This document discusses the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the tourism industry and its impact on economic growth in Iran. It first provides background on e-tourism and how ICT has affected the tourism industry. It then reviews literature on the relationship between tourism, ICT, and economic growth. The document goes on to describe the econometric methodology used, including cointegration analysis and Granger causality tests, to analyze the long-run and short-run relationships between e-tourism and economic growth in Iran. The results showed there is bidirectional Granger causality between e-tourism and economic growth in the long run, indicating investment in e-tourism can boost economic growth.
Guest lecture, delivered to masters students at Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Italy, covering digital marketing, social media, mobile and e-learning technologies. Prepared and delivered April 2011.
Tourism and Technology - New ways to create an engaging ExperiencePedro Tavares
Tourism is facing big challenges and consumer behavior is changing really fast.
This presentation shows some trends and ideas on how to create engaging experiences combining innovation with tourism
An introduction to the concept of E - Tourism to beginners and those who want to have an idea about the impact of the integration of ICT with Tourism Industry
Innovative Technology is the problem solving agent for major tourism actors, including diverse facilitators,motivators and end users, who are driven by the need of 6S, namely Self, Search, Selection, Sense, Score and Share. Technology is re shaping the process of tourism development, management, planning and marketing.
Lesson 3: From Computer Reservation Systems to Global Distribution SystemsAngelina Njegus
Introduction to Computer Reservation Systems
Typical CRS Functions
Evolution of CRS
Global Distribution Systems
GDS Organisations
Challenges for CRS/GDS
Big Data
The Next Tourism Generation Alliance (NTG) interviewed over 200 tourism directors, head of departments and entrepreneurs to acquire in-depth understanding and insights into the future of digital, green and social skills from the perspective of people working in the tourism industry.
Impact of Information Communication Technology in Enhancing the Management of...BRNSS Publication Hub
Many natural and cultural heritage resources that are supposed to create revenue generation and employment opportunity through tourism are nonchalantly abandoned without any developmental attention given to them. This has really deprived the community and the nation as a whole the economic growth, and recognition they deserve. To mitigate this problem, presented in this paper is the impact of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in enhancing the management of the natural and cultural heritage resources in Idanre Hills and its environs. A detail assessment of the level of development of the hills’ cultural and natural features was carried out based on the four components of tourism, namely: (1) Attraction, (2) accessibility, (3) accommodation, and (4) amenities. A conceptual e-tourism designed for the hills has the basic component of e-commerce. The stratified random sampling technique was used to collect the primary data, with the assistance of a semi-structured questionnaire. A 4-point Likert-type scale was employed in the questionnaire to illustrate the impacts of ICT in tourism. Analysis of variance perception of respondents about the impact of ICT on tourism business showed generalized additive model Group Arithmetic Mean (GAM) of 167.4; this simply means that the arithmetic means of respondents that accepted the application of ICT were more than the arithmetic means of respondents that rejected the application.
Guest lecture, delivered to masters students at Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Italy, covering digital marketing, social media, mobile and e-learning technologies. Prepared and delivered April 2011.
Tourism and Technology - New ways to create an engaging ExperiencePedro Tavares
Tourism is facing big challenges and consumer behavior is changing really fast.
This presentation shows some trends and ideas on how to create engaging experiences combining innovation with tourism
An introduction to the concept of E - Tourism to beginners and those who want to have an idea about the impact of the integration of ICT with Tourism Industry
Innovative Technology is the problem solving agent for major tourism actors, including diverse facilitators,motivators and end users, who are driven by the need of 6S, namely Self, Search, Selection, Sense, Score and Share. Technology is re shaping the process of tourism development, management, planning and marketing.
Lesson 3: From Computer Reservation Systems to Global Distribution SystemsAngelina Njegus
Introduction to Computer Reservation Systems
Typical CRS Functions
Evolution of CRS
Global Distribution Systems
GDS Organisations
Challenges for CRS/GDS
Big Data
The Next Tourism Generation Alliance (NTG) interviewed over 200 tourism directors, head of departments and entrepreneurs to acquire in-depth understanding and insights into the future of digital, green and social skills from the perspective of people working in the tourism industry.
Impact of Information Communication Technology in Enhancing the Management of...BRNSS Publication Hub
Many natural and cultural heritage resources that are supposed to create revenue generation and employment opportunity through tourism are nonchalantly abandoned without any developmental attention given to them. This has really deprived the community and the nation as a whole the economic growth, and recognition they deserve. To mitigate this problem, presented in this paper is the impact of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in enhancing the management of the natural and cultural heritage resources in Idanre Hills and its environs. A detail assessment of the level of development of the hills’ cultural and natural features was carried out based on the four components of tourism, namely: (1) Attraction, (2) accessibility, (3) accommodation, and (4) amenities. A conceptual e-tourism designed for the hills has the basic component of e-commerce. The stratified random sampling technique was used to collect the primary data, with the assistance of a semi-structured questionnaire. A 4-point Likert-type scale was employed in the questionnaire to illustrate the impacts of ICT in tourism. Analysis of variance perception of respondents about the impact of ICT on tourism business showed generalized additive model Group Arithmetic Mean (GAM) of 167.4; this simply means that the arithmetic means of respondents that accepted the application of ICT were more than the arithmetic means of respondents that rejected the application.
This study aimed to investigate the impact of mobile phone, land phone and internet (ICTs) on sales, market performance, room occupancy, profitability and credit facilities in the hospitality sector of tourism in the tourist city of Livingstone in Zambia. The study used multiple regression models to find out the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The study found that there was positive impact of ICTs usage on sales, marketing performance, room occupancy, profitability and credit facilities. The study found negative relationship between internet and profitability of the firm due to higher costs of internet access. The study suggested that the firms should work together as a pool to reduce internet costs, such as, the use of trivago.co.zm; booking.co.zm; hotels.com; agoda.com; expedia.com; etc.
Digital transformation in the Tourism Sector - University Of Salford ManchesterEmre Dirlik
In this report, the first phase of the digital business and entrepreneurship module within the digital business division of Salford University, Digital Business: Sector Investigation and Infographic, research will be conducted, analysis and information will be provided on the Tourism industry.
In this direction, it includes the strategic contributions to the sector by critically reviewing the tourism sector and evaluating the value and benefits of digital transformation in the sector. In addition, the report includes the infographic of the tourism sector by analyzing information from business owners and suppliers using Bloomberg, SWOT and sector reports.
In the report, the current environment required for digital transformation was reviewed in the tourism sector and the vuca technique was used to characterize leadership.
11Proposal Part One - Part 1 Influence of Internet on TourismSantosConleyha
11
Proposal Part One - Part 1: Influence of Internet on Tourism Industry
Research Proposal: Influence of Internet on Tourism Industry
Introduction
The tourism industry has been among the best-valued sectors within the nation to generate massive revenue for the government. Besides, the industry is considered among the earliest since it started several decades ago. For an extended period, the industry uses Integrated Marketing Communications to promote their various products and services to the entire world. The introduction of technology in the industry leads to improvements in the sectors. Most individuals without extensive information on the tourism industry can access the data in their comfort zones. It implies that IT and internet technology play a significant role in ensuring effective strategy due to its existence globally.
Most European countries have tried to promote and implement internet technology in ensuring satisfactory delivery of products and services (Kayumovich, 2020). Since it has a custom within the tourism and hotel industry to provide intangible products and services, including but not limited to services alongside comfort, the internet has been an effective method of delivering its messages to the targeted customers. Also, through internet technology, the industry has achieved more customers in the global market, including the European market. The promotion of branding within the European tourism industry has been effective due to the introduction and implementation of internet technology. Thus, the internet is believed to significantly influence the tourism industry in various sectors, including but limited to infrastructure, travel, alongside the marketing sector. Before introducing the internet alongside the IT, travelling of customers was dangerous and unpleasant since travellers had constraint understanding of locations they were visiting.
As a result, the existing vacationers of time had limited knowledge of the cultures and terrain alongside the climate change and patterns necessary to stimulate the travelling issues. Therefore, tourism sectors, including but not limited to tour companies, travel agencies and other like hotels, had developed strategies necessary to promote booking and reservation processes (David-Negre et al. 2018). However, several decades ago, popular sites were visited by tourists. It implies that the tourism sectors within the local or remote area faced challenges of securing sufficient clients as people were could not define the destination. Also, shortage of information on a particular region leads to reduced travelling by visitors. The research involved the utilization of relevant literature review on the subject matter to provide factual information. Therefore, the report offers adequate information on the influence of the internet on the tourism industry. This research would give me the stage to show my finding and view and also propose how the internet can be leveraged to an extend i ...
11Proposal Part One - Part 1 Influence of Internet on TourismBenitoSumpter862
11
Proposal Part One - Part 1: Influence of Internet on Tourism Industry
Research Proposal: Influence of Internet on Tourism Industry
Introduction
The tourism industry has been among the best-valued sectors within the nation to generate massive revenue for the government. Besides, the industry is considered among the earliest since it started several decades ago. For an extended period, the industry uses Integrated Marketing Communications to promote their various products and services to the entire world. The introduction of technology in the industry leads to improvements in the sectors. Most individuals without extensive information on the tourism industry can access the data in their comfort zones. It implies that IT and internet technology play a significant role in ensuring effective strategy due to its existence globally.
Most European countries have tried to promote and implement internet technology in ensuring satisfactory delivery of products and services (Kayumovich, 2020). Since it has a custom within the tourism and hotel industry to provide intangible products and services, including but not limited to services alongside comfort, the internet has been an effective method of delivering its messages to the targeted customers. Also, through internet technology, the industry has achieved more customers in the global market, including the European market. The promotion of branding within the European tourism industry has been effective due to the introduction and implementation of internet technology. Thus, the internet is believed to significantly influence the tourism industry in various sectors, including but limited to infrastructure, travel, alongside the marketing sector. Before introducing the internet alongside the IT, travelling of customers was dangerous and unpleasant since travellers had constraint understanding of locations they were visiting.
As a result, the existing vacationers of time had limited knowledge of the cultures and terrain alongside the climate change and patterns necessary to stimulate the travelling issues. Therefore, tourism sectors, including but not limited to tour companies, travel agencies and other like hotels, had developed strategies necessary to promote booking and reservation processes (David-Negre et al. 2018). However, several decades ago, popular sites were visited by tourists. It implies that the tourism sectors within the local or remote area faced challenges of securing sufficient clients as people were could not define the destination. Also, shortage of information on a particular region leads to reduced travelling by visitors. The research involved the utilization of relevant literature review on the subject matter to provide factual information. Therefore, the report offers adequate information on the influence of the internet on the tourism industry. This research would give me the stage to show my finding and view and also propose how the internet can be leveraged to an extend i ...
Influence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Tourism Sector...Scientific Review SR
Nepal is a country blessed with natural beauty, diverse culture, majestic Himalayas, religious destination which attracts thousands of tourists every year making the tourism industry progressive to flourish. Information Communication Technology (ICT) proves to be an effective tool for strengthening the tourism industry. Thus, the purpose of this research study is to analyze about the past scenario of tourism industry, advent of ICT in tourism industry, positive impacts of ICT in tourism industry through in-depth interview with tourism experts and people who have worked for tourism since decades. This study is a form of qualitative research where narrative inquiry has been selected and the scenario has been analyzed through themes developed from the narratives. The result reveals that the emerging technology brings positive impacts to tourism industry assisting branding, promotion of the country, enhancing networks through communication and easily booking tours. The proper utilization of ICT helps to welcome tourists and to give identity of our country Nepal to the world.
How the Mobile Technologies and ICT-s in the Tourism Sector Affect the Social...inventionjournals
Travel today is an activity for millions of people around the world, not only directly related to tourism purposes, but for many other reasons. The past 20 years, the transport sector was significantly upgraded by providing convenience, speed and more facilities, in most cases with relatively low cost. Also, the tourism sector is heavily influenced by information technology and communication (ICT-s) as one of the tools that providers of tourism services are mainly used for marketing and sales purposes. One of the very important effects of tourism is to bring positive results in the social cohesion of the countries where is developed. But the phenomenon that is noticed nowadays is that people from different social groups like young people, elderly and people with disabilities are using ICT massively for planning their holidays, for being informed about the destination where they want to go, for bookings, reservations, payments etc. This article aims to show that the mobile technology and innovations in ICT-s in the tourism sector have positive effects on the social cohesion and the industry itself. Application producers for mobile equipments are providing innovative and practical services which have often very logical prices, attracting millions of users.
Improving the Information System of Tourist Destinations in the Context of th...ijtsrd
This article discusses how Uzbekistan may improve its smart tourism and tourism information infrastructure of tourist destinations. Because of the technological services supplied to passengers before, during, and after their journey, smart tourism is a terrific way to save not only money, but also nerves and valuable time. The authors remarks, conclusions, and recommendations are included in the paper, as well as an analysis of the pertinent data. Nosirova U. M. "Improving the Information System of Tourist Destinations in the Context of the Digitalization of the Economy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47690.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/47690/improving-the-information-system-of-tourist-destinations-in-the-context-of-the-digitalization-of-the-economy/nosirova-u-m
E Tourism A Study of Tourist Satisfaction Mr. Akshay Nain | Mr. Abhimanyu Awasthi "E-Tourism: A Study of Tourist Satisfaction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47697.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/tourism/47697/etourism-a-study-of-tourist-satisfaction/mr-akshay-nain
Smart tourism is an upcoming and novel exhortation applied to portray the growing reliance of tourism destinations globally. The tourism industry and its consumers (tourists) are emerging forms of information and communications technology (ICT) that permit for substantial quota of information in the form of data to be modified into value propositions. Nevertheless, it remains vague concept, which hampers its theoretical development. The efforts in this study are put together for defining smart tourism, and the research sheds light on present trends in smart tourism, and then laying out its business and technological establishment. This is pursued by a concise dialogue on the scenario and limitations of smart tourism. The research further draws attention to the immense call for investigation to enlighten smart tourism management and development in present scenario.
Promotion and marketing has been done by the business actors in the field of tourism
through the delivery of cultural delegations as well as through the global internet
communication network. At the provincial level, almost all tourism business actors such
as hotels, tourist destinations, and tourism travel bureaus, have websites to support
promotional activities and marketing of tourism products. The website was developed for
the purpose of disseminating information on Indonesian tourism products and attracting
tourists as much as possible to visit tourism destinations. Currently tourism websites are
generally built apart from each other so that sometimes inform the same tourism products
but not complete and not support each other. Nevertheless the existence of the website
has not been optimal in boosting the increase in the number of tourists visiting Indonesia,
even when compared with neighboring countries the number of foreign tourists who come
to Indonesia is still relatively low. The current information technology enables
collaboration between websites so as to increase the chance of tourism information
access for potential tourists both at home and abroad and impact on the increase of tourist
visit. This paper aims to see the potential use of web and data communications
technologies currently available to enhance the promotion and promotion of digital
tourism. The method used is literature study, document study of tourism legislation and
field survey to study the potential utilization of information and communication
technology relevant to collaboration model and its implementation. The expected result
is the recommendation of the strategy of tourism websites development and their
implementation of collaboration at the provincial level so as to have an impact on the
increasing number of tourists visiting the province
Digital Marketing Mix Strategies in the Tourism Industry in Zimbabwe: A Masvi...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Digitalization is considered as the veritable vehicle
of transformation for the tourism industry marketing in this
age of the internet economy. It influences all business
marketing processes before, during and after a tourism trip
in a profoundly revolutionary way. Information distribution
is quicker, better, and cheaper regardless of geographical and
time limitation due to digitalization. The digital marketing
mix, which consists of eproduct, eprice, eplace, epromotion,
eprocess, epeople, and ephysical evidence, is a powerful tool
in revolutionizing tourism marketing management globally
including in Zimbabwe. The aim of the study was to examine
the level of use and adoption of digital marketing mix
strategies in the tourism industry’s accommodation sector in
Masvingo, Zimbabwe. This study adopted a qualitative
research design approach with twenty purposively selected
key informants from the tourism industry in and around
Masvingo Urban. The sample had managers and marketing
managers of hotels and lodges who were respondents in the
study. Interviews and analysis of digital platforms were the
data collection methods. Data was thematically analyzed. The
major finding is that the level of adoption and use of digital
marketing mix strategies is varied and generally low. Most
players still rely more on the traditional analogue marketing
mix strategies. The paper recommends the tourism industry
in Masvingo to fully adopt and utilize digital marketing mix
strategies for them to achieve customer satisfaction and
profitability.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
The role of ict in tourism industry on economic growth case study iran
1. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.5, No.17, 2013
159
The Role of ICT in Tourism Industry on Economic Growth: Case
study Iran
Sadr, Seyed Mohammad Hossein
Ph.D student in Management Information Technology, Department of Management and accounting, University
of Allame Tabataba'I (ATU)
Abstract
This paper investigated the ICT effect on tourism industry in Iran economic growth over 1350-1390 period
using co-integration and error correction methodology. As economic growth and ICT implication on society
variables used in empirical analysis was integrated of one, employed Granger causality test. This study
examines how the ICT and Internet gradually change the tourism industry structure in Iran; how important
such changes are, and to where such changes will lead Iran’s tourism industry. So far, little research has been
done to explore the ICT and Internet adoption status in the other country tourism industry and the impact of
ICT on the structure of the industry. Iranian tourism makes an important and increasing contribution to
economic growth and it represents one of the best opportunities to create income and employment for our
country. In his paper, we illustrates how such trends apply to the tourism industry and describes the way ICT
can support or enable such strategies. Then we analyses the role of ICT in tourism industry on Iran economic
growth by introducing a framework to classify and analyze related organisations around three dimensions,
distinguishing what happens (1) at the boundary of the firms, (2) in their relations with their customers and
suppliers and (3) on the markets they reach. The results show that in the short-run, the Granger causality runs
from e-tourism to economic growth In Iran. However, in the long run there is bi-directional Granger causality
relationship for this country. In other words, if unidirectional causality runs from tourism to income,
increasing in investment in e-tourism industry could lead to an increase in economic growth.
Keywords: E-Tourism, Economic Growth, Iran, Cointegration.
1- Introduction
Tourism sector is one of the first services sectors to adapt and use information and communication
technology (ICT) for promoting its services. Nowadays, ICT has deeply affected the way business is
performed and organizations compete (Porter, 2001; Mavri and Angelis, 2009).
Tourism is usually defined as services for people travelling to and staying outside their usual environment for
less than one consecutive year for leisure or for business purposes. Tourism involves transport,
accommodation, restaurants, cultural activities and leisure and could be more effectively viewed and
evaluated as a market rather than an industry (Mavri and Angelis, 2009).
Buhalis (2004) defines e-tourism as: “e-Tourism reflects the digitalization of all processes and value chains in
the tourism, travel, hospitality and catering industries. At the tactical level, it includes e-commerce and
applies ITs for maximizing the efficiency and effectiveness of the tourism organization. At the strategic level,
e-Tourism revolutionizes all business processes, the entire value chain as well as the strategic relationships of
tourism organizations with all their stakeholders” (Andersen and Henriksen, 2000).
Similar to many other services, e-tourism products are almost exclusively dependent upon audio-visual
presentation and descriptions, that is, they cannot be physically displayed or inspected at the point of sale.
This is, in itself, a challenge for the tourist industry at the origin of the customer where information about the
tourist destination has to be presented in an attractive and convincing manner. Traditionally, the tourist
industry has used ads and brochures with intriguing photos of hotels, local attractions, nature and culture to
sell its products. In the era of the Internet an alternative channel for advertising is introduced (Andersen and
Henriksen, 2000).
The constantly growing number of travel destinations and the enhanced quality of existing ones are putting
great pressure on those responsible for Iran’s destinations to find better ways to compete in the tourism
marketplace and to do so in a sustainable manner. The negative impacts upon our environment, culture and
Romanians’ ways of life have given rise to this demand for a more sustainable development in tourism, too.
New forms of tourism are emerging in the place of traditional tourism. Competitive advantage is no longer
natural, but increasingly man-made, driven by science, technology information and innovation. The new
tourism takes into accounts the complexity and segmentation of tourism demand; the greater flexibility of
supply, distribution and consumption; and the search for new sources of profitability in the industry.
have been especially influential in the realm of tourism, the discourse changed.
2. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.5, No.17, 2013
160
It is now generally acknowledged by government, leading industry and professional associations, employers
and the education and training sector that there is an urgent need for improved targeting of information and
advice on ICT courses and careers to school students. Thus Romanian Government has major roles in
providing basic ICT skills in compulsory schooling, and an important role in conjunction with education
institutions, business, and individuals in providing the framework to encourage ICT skill formation at higher
levels, in vocational training and in ongoing lifelong learning.
Strategies to improve advice on ICT courses and careers to school students could include improved research
and marketing and new approaches in order to:
Improve the understanding of school students at all levels, and of teachers, career advisers and
parents, of potential career and study opportunities in ICT.
Therefore the Romanian Government’s policy should include:
Move beyond policies for basic connectivity and ICT readiness to facilitate more widespread uptake
and use of complex ICT applications and e-business uptake by firms.
Encourage rollout of affordable quality broadband networks to underpin the competitiveness.
Strengthen the infrastructure for trust, security, privacy and consumer protection.
Strengthen cross-border co-operation between stakeholders and the development of rules with cross-
border application.
Although we agree that innovation is becoming a key element to survive and compete in a dynamic and
radically changing environment, we also have to specify that the impact of a technological innovation will
generally depend not only on its inventors, but also on the creativity of the eventual users of the new
technology.
2- Role of ICT in Tourism
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is umbrella term for technological developments
for the Umbrella term for technological developments for the Production, analysis, storage, search,
distribution and use of information ICT includes a combination of hardware, software, telecommunications,
Netware, groupware Human-ware (Waghmode and Jamsandekar, 2013).
ICT enables effective data processing & communication, organisational benefit, ICT, provide enormous
capabilities for consumers. ICT played an outstanding role for development of modern tourism. It has
provided new tools and enabled new distribution channels, thus creating a new business environment. ICT
tools have facilitated business transaction in the industry by networking with trading partners, distribution of
product services and providing information to consumers across the globe. On the other hand consumers are
also using online to obtain information and plan their trip and travel. Information is the key element in the
tourism industry.
It can be used by tourist professionals to define the boundaries of the proposed tourist site as well its
surrounding areas and the communities living in it. It can also get information on roads linking to the sites
and availability of other utilities like water, power, market etc (Waghmode and Jamsandekar, 2013).
Such technologies are also useful for site management and monitoring. The role of ICT tools in the
industry for marketing, operation, and management of customer is widely known.
Marketing techniques can be more innovative through ICT tools.
The Internet, in particular, has been useful in many regards to the travel and tourism sector. It is used to
provide multimedia information about destination to prospective travelers (Waghmode and Jamsandekar,
2013).
It also affects auxiliary industries, such as the transport sector, which plays a major role in the
tourism industry. With the aid of ICT applications, prospective travelers can view a destination, book
accommodation, book the flight and other forms of transport and pay for all these without leaving their
homes. The use of ICTs has spread the travel and tourism industry. ICTs in this industry consist of various
components that include computerized reservation systems, teleconferencing, video, video brochures,
management information systems, airline electronic information systems, electronic funds transfer, digital
telephone networks, smart cards, mobile communication, e-mail, and Internet (Waghmode and Jamsandekar,
2013).
3- Literature Review
Ekanayake and Long (2012) investigated tourism development and economic growth in developing countries.
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between tourism development and economic
growth in developing countries using the newly developed heterogeneous panel co-integration technique.
This study examines the causal relationship between tourism development and economic growth using
Granger causality tests in a multivariate model and using the annual data for the 1995–2009 period. The study
3. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.5, No.17, 2013
161
finds no evidence to support the tourism-led growth hypothesis. The results of the FMOLS show that, though
the elasticity of tourism revenue with respect to real GDP is not statistically significant for all regions, its
positive sign indicates that tourism revenue makes a positive contribution to economic growth in developing
countries. The results of the study suggest that governments of developing countries should focus on
economic policies to promote tourism as a potential source of economic growth.
Çaglayan and et al (2012) investigated relationship between tourism and economic growth: a panel granger
causality approach. This paper investigated the causal relationship between tourism revenue and gross
domestic product (GDP) using the panel data of 135 countries for the period 1995–2008. For this purpose,
Panel Granger causality analysis was applied to 11 groups of countries. This classification was created as
America (30 countries), Asia (34 countries), Europe (37 countries), East Asia (13 countries), South Asia (6
countries), Central Asia (5 countries), Latin America & Caribbean (28 countries), Oceania (7 countries),
Middle East & North Africa (11 countries), Sub Saharan Africa (24 countries) and the world (135 countries).
Results indicated bidirectional causality in Europe between tourism revenue (TR) and gross domestic product
(GDP). Findings showed that there is a unidirectional causality in America, Latin America & Caribbean and
World from GDP to tourism revenue. While in case of East Asia, South Asia and Oceania the reverse
direction of causality was found from tourism revenue to GDP. No causal relationship was found in Asia,
Middle East and North Africa, Central Asia and Sub Saharan Africa.
Maria and Vasilis (2009) investigated the forecasting the growth of e-Tourism Sector: the case study of
Mediterranean countries. They told Tourism is one of the first services sectors to adapt and use Information
and Communication Technology (ICT) for promoting its services. ICT enable travelers to access reliable and
accurate information, as well as to make reservations in a fraction of the time and the cost. The objective of
this work is to measure the impact of ICT on the tourism sector growth. Assuming that the increase of e-
tourism sector depends on the increase in tourism demand and internet penetration, we examine the case of
all Mediterranean EU member countries, and forecast the growth of online tourism services.
Andersen and Henriksen (2006) consideration the Impact analysis of e-tourism in Bhutan. E-tourism is in this
report assessed as a mean to maintain the current positive development in tourism and as a driver for
extending tourism to new markets. Effective use of information, communication, distribution and transactions
through the new media, such as the Internet, can lead to an increased level of economic activity in the tourism
sector in Bhutan. Also, the indirect economic impacts on transportation, accommodation and the retail/
handicraft industry can be substantial. The macro-economic impacts of e-tourism in terms GDP growth,
improvement of the foreign exchange balance, and increased employment are in this report described in three
scenarios based on a forecasted annual increase in tourism by 15%. In the event driven scenario where the
Bhutanese tourism industry manages to increase the number of bed nights per tourist and their consumption
by 15% and to increase the number of international arrivals by 5%, there is a short term increase in the GDP
output from the tourism sector and the dependent sectors by 22.4%, an improvement of the foreign exchange
balance by 1.2 million USD, and an increase in the employment in the tourism sector and the dependent
sectors by 5.1%. In the transition driven scenario the Bhutanese tourism sector manages to use the internet
and other technologies to increase the number of international arrivals by 15% but the number of bed nights
increases by only 5% and the consumption by 5%. In this scenario, the GDP output increases by 8.7% and
employment by only 2.3%, whereas the foreign exchange balance increases by 623,000 USD. In the tourism
consumption spending driven scenario, there is an increase in the number of international arrivals and bed
nights by 5% only, but the consumption by tourists increases by 15%. Thus, the GDP contribution from the
tourism sector and the dependent sectors increases by 15.5% and employment by 6.7%, whereas the foreign
exchange balance increases by 873,000 USD. There are several challenges to be met in order for the full scale
benefits of e-tourism to materialize. Effective online visa procedures and marketing training of tour operators
are being implemented as part of the E-Bhutis project. Economic incentives for the tour operators and the
scale of economics benefits are less visible in the current business structure. The relative limited international
orientation of the tour market and the lack of international players at the Bhutan market are other inhibiting
factors for e-tourism to materialize in the Bhutanese economy. This report also highlights several facilitating
factors for e-tourism to flourish: the commitment by the Association of Bhutanese Tour Operators (ABTO)
and the willingness of the various institutional players to facilitate a smoother visa application process.
4. Econometric Methodology
4.1. Cointegration – ARDL-Bounds Testing Procedure
In this regard, by applying the model suggested by Odhiambo, 2010; Gudarzi and Sadr, 2012 the
recently developed Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)-Bounds testing approach is used to examine the
long-run relationship between e-tourism and economic growth. The ARDL modelling approach was originally
introduced by Pesaran and Shin (1999) and later extended by Pesaran et al. (2001).
4. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.5, No.17, 2013
162
(1)
(2)
Where: = log of e-tourism; = the log of real per capita income; µ = white noise error term; ∆ =
first difference operator.
The bounds testing procedure is based on the joint F-statistic (or Wald statistic) for cointegration
analysis. The asymptotic distribution of the F- statistic is non-standard under the null hypothesis of no
cointegration between examined variables. Pesaran and Pesaran (1997) and Pesaran et al. (2001) report two sets
of critical values for a given significance level. One set of critical values assumes that all variables included in
the ARDL model are I(0), while the other is calculated on the assumption that the variables are I(1). If the
computed test statistic exceeds the upper critical bounds value, then the Ho hypothesis is rejected. If the F-
statistic falls into the bounds then the cointegration test becomes inconclusive. If the F-statistic is lower than the
lower bounds value, then the null hypothesis of no cointegration cannot be rejected (Odhiambo, 2010, Gudarzi
and Sadr, 2012).
4.2. Granger Non-Causality Test
The existence of cointegration relationships indicates that there are long-run relationships among the
variables, and thereby Granger causality among them in at least one direction. The ECM was introduced by
Sargan (1964), and later popularized by Engle and Granger (1981). It is used for correcting disequilibrium and
testing for long and short run causality among cointegrated variables. The ECM used in this paper is specified as
follows:
(3)
(4)
Where = the lagged error-correction term obtained from the long-run equilibrium relationship.
Although the existence of a long-run relationship between ET and y/N suggests that there must be
Granger-causality in at least one direction, it does not indicate the direction of temporal causality between the
variables. The direction of the causality in this case can only be determined by the F-statistic and the lagged
error-correction term. It should, however, be noted that even though the error-correction term has been
incorporated in all the equations (3) – (4), only equations where the null hypothesis of no cointegration is
rejected will be estimated with an error-correction term (Odhiambo, 2010, Gudarzi and Sadr, 2012).
In each equation, change in the endogenous variable is caused not only by their lags, but also by the previous
period’s disequilibrium in level. Given such a specification, the presence of short and long-run causality could be
tested (Aktaş, Cengiz and Yılmaz, Veysel, 2008).
4.3. ADF Unit Root Test
Nelson and Plosser (1982) argue that almost all macroeconomic time series typically have a unit root.
Thus, by taking first differences the null hypothesis of nonstationarity is rejected for most of the variables. Unit
root tests are important in examining the stationarity of a time series because nonstationary regressors invalidates
many standard empirical results and thus requires special treatment. Granger and Newbold (1974) have found by
simulation that the F-statistic calculated from the regression involving the nonstationary time-series data does
not follow the Standard distribution. This nonstandard distribution has a substantial rightward shift under the null
hypothesis of no causality.
Thus the significance of the test is overstated and a spurious result is obtained. The presence of a
stochastic trend is determined by testing the presence of unit roots in time series data. Non-stationarity or the
presence of a unit root can be tested using the Dickey and Fuller (1981) tests.
The test is the t statistic on φ in the following regression:
(5)
Where is the first-difference operator, is a stationary random error (Chang, at all, 2001).
4.4. Tests of Cointegration
The cointegration test is based in the methodology developed by Johansen (1991), and Johansen and
Juselius (1993). Johansen's method is to test the restrictions imposed by cointegration on the unrestricted
5. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.5, No.17, 2013
163
variance autoregressive, VAR, involving the series. The mathematical form of a VAR is (Gudarzi and Sadr,
2012)
(6)
where is an n-vector of non-stationary I(1) variables, is a d-vector of deterministic variables, and
are matrices of coefficients to be estimated, and is a vector of innovations that may be contemporaneously
correlated with each other but are uncorrelated with their own lagged values and other right-hand side variables.
We can rewrite the VAR as (Eq. (7)):
(7)
Where (Eq. (8))
(8)
Granger’s representation theorem asserts that if the coefficient matrix n has reduced rank r<n, then there
exist n x r matrices and each with rank r such that and is stationary. Here, r is the number
of cointegrating relations and each column of is a cointegrating vector. For n endogenous non-stationary
variables, there can be from (0) to (n-1) linearly independent, cointegrating relations (Yin and Xu, 2003; Gudarzi
and Sadr, 2012).
5. Data and empirical results
5.1 Data
The data used in this study consist of annual time series of GDP and e-tourism for Iran 1980 to 2010.
Annual time series data were utilized in this study. The series for Iran cover the period 1980-2010; the data are
obtained from Iran central bank and World Bank indicators.
5.2 Result of unit Roots and Cointegration Test
The results of the unit root tests for the series of e-tourism and GDP variables are shown in Table 1. The
ADF test provides the formal test for unit roots in this study. The p-values corresponding to the ADF values
calculated for the two series are larger than 0.05. This indicates that the series of all the variables are non-
stationary at 5% level of significance and thus any causal inferences from the two series in levels are invalid.
Table 1. Results of ADF Test for Unit Roots
Variables Trend and Intercept first difference Critical values (5%)
L e-tourism -2.65 -5.88 -3.63 -3.64
LGDP -1.85 -5.67 -3.57 -3.58
Note: The optimal lags for the ADF tests were selected based on optimising Akaike’s information Criteria AIC,
using a range of lags. We use the Eviews software to estimate this value.
The analysis of the first differenced variables shows that the ADF test statistics for all the variables are
less than the critical values at 5% levels (Table 1). The results show that all the variables are stationary after
differencing once, suggesting that all the variables are integrated of order I(1).
As indicated, the basic idea behind cointegration is to test whether a linear combination of two individually non-
stationary time series is itself stationary. Given that integration of two series is of the same order, it is necessary
to test whether the two series are cointegrated over the sample period. The results of the Johansen cointegration
test for the series e-tourism and GDP are reported in Table 2.
Table 2. Results of Johansen’s Cointegration Test
Null Hypotheses Alternative Hypotheses Trace Statistic Critical Value (5%)
H0 H1
r=0 r=1 18.97 16.23
r=2 4.56 5.12
Source: We use the Eviews software to estimate this value.
The likelihood ratio tests show that the null hypothesis of absence of cointegrating relation (r = 0) can
be rejected at 5% level of significance, and that the null hypothesis of existence of at most one cointegrating
relation (r ≤ 1) can be rejected at 5% level of significance. We can see that both tests suggest the existence of
two cointegrating vectors driving the series with two common stochastic trends in the data. Thus, we can
conclude that e-tourism and GDP are cointegrated. That is, there is a long-run relationship between e-tourism
and GDP for Iran.
5.3 Cointegration Test
6. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.5, No.17, 2013
164
The cointegration relationship between [e-tourism and GDP= y/N] is examined using the ARDL bounds
testing procedure. Two steps are used in this procedure. In the first step, the order of lags on the first differenced
variables in equations (1) - (3) is obtained from the unrestricted models - using the Akaike Information Criterion
(AIC) and the Schwartz- Bayesian Criterion (SBC). The results of the AIC and SBC tests (not reported here)
show that while in the case of e-tourism equation the optimal lag is lag 1, in y/N equation, the optimal lag is lag
3. In the second step, we apply bounds F-test to equations (1) – (3) in order to establish whether there exists a
long-run relationship between the variables under study. The results of the bounds test are reported in Table 3.
Table 3: Bounds F-test for Cointegration
Dependent variable Function F-test statistic
y/N (e-tourism) 5.987
e-tourism (y/N) 2.067
Asymptotic Critical Values
1% 5% 10%
I(0) I(1) I(0) I(1) I(0) I(1)
Pesaran et al (2001), p. 300, table
CI(ii) Case II
4.24 5.21 3.89 3.94 2.75 3.28
5.4. Results of Error-Correction Model
If the series of two variables are non-stationary and the linear combination of these two variables is
stationary, then the error correction modeling rather than the standard Granger causality test should be employed.
Therefore, an ECM was set up to investigate both short-run and long-run causality. In the ECM, first difference
of each endogenous variable (GDP and e-tourism) was regressed on a period lag of the cointegrating equation
and lagged first differences of all the endogenous variables in the system, as shown in Eq. (3). The results of
error correction model are presented in Table 4.
Table 4. The Result of Error Correction Model
Lag Lengths F Statistics t statistics for ECMt-
1
m=2 n = 2 5.12 -3.43
m=1 n =1 2.45 2.42
Notes: The lag lengths are chosen by using AIC information criterion.
According to results of the Table 3, short-run causality is found to run from economic growth to e-
tourism. That is, there is bidirectional short-run Granger-causality economic growth to e-tourism. The coefficient
of the ECM is not be significant in Eq. (3) and (4), which indicates that no exists bidirectional Granger causality
between e-tourism and economic growth in long run. In other words, if unidirectional causality runs from energy
consumption to income, reducing e-tourism could lead to a fall in economic growth.
6. Conclusion
This paper has investigated the ECM model to examine the causal relationship between e-tourism and
GDP in Iran using the annual data covering the period of 1980- 2010. Prior to testing for causality, the ADF test
and Johansen maximum likelihood test were used to examine for unit roots and cointegration. Our estimation
results indicate in short run that there are bidirectional short-run causality between economic growth and e-
tourism.
The results show that in the short-run, the Granger causality runs from e-tourism to economic growth In Iran.
However, in the long run there is bi-directional Granger causality relationship for this country. In other
words, if unidirectional causality runs from tourism to income, increasing in investment in e-tourism industry
could lead to an increase in economic growth.
Among the types of tourism in Iran, ecotourism have grown recently. Ecotourism entails the sustainable
preservation of a naturally endowed area or region. This is becoming more and more significant for the
ecological development of all regions that have tourist value.
The types of tourism in Iran have grown and this has boosted the Iran economy.
The tourism sector contributed to the nation’s GDP.
7. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.5, No.17, 2013
165
References
1. Aktaş, Cengiz and Yılmaz, Veysel., (2008), “Causal relationship between oil consumption and
economic growth in Turkey”, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (15) 1: 45-55.
2. Andersen, Kim Viborg & Henriksen, Helle Zinner (2006), “Impact analysis of e-tourism in Bhutan”,
Working paper no. 09.
3. Buhalis, D. (2003), “E-Tourism – Information technology for strategic tourism Management”, Prentice
Hall.
4. Çaglayan, N. Sak and K. Karymshakov (2012), “Relationship between Tourism and Economic Growth:
A Panel Granger Causality Approach”, Asian Economic and Financial Review, vol. 2, issue 5, pages
591-602
5. Cheng, B., 1995. An investigation of cointegration and causality between energy consumption and
economic growth. Journal of Energy Development 21, 73-84.
6. Chang, T. Fang, W and Wen, L.F. (2001), “Energy consumption, employment, output, and temporal
causality: evidence from Taiwan based on cointegration and error-correction modelling techniques”,
Applied Economics, 33, 1045-1056.
7. Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A., (1981), “Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a
unit root”, Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072.
8. Ekanayake, E. M. and Long, Aubrey E., (2012), “Tourism Development and Economic Growth in
Developing Countries”, the International Journal of Business and Finance Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp.
61-63, 2012.
9. Engle, R.E., Granger, C.W.J., 1981. Cointegration and error-correction: representation, estimation and
testing. Econometrica 55, 251-276.
10. Granger, C. and Newbold, P. (1974), “Spurious regressions in econometrics”, J. Econometrics 2, 111-
120.
1. Gudarzi farahani Yazdan, Sadr Seyed Mohammad Hossein (2012), “Causality between Oil
Consumption and Economic Growth in IRAN: an ARDL Testing Approach”, Asian Economic and
Financial Review, Vol. 2, Issue: 6, pp. 606-614.
11. Johansen, S., Juselius, K., 1990. Maximum likelihood estimation and inferences on cointegration with
approach. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 52, 169-209.
12. Johansen, S., 1988. Statistical analysis of cointegrating vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and
Control 12, 231-254.
13. Mackinnon, J. (1991), Critical values for cointegration tests, long run economic relationships reading,
in Cointegration (Ed.”), Oxford University Press, New York, 267- 76.
14. Mavri, Maria and Angelis, Vasilis (2009), “Forecasting the Growth of e-Tourism Sector: The Case
Study of Mediterranean Countries”, International multidisciplinary journal of tourism, Vol. 4(3), pp.
113-125.
15. Nelson, C. R. and Plosser, C. I. (1982), “Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series some
evidence and implications”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 10, 139- 162.
16. Odhiambo. M. N., 2010. Oil prices and economic growth in South Africa: an ARDL testing approach.
17. Pesaran, M., Pesaran, B., 1997. Working with microfit 4.0: interactive economic analysis. Oxford
University Press, Oxford.
18. Pesaran, M., Shin, Y., 1999. An autoregressive distributed lag modeling approach to cointegration
analysis” in S. Strom, (ed) Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch
centennial Symposium, Cambidge University Press, Cambridge.
19. Pesaran, M., Shin, Y., Smith, R., 2001. Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships.
Journal of Applied Econometrics 16, 289-326.
20. Sargan JD. 1964. Wages and prices in the United Kingdom: A study in econometric methodology. In
Econometric Analysis for National Economic Planning, Hart PE, Mills G, Whitaker JK (eds).
Butterworth and Co.: London (1964); 25–54.
21. Waghmode, M. L and Jamsandekar, P. P (2013), “Role of ICT in tourism”, international E-journal of
ongoing research in management and IT e-ISSN 2320-0065.
8. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/
The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar