The Meiji Restoration helped to industrialize Japan which eventually led to the development of an empire.

1. Japan and the Meiji Restoration
The Opening and Modernization of JapanThe Opening and Modernization of Japan
1750-19001750-1900

2. Tokugawa Period (1600-1868)
• ___________________
• Ruled by Shogun, Emperor as a figurehead
• Capital City of Edo (Tokyo)
• Rigid Social Structure (Daimyo Samurai, peasants, artisans, merchants)
• ___________________
• Ruled by Shogun, Emperor as a figurehead
• Capital City of Edo (Tokyo)
• Rigid Social Structure (Daimyo Samurai, peasants, artisans, merchants)
• Belief Systems
- Shintoism
- Zen Buddhism
- Prohibited Christianity
• Belief Systems
- Shintoism
- Zen Buddhism
- Prohibited Christianity
Himeji Castle: Built in 1600sHimeji Castle: Built in 1600s
Centralized feudalism
“pacified, but not really unified”“pacified, but not really unified”

3. Tokugawa Period (1600-1868)
• Highly regulated trade
• Limited trade with
China, Korea and Dutch
• Highly regulated trade
• Limited trade with
China, Korea and Dutch
Arrival of the United States

4. Growing Commercialization
• By 1750, world’s most urbanized country
• Edo was largest city in world– 1 million people
• Emerging capitalist society – literate, educated
population due to Confucian influence
• By 1750, world’s most urbanized country
• Edo was largest city in world– 1 million people
• Emerging capitalist society – literate, educated
population due to Confucian influence
Problems
• Peasants/samurai lured into commerce –
ignored social “status”
• Corruption in government
• 1830 famine– people lost faith in Shogunate
Problems
• Peasants/samurai lured into commerce –
ignored social “status”
• Corruption in government
• 1830 famine– people lost faith in Shogunate

5. 1853: The Arrival of the United States
_____________ Makes “Friends” with Japan_____________ Makes “Friends” with Japan
In July, 1853 Perry presented the
Japanese Emperor with a proposed
commercial and friendship treaty.
He would return a year later to receive
their answer.
In July, 1853 Perry presented the
Japanese Emperor with a proposed
commercial and friendship treaty.
He would return a year later to receive
their answer.
Matthew PerryMatthew Perry

6. Film ClipFilm Clip

7. “
Great and good friend,
I have directed Commodore Perry to
assure your imperial majesty that I
entertain the kindest feelings toward
your majesty's person and
government…
Letter from President Millard Fillmore to the Shogun of JapanLetter from President Millard Fillmore to the Shogun of Japan

8. … I am desirous that our two
countries should trade with each
other, for the benefit both of Japan
and the United States.
Letter from President Millard Fillmore to the Shogun of JapanLetter from President Millard Fillmore to the Shogun of Japan

9. ...We know that the ancient laws of
your imperial majesty's government
do not allow of foreign trade, except
with the Chinese and the Dutch; but
as the state of the world changes… it
seems to be wise, from time to time,
Letter from President Millard Fillmore to the Shogun of JapanLetter from President Millard Fillmore to the Shogun of Japan

10. ...These are the only objects for which I
have sent Commodore Perry, with a
powerful squadron, to pay a visit to your
imperial majesty's renowned city of Yedo:
friendship, commerce, a supply of coal and
provisions, and protection for our
shipwrecked people."
Letter from President Millard Fillmore to the Shogun of JapanLetter from President Millard Fillmore to the Shogun of Japan

11. Gunboat Diplomacy
Perry returned in 1854.
This time he appeared with seven ships - four
sailing ships, three steamers – and 1600 men.
So…what’s it
gonna be??

12. The Treaty of Kanagawa
In 1854 the Treaty of Kanagawa was signed which established:
1. ___________________ friendship between the two countries
2. proper treatment for shipwrecked Americans
3. fuel for American ships
4. two ports opened for trade
In 1854 the Treaty of Kanagawa was signed which established:
1. ___________________ friendship between the two countries
2. proper treatment for shipwrecked Americans
3. fuel for American ships
4. two ports opened for trade
Result:Result:
The signing of this treaty signaled the end of Japanese ________.The signing of this treaty signaled the end of Japanese ________.isolation
Permanent Friendship

13. The last Tokugawa Shogun
Sakamoto Ryoma
Unequal treaties were seen as humiliating
and some daimyo wanted to remove the
Shogun from power.
Unequal treaties were seen as humiliating
and some daimyo wanted to remove the
Shogun from power.
Sakamoto Ryoma created a plan for Japan to
modernize and unify under the rule of the Emperor.
He convinced the Shogun to resign. He was
assassinated shortly after by a pro-Shogun supporter.
Sakamoto Ryoma created a plan for Japan to
modernize and unify under the rule of the Emperor.
He convinced the Shogun to resign. He was
assassinated shortly after by a pro-Shogun supporter.
Shogun Yoshinobu
“Revere the
Emperor, expel
the
barbarians”

14. “When I saw a hospital [abroad], I wanted to know how it
was run – who paid the running expenses; when I visited
a bank, I wanted to learn how the money was deposited
and paid out. By similar firsthand questions, I learned
something of the postal system and the military
conscription (draft). A perplexing institution was
representative government.”
“When I saw a hospital [abroad], I wanted to know how it
was run – who paid the running expenses; when I visited
a bank, I wanted to learn how the money was deposited
and paid out. By similar firsthand questions, I learned
something of the postal system and the military
conscription (draft). A perplexing institution was
representative government.”
Fukuzawa Yukichi
Japanese Scholar
Selective Borrowing
Taiping Rebellion
1850-1864
U.S. Civil War
1861-1865Suez Canal
1858-1869
World Events

15. The Meiji Restoration
Over the next generation the whole society
and its institutions were transformed to
serve the needs of _____________.
Over the next generation the whole society
and its institutions were transformed to
serve the needs of _____________.
By 1868, a group of young samurai claimed
that they were restoring power to
___________, the 15 year old Japanese
Emperor.
By 1868, a group of young samurai claimed
that they were restoring power to
___________, the 15 year old Japanese
Emperor.
This period is known as the ______________
Meiji meaning ______________.
This period is known as the ______________
Meiji meaning ______________.
Mutsuhito
Meiji Restoration
modernization
Enlightened Rule

16. Political Reforms
“Rich Country, Strong Army!”
•Centralized Nation-State
•Equality under the law
•1889 – Emperor issues a “voluntary gift” to the people – a constitution
•Developed a Parliament called the Diet
•Emperor still had power – influenced by oligarchy
•Centralized Nation-State
•Equality under the law
•1889 – Emperor issues a “voluntary gift” to the people – a constitution
•Developed a Parliament called the Diet
•Emperor still had power – influenced by oligarchy

17. “Rich Country, Strong Army!”
Military Reforms
•Abolished Samurai class
•No longer allowed to carry swords
•Created modern army based on
conscription from all classes
•Created modern navy
•Abolished Samurai class
•No longer allowed to carry swords
•Created modern army based on
conscription from all classes
•Created modern navy

18. Economic Reforms “Rich Country, Strong Army!”
• Newly developed State Banks funded new roads, railroads
• Guilds and road tariffs abolished to create national market
• Land reform/new agricultural techniques increased food
• Government dominated mines, shipyards, heavy industry
• Created postal system, commercial laws, schools
• Newly developed State Banks funded new roads, railroads
• Guilds and road tariffs abolished to create national market
• Land reform/new agricultural techniques increased food
• Government dominated mines, shipyards, heavy industry
• Created postal system, commercial laws, schools
Silk factories 1915
Private Enterprise in the Textile Industry
Silk factories 1915
Private Enterprise in the Textile Industry New Western style public educationNew Western style public education
State Sponsored Industry: Ministry of Industry 1870State Sponsored Industry: Ministry of Industry 1870

19. Landscape art of the 16th
Century displays
themes of isolation, reflection, and simplicity.
Japanese artists and scholars, emulated their
Chinese mentors. This reflective, somewhat
romantic ink landscape includes pale touches
of red and yellow.
1. What Japanese traditions
are depicted in this
painting?
2. What aspects of this
painting reflect western
ideals? Explain.
3. How does this painting
showcase the changing times
of Japan?
1. What Japanese traditions
are depicted in this
painting?
2. What aspects of this
painting reflect western
ideals? Explain.
3. How does this painting
showcase the changing times
of Japan?
Do Now:

20. Reactions to WesternizationReactions to Westernization
The Satsuma Rebellion 1877The Satsuma Rebellion 1877
Takamori Saigo: The Last Samurai
• Many samurai were desperate with their
situation and the loss of their former status.
• 60,000 __________________ troops faced
40,000 rebels, led by Takamori Saigo.
• It was a clash of _____________________
samurai weapons against a modern army.
• The samurai rebels were completely defeated
in a bloody battle.
• Takamori Saigo was wounded and committed
________________ in samurai tradition. He
became a hero for the Japanese.
Government
traditional
suicide

21. Reactions to WesternizationReactions to Westernization
Some Samurai found new opportunities in political and business areas
The Mitsubishi CompanyThe Mitsubishi Company
• 1868- Iwasaki Yataro won government contracts for railroad and steamship lines and competed with
British
• 1868- Iwasaki Yataro won government contracts for railroad and steamship lines and competed with
British
• Created a loyal management group of former samurai• Created a loyal management group of former samurai
• Expanded business to include shipbuilding, mining, transportation and banking.• Expanded business to include shipbuilding, mining, transportation and banking.
“Zaibatsu” families – Large firms that owned most private industry“Zaibatsu” families – Large firms that owned most private industry

22. Strains of ModernizationStrains of ModernizationStrains of ModernizationStrains of Modernization
• Poor living standards existed
in crowded cities
• Political differences led to
instability and frequent
assassinations of leaders
• Constant questioning and
debate about ______________
• Disgruntled _________ class
• Need for raw materials
Problems:Problems:
Westernization
Samuarai
Empire of the Rising Sun

23. The Joseon Dynasty: “The Hermit Kingdom”
•Considered China’s “younger
brother”
•Looked to China for protection
•Adopted Chinese language, civil
service exams, government, and
isolation policy.
•Considered China’s “younger
brother”
•Looked to China for protection
•Adopted Chinese language, civil
service exams, government, and
isolation policy.
Joseon Dynasty was
highly influenced by
Ming China.
Joseon Dynasty was
highly influenced by
Ming China.
Gyeongbokgung PalaceGyeongbokgung PalaceKing TaejoKing Taejo
I am the real
King!
I am the real
King!
The Joseon DynastyThe Joseon Dynasty

24. Korea is the Key- 1876
1876 –
Japanese___________
diplomacy forced
Korea to sign the
unequal Treaty of
Ganghwa
1876 –
Japanese___________
diplomacy forced
Korea to sign the
unequal Treaty of
Ganghwa
“Korea is an arrow pointed at the heart of Japan.”
- Japanese official, 1880
“Korea is an arrow pointed at the heart of Japan.”
- Japanese official, 1880
gunboat

25. The Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895
• China acknowledged Korea’s full independence and Japan gets Taiwan.
• Balance of Power in the East shifted from traditional China to modern Japan.
• China acknowledged Korea’s full independence and Japan gets Taiwan.
• Balance of Power in the East shifted from traditional China to modern Japan.
•Japanese troops took over Korean royal palace and fought Chinese troops in a series of land and naval
battles.
•Total Japanese victory in 1895 – Treaty of Shimonoseki:

26. Create a caption or title for this political cartoonCreate a caption or title for this political cartoon
There’s a new
Sherriff in town!
There’s a new
Sherriff in town!
How did you
get so
powerful?
How did you
get so
powerful?

27. FUN
FACT!
In order to get married,
men in indigenous
Taiwanese tribes had to
present a head to their
tribe.
The Japanese wanted to
control Taiwan directly
in order to control these
tribes who were killing
Japanese merchants.
In order to get married,
men in indigenous
Taiwanese tribes had to
present a head to their
tribe.
The Japanese wanted to
control Taiwan directly
in order to control these
tribes who were killing
Japanese merchants.

28. Anti-Japanese Reaction
•The Japanese assassinated Queen Min because
she was reaching out to RUSSIA for help.
•Japanese officials ordered Koreans to cut off
“topknots!”
•The Japanese assassinated Queen Min because
she was reaching out to RUSSIA for help.
•Japanese officials ordered Koreans to cut off
“topknots!”
“Cut off my head,
but my hair – never!”
“Cut off my head,
but my hair – never!”

29. The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
• Russian expansion into Manchuria threatened Japan and Great Britain
• Russia obtained a 25 year lease on Port Arthur and permission to link
Trans-Siberian RR - putting them on the doorstep of Korea.
• Russian expansion into Manchuria threatened Japan and Great Britain
• Russia obtained a 25 year lease on Port Arthur and permission to link
Trans-Siberian RR - putting them on the doorstep of Korea.

30. • Russian troops entered Korea
despite Japanese objections
• Japanese attacked Russians
at Port Arthur
• Japanese shocked the world
and won many battles
What is the impact of Japanese
victories over both China and Russia?
What is the impact of Japanese
victories over both China and Russia?

31. The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
How do these cartoons portray Korea and why do you
think they were in this position?
How do these cartoons portray Korea and why do you
think they were in this position?

32. American Involvement
• U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt
helped to broker the Treaty of Portsmouth
• Russia had to acknowledge Japan’s
superior political, military, and economic
interest in Korea.
• Taft-Katsura Agreement:
Secret agreement between
U.S. and Japan
(Philippines for Korea)
• Taft-Katsura Agreement:
Secret agreement between
U.S. and Japan
(Philippines for Korea)
We will recognize and allow
your power in Korea.
…And we will recognize and
allow your power in the
Philippines.
…And we will recognize and
allow your power in the
Philippines.
Shhhh…it’s a
secret.
Shhhh…it’s a
secret.

33. Japanese military crushed Korean
resistance killing 17,600 guerrillas
from 1907-1910
Japanese military crushed Korean
resistance killing 17,600 guerrillas
from 1907-1910
Japanese Annexation of Korea - 1910

34. “Subjugation” – The Dark Period 1910-1919
1. The Japanese took direct control of the
Korean government
2. Banned all political organizations and even
the right to assemble.
3. Censored Korean newspapers and magazines
and burned over 200,000 books.
4. Police arrested intellectuals, religious leaders,
and politicians - by 1912, over 50,000 arrests
took place.
1. The Japanese took direct control of the
Korean government
2. Banned all political organizations and even
the right to assemble.
3. Censored Korean newspapers and magazines
and burned over 200,000 books.
4. Police arrested intellectuals, religious leaders,
and politicians - by 1912, over 50,000 arrests
took place.
1909 assassination of Japanese
Statesman Ito Hirobumi by Korean
Nationalist An Chung-gun
triggered a major crackdown on
political dissidents
1909 assassination of Japanese
Statesman Ito Hirobumi by Korean
Nationalist An Chung-gun
triggered a major crackdown on
political dissidents
Terauchi Masatake
First Governor-General of Korea
Terauchi Masatake
First Governor-General of Korea

35. The Japanese
quickly
crushed this
Independence
movement!
The Japanese
quickly
crushed this
Independence
movement!
March First Movement - 1919
U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson’s
“Doctrine of self-
determination” inspired
Korean Nationalists to
seek Independence from
Japan.
King Gojong’s death
sparked anti-Japanese
sentiment and reminder
that Korea was not
independent
33 Nationalist Leaders
gathered in a secret
meeting to read their
“Declaration of
Independence” They
were later arrested.
Widespread
demonstrations took
place throughout Korea
and sparked a nation-
wide movement!

36. What do you think this
slogan means?

37. FUN
FACT!
Yu Gwan-sun was an 18
year old student
protester who helped to
organize the March 1st
Movement. Her parents
were killed but she was
arrested, tried, and
sentenced to 7 years in
prison. She died in
1920 from torture and
starvation. She has
become a National hero!
Yu Gwan-sun was an 18
year old student
protester who helped to
organize the March 1st
Movement. Her parents
were killed but she was
arrested, tried, and
sentenced to 7 years in
prison. She died in
1920 from torture and
starvation. She has
become a National hero!
“Japan Shall Fall!”“Japan Shall Fall!”
Can you compare Yu Gwan-sun
to anyone else in history?

38. Cultural Accommodation 1920-1931
1. After March First Movement, Japan needed to change their brutal image and began a
more “cooperative” policy toward Korea
2. Eased political, economic and social restrictions
3. Eased censorship of the press and the arts
4. Led to formation of national consciousness – schools, literature, political organizations
5. Fostered a Korean Cultural Renaissance – novels, art, drama, cinema
1. After March First Movement, Japan needed to change their brutal image and began a
more “cooperative” policy toward Korea
2. Eased political, economic and social restrictions
3. Eased censorship of the press and the arts
4. Led to formation of national consciousness – schools, literature, political organizations
5. Fostered a Korean Cultural Renaissance – novels, art, drama, cinema
Harmony between Japan and Korea”Harmony between Japan and Korea”
“I must say their [Japanese] organization impressed me. They planned
things. They came with blueprints. They built things that worked. The Bridge
they built in our village lasted through all the rains and flooding. They also
brought little things - sharp razor blades, matches that caught fire quickly, the
record player – I know that those came from Europe… But the Japanese
brought them first. I think probably it was good, in the long run.”
- Yi Sangdo, truck driver 1910
“I must say their [Japanese] organization impressed me. They planned
things. They came with blueprints. They built things that worked. The Bridge
they built in our village lasted through all the rains and flooding. They also
brought little things - sharp razor blades, matches that caught fire quickly, the
record player – I know that those came from Europe… But the Japanese
brought them first. I think probably it was good, in the long run.”
- Yi Sangdo, truck driver 1910

39. "Japan has always been growth-
oriented, in colonial areas as well
as at home; and it is clear that
Japanese rule helped to initiate
intensive growth in both Korea
and Taiwan" (Lloyd Reynolds,
1983)
"Japan has always been growth-
oriented, in colonial areas as well
as at home; and it is clear that
Japanese rule helped to initiate
intensive growth in both Korea
and Taiwan" (Lloyd Reynolds,
1983)
Modernization
Seoul, 1897Seoul, 1897
Should Japanese
improvements in
infrastructure,
communication and
transportation be appreciated
by Koreans despite how they
were treated?
Should Japanese
improvements in
infrastructure,
communication and
transportation be appreciated
by Koreans despite how they
were treated?
Seoul, 1936Seoul, 1936

40. “Assimilation” 1931-1945
The Great Depression and increasing Chinese power led to Japan’s aggressive takeover of
Manchuria in 1931. Japan began to mobilize the Korean population to support its economic,
political, and military campaigns
By 1934, “Citizen Schools” focused on Japanese
history, ethics and language. The Korean language
was eliminated from study and public use and
students had to pray at Shinto Shrines. By 1939,
Japan “encouraged” all Koreans to change their
names to a Japanese styled and approved name.
Over 84% of the population did this.
Japanese attempted to
eliminate the Korean
cultural identity!
Japanese attempted to
eliminate the Korean
cultural identity!

41. Comparison to ChinaComparison to China
1. Compare the actions of Japan
and China in these two political
cartoons.
2. What do you think led to the
condition of each nation?
1. Compare the actions of Japan
and China in these two political
cartoons.
2. What do you think led to the
condition of each nation?

42. Western ____________ was adopted which
allowed the Japanese to fully ______________
in less than 50 years. By the end of the Meiji
Restoration, the Japanese no longer feared
that they would be _____________. Rather,
they set out to practice imperialism
themselves to obtain power and ________
__________. Japan was quickly emerging as a
world-class power using western technology
and methods while still maintaining its
___________ _________ values.
Final ThoughtsFinal Thoughts
technology
industrialize
imperialized
natural
traditional
resources
cultural
This period was known as the _____ _____________.Meiji Restoration