response to the Italian invasion revealed the flawed notion of collective security.