Automation plays a key role in smart grids by enabling real-time monitoring, control, and optimization of power generation and distribution. Advanced distribution automation incorporates sensors, switches, and communication technologies to remotely monitor equipment health, isolate faults, restore power, and improve integration of renewable energy sources. Automated devices like reclosers, capacitors, voltage regulators, and load tap changers help regulate voltage and current levels, reroute power around faults, and reduce energy losses to the benefit of utilities and customers.
Power Factor Correction Methods
Fixed Capcitors
Synchronous Condensors
Phase Advancers
Switch Capacitors
Static Var Compensator(SVC)
Static Synchronous Compensator(STATCOM)
Modulated power filter capacitor compensator
Economics of power factor improvement
Economical comparison of increasing the power supply
Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) are essentially based on the new data acquisition technology of phasor measurement and allow monitoring transmission system conditions over large areas in view of detecting and further counteracting grid instabilities.
The concept of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics-based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
Distributed Generation generally refers to power generation at the point of end user or
customer. Distributed Generation is gaining worldwide acceptance due to it’s a number of benefits.
Distributed Generation eliminates the cost and complexity and reduces the chances of inefficiency
which occur in the transmission and distributed network [1]. Basically electricity produced is
generated at large generating stations which is then send at high voltages through the transmission
lines to the load centers and then through local distribution network distributed to the customers at
distribution level voltage. In present scenario there is an increase in demand which is creating gap
between demand and supply to fulfill this gap distributed generation can plays the significant role.
The main reason for the need of distributed generation is it is clean and continuous. Distributed
generation means generating power on site not centrally. Distributed generation is the best way for
rural electrification. This paper will discuss the importance and benefits of Distributed Generation in
near future
Practically, the capability of injection voltage by DVR system is 50% of nominal voltage. This allows DVRs to successfully provide protection against sags to 50% for durations of up to 0.1 seconds. Furthermore, most voltage sags rarely reach less than 50%.
Small-Signal (or Small Disturbance) Stability is the ability of a power system to maintain synchronism when subjected to small disturbances
such disturbances occur continually on the system due to small variations in loads and generation
disturbance considered sufficiently small if linearization of system equations is permissible for analysis
Corresponds to Liapunov's first method of stability analysis
Small-signal analysis using powerful linear analysis techniques provides valuable information about the inherent dynamic characteristics of the power system and assists in its robust design
This PPT provides the contents related to the Smart Grid Introduction. It is created for catering the Unit I contents of the AU course EE8019 - Smart Grid
The project involves determining real time electricity charges incurred by the residential consumers. The smart grid integrated with residential PV systems was modeled in Simulink to determine demand response in dynamic pricing environment. Based on the load demand, electricity charges were calculated and compared with flat rate charges to highlight cost savings.
Introduction, Operation of 12-pulse converter as receiving and sending terminals of HVDC system, Equipment required for HVDC System and their significance, Comparison of AC and DC transmission, Control of HVDC transmission
Power Factor Correction Methods
Fixed Capcitors
Synchronous Condensors
Phase Advancers
Switch Capacitors
Static Var Compensator(SVC)
Static Synchronous Compensator(STATCOM)
Modulated power filter capacitor compensator
Economics of power factor improvement
Economical comparison of increasing the power supply
Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) are essentially based on the new data acquisition technology of phasor measurement and allow monitoring transmission system conditions over large areas in view of detecting and further counteracting grid instabilities.
The concept of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics-based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
Distributed Generation generally refers to power generation at the point of end user or
customer. Distributed Generation is gaining worldwide acceptance due to it’s a number of benefits.
Distributed Generation eliminates the cost and complexity and reduces the chances of inefficiency
which occur in the transmission and distributed network [1]. Basically electricity produced is
generated at large generating stations which is then send at high voltages through the transmission
lines to the load centers and then through local distribution network distributed to the customers at
distribution level voltage. In present scenario there is an increase in demand which is creating gap
between demand and supply to fulfill this gap distributed generation can plays the significant role.
The main reason for the need of distributed generation is it is clean and continuous. Distributed
generation means generating power on site not centrally. Distributed generation is the best way for
rural electrification. This paper will discuss the importance and benefits of Distributed Generation in
near future
Practically, the capability of injection voltage by DVR system is 50% of nominal voltage. This allows DVRs to successfully provide protection against sags to 50% for durations of up to 0.1 seconds. Furthermore, most voltage sags rarely reach less than 50%.
Small-Signal (or Small Disturbance) Stability is the ability of a power system to maintain synchronism when subjected to small disturbances
such disturbances occur continually on the system due to small variations in loads and generation
disturbance considered sufficiently small if linearization of system equations is permissible for analysis
Corresponds to Liapunov's first method of stability analysis
Small-signal analysis using powerful linear analysis techniques provides valuable information about the inherent dynamic characteristics of the power system and assists in its robust design
This PPT provides the contents related to the Smart Grid Introduction. It is created for catering the Unit I contents of the AU course EE8019 - Smart Grid
The project involves determining real time electricity charges incurred by the residential consumers. The smart grid integrated with residential PV systems was modeled in Simulink to determine demand response in dynamic pricing environment. Based on the load demand, electricity charges were calculated and compared with flat rate charges to highlight cost savings.
Introduction, Operation of 12-pulse converter as receiving and sending terminals of HVDC system, Equipment required for HVDC System and their significance, Comparison of AC and DC transmission, Control of HVDC transmission
In upcoming generation there is many advancement in electrical grid which make them more reliable. the smart grid was introduced with the aim of overcoming the weaknesses of conventional electrical grids using smart net meters.
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
1. The Role of Automation
in Smart Grid
Roll.No :
19tuee017,
19tuee018,
19tuee019,
19tuee020,
19tuee021,
19tuee022.
2. INTRODUCTION
● Smart Grids are enabling technologies aiming to resolve major challenges arising from
the aging utility infrastructure, rising energy demands, and growing concerns over the
excessive use of exhaustible resources such as carbon- based fossil fuels for energy
generation.
● In order to build intelligent features into the existing traditional power grid, a
comprehensive technological approach compromising of real-time monitoring
systems, decision-making algorithms, control systems, forecasting and optimized
algorithms are essential.
● For implementing this technologies in smart grids must include: Distribution
Automation (DA), asset management, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI),
renewable energy resources.In simultaneousness with the deployment of
information technology and telecommunication networks, smart grids now allows the
utility companies to monitor and optimize the production and distribution of power in
near- real time.
● This is possible because of the smart power generation that allows and involves the
two way flow of electricity and information. The generation is based on the
consumption or the expected demand and the demand can drive the generation as or
when it desires.
3. Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA)
● The term Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA) can be put up as the
automation of all the features related to the distribution system using the
information that has been collected from various sub-stations, devices deployed
on the grids and the smart meters at the end location.
● The most important aspects while designing an effective distribution automation
system is protection and switching functions. Nowadays, various DA devices
have been deployed in the distribution lines to track current and voltage state at
various times, to exchange device information and to reconfigure the network to
meet the regular changes in the environment.
4. SCADA
● SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) that monitors and
controls the various distribution substations is considered as Advanced
Distribution Automation. This system provides an extra benefit of remotely
controlling and observing the renewable energy sources (RES).
● The SCADA system monitors and can make slight changes in the system to
function properly. This system is a closed loop system and works with very
less human intervention and also has the ability to monitor the entire system
in near-real time.
5. APPLICATIONS OF ADVANCED DISTRIBUTION
AUTOMATION IN SMART GRID
● The most important application of the Advanced Distribution Automation is
fault diagnosis by monitoring the faults in the grid, then identifying the root
cause of the occurred fault and then restoring the system.
● Automated fault and root-cause identification can also been investigated
using the state of art of technologies such as cause-effect network, Artificial
Intelligence or Bayesian inference.
● The deployment of wireless sensors, distributed actuators, and the present
day information and communication technologies would generate more
accurate real-time data about the states, making automated fault diagnosis
feasible and applicable in future intelligent smart grids.
6. DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION BENEFITS
1) Improvement in location of fault, isolation, and service restoration
capabilities that result in less number of outages, less operational and maintenance
costs, less chances of equipment failure or damage, and lesser inconvenience at the
consumer end.
2) Improved distribution system resilience to extreme weather events by
automatically limiting the extent of major outages and improving operator ability to
diagnose and repair damaged equipment.
3) More effective equipment monitoring and preventative maintenance that
reduces operating costs, enables more efficient use of capital assets, reduces the
likelihood of equipment failures.
4) More efficient use of repair crews and truck rolls that reduces operating
costs, enables faster service restoration, and lowers environmental emissions.
5) Improved grid integration of selected distributed energy resources (DER) such
as thermal storage for commercial and municipal buildings.
7. Automated Feeder Switches and Reclosers
● Automated feeder switches open and close to isolate the faults and repair the
feeder with the fault to restore power back to customers on line segments
without a fault.
● They are typically configured to work with smart relays to operate in
response to commands from an autonomous control system, distribution
management systems, and signals from grid operators.
● Switches can be configured to close and open at pre- determined intervals
when fault currents are detected.
● This action is called as reclosing of the switches, and are deployed to
sectionalize faulty sections of the feeders and to divert power around the
faulty section of the feeder and re- energize only after the obstruction has
been cleared by itself from the feeder line.
8. Automated Capacitors
● Utilities use capacitive bank (made up of capacitors) to compensate for
reactive power requirements caused by inductive loads from customer
equipment’s, transformers, or overhead lines impedances.
● Compensating for reactive power reduces the total amount of power that
need to be provided by power plants, resulting in a flat voltage along the
feeder, and less energy being loosed as electrical losses in the feeder line.
9. Automated Voltage Regulators and Load Tap
Changers
● Voltage regulators are types of transformers that make small adjustments to voltage
levels in response to changes in load. They are installed in substations.
● At the sub-stations these transformers are called as load tap changers and along
distribution feeders to regulate downstream voltage.
● Feeder monitors measure the load on distribution lines and equipment and can
trigger alarms when equipment or line loadings start to approach potentially
damaging levels.
● Monitors deliver data in real time back to the systemes so that utilities can efficiently
assess the change in load trends and take corresponding actions, such as taking
equipment off service, transferring of load on substitute feeder, or repairing equipment
whenever necessary without causing any power outage.
10. EQUIPMENT HEALTH MONITORING
● Installing sensors on key electrical machinery and infrastructures such as
distribution lines to measure the health of the equipment and can provide
near- real time alerts for any unusual circumstances as well as analytics
that help maintenance engineers plan equipment maintenance,
repair, and replacement.
● This technologies also equips the grid operators with better understanding
to send the maintenance crews relying on the real- time data that has been
diagnosed for the system.
● Several utilities automate monitoring systems to reduce human
interventions during inspections, enable active maintenance, and better
diagnose equipment failures so it can rectified and bought back into service
to prevent any outages.