IB History; Case Study 1: Japanese Exapansion

JAPAN: THE MEIJI
RESTORATION, JAPANESE
IMPERIALISM, AND THE BUILD-
UP TO WORLD WAR II IN ASIA

The Tokugawa Shogunate
 Tokugawa family ruled Japan from 1603 until
1868 – also known as the Edo period
 1635 – foreign trade limited to China, Korea,
and Netherlands at Nagasaki a few times per
year
 Emperor (mikado) ruled in name only
 Actual power held by the shogun

Japanese Feudalism
Shogun
Daimyo
Samurai – lived by
Bushido, the “way of
the warrior” (chivalric
code)
Samurai
Peasants, Merchants, etc.
Ronin – those samurai
without masters
Ninja – a warriortrained
to use unorthodox
fighting methods
(assassination,
espionage, martial
arts)

Japanese Feudalism
Shogun:
the title applied to the chief military commanders from about the 8thc
entury a.d. to the end of the 12th century, then applied to the
hereditary officials who governed Japan, with the emperor as nominal
ruler, until 1868, when the shogunate was terminated and the ruling
power was returned to the emperor.
Daimyo:
one of the great feudal lords who were vassals of the shogun.
Samurai: a member of the hereditary warrior class in feudal Japan.

Japanese Culture and Economy
 Religion
 Mixture of native Shintoism (living spirits in all
things) and Chinese Confucianism (based on the
teachings of Confucius)
 Economy
 Growing internal trade during the Edo period
 Merchants began to surpass the samurai in
wealth
 Rigid social stratification
 But these limits were being tested by the end of
the Tokugawa shogunate

End of Japanese Isolation
 U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry (1794-1858)
 1853 – gunboat diplomacy
 1854 – trade treaty with the United States
 Great Britain, Holland (Netherlands), and Russia soon
gained similar trading rights

End of Japanese Isolation
 Townsend Harris (1804-
1878)
 United States Consul
General to Japan
 1858 – commercial treaty
between U.S. and Japan
 European powers soon
gained similar rights in
Japan

Japanese Reaction
Pros Cons
“Dutch Learning” (Western knowledge)
became very popular among many
doctors, scholars, and scientists
Western knowledge went against many
traditional Japanese beliefs
Japanese entrepreneurs, merchants, and
budding industrialists stood to profit from
increased trade
Traditional holders of prestige and power
(daimyos and samurai) did not tend to
profit from increased trade
Resentment
•Extraterritorial rights of Americans and Europeans
•Anti-foreign uprisings (1863-1864)
•Japanese ports in turn bombarded by foreign ships
Solution
•“If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em”
•Japanese could benefit fromknowledge of what happened to China
•Japanese felt that they would be in a betterposition to renegotiate the
trade treaties, and be less likely to be imposed upon, if they adopted
Western ways (democracy, imperialism, industrialization, militarization,
and modernization) – westernization

Meiji Restoration
 Shogun forced to relinquish power
 Power officially in hands of Emperor
Mutsuhito
 His reign was called the “Meiji”
 Japan westernized
 Quickly went to work crafting a constitution

Governmental Reforms
 Diet – Japan’s bicameral legislature
 First convened – 1889
- an elected House of Representatives and an
appointed House of Peers.
The House of Representatives was elected by
those with suffrage which would eventually
include all men over 25 years old

Governmental Reforms
1 Japanese nationalism and
militarism
SOURCE A
Excerpt from the Meiji Constitution (1889), translated as part of the HanoverCollege Historical Texts Collection, USA, located at: http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1889con.html.
Chapter 1. The Emperor
Article 1. The Empire of Japan shall be reigned over and governed by a line of Emperors unbroken for ages eternal.
Article 2. The Imperial Throne shall be succeeded to by Imperial male descendants, according to the provisions of the Imperial House Law.
Article 3. The Emperor is sacred and inviolable
Article 4. The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights
of sovereignty, and exercises them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution.
Article 5. The Emperor exercises the legislative power with the consent of the Imperial Diet.
Article 6. The Emperor gives sanction to laws, and orders them to be promulgated and executed.
Article 7. The Emperor convokes the Imperial Diet, opens, closes, and prorogues it, and dissolves the House of Representatives.

militarism

militarism
The Me iji Co nstitutio n, the wo rk o f a spe cialg ro up calle d the Privy Co uncil,
state d cle arly that the Em pe ro r o f Japan was the he ad o f state and that
he was a divine individual. .
How did the Meiji
Constitution organize
Japan’s government
and for what reasons?
PrivyCouncil: Sm allg o ve rnm e nt bo dy o f
e lite s who se appro valwas re q uire d fo r laws,
m ajo r po liticalappo inte e s and m o re ; the y
co ntro lle d acce ss to the Em pe ro r o f Japan
and we re he avily re lie d o n by the Em pe ro r
o wing to the ir pre stig e and e xpe rie nce .
The Meiji Constitution

militarism
 First convened – 1889
- an elected House of Representatives and an
appointed House of Peers.
 Meiji (Imperial) Constitution
 Adopted – 1890
 Followed until the end of World War II
How did the Meiji
Constitution organize
Japan’s government
and for what reasons?

militarism
 required all citizens to attend school for four years
 in 1903 this was expanded to six years
 The stated purpose of compulsory education was to teach practical
skills and the ability to problem-solve
 Literacy was directly connected to increased awareness of
government and its policies, and people’s growing opposition to
many of these.
 The Ministry of Education eventually altered the national
curriculum, which now emphasized loyalty to the state, family and
community.
How did the education system
promote nationalism and
loyalty to the state?Education and loyalty to the
state

Social Reforms
 Universal compulsory elementary education
 Universities established
 Westernization of many laws
What factors may
have contributed to
the rise of radical
nationalism? pg13
To kyo Unive rsity

Education and loyalty to the
state
Read Source B. What is the ‘fundamental
character’ of the Japanese Empire?

The rise of radical nationalism
 What factors may have contributed to the rise
of radical nationalism?
- Unique history
- Isolation
- Not conquered nordominated
These factors helped greatly in the
creation and propagation of
ultra-nationalism.
A special mission

A special mission
 It had an Emperor who was divine and descended from the Sun Goddess.
 It had not been conquered by European powers or the USA.
 It had an ancient history of being independent.
 The vast majority of its people were Japanese and shared a common culture and
history.
 It was the only non-European state to defeat a European state in modern war (see
page 19).
 It was a major military and industrial power by 1920 and one of the most
important states at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, which dealt with
the results of the First World War.
What factors may have
contributed to the rise of
radical nationalism?

 Japans duty to lead the way
- it was the mission of the Japanese to lead the
rest of Asia
- Radical nationalism led to outright racism
towards other non-Japanese in Japan’s
Empire

 According to Source C, what were
Japan’s people not to question?

Military Reforms
 Before the Meiji era: Armies were run by local
daimyo and thus not subservient to a central
government
 Meiji era: Modern army and navy established
which were loyal to the Japanese government
 Used Prussia (Germany) as primary model
 Firm belief that if Japan was to be taken seriously
by Western powers, and was to avoid China’s
fate, Japan would have to compete militarily
 Conscription (1873) – all men had to serve for
three years after turning twenty-one

Military Reforms
Growth of militarism
- In order to protect Japan, secure its colonial
possession and dominate Asia, which might lead to
confrontation with Britain, France or the USA, a large
navy and army were required.
The military had held a special place in Japanese
society for centuries
special relationship between the military and the
Emperor
The military was a political force in Japan, holding
cabinet positions in the government

Military Reforms
 According to Source D, what would
free people from materialism and
why?

 According to Source D, what would free
people from materialism and why? PG 14
Growth of militarism

Economic Reforms
 Abolition of feudalism
 Currency (yen) adopted, 1872
 Encouragement of foreign trade
 Expansion and encouragement of
industrialization
 Growth of factories
 First large factories manufactured textiles
 First textile factory workers were girls and
women
 Land reform
 Zaibatsu (large conglomerates) built and

Militarism and foreign policy
 Militarism before the First World War
- Korea 1876–1905
 Treaty of Amity or the Treaty of Ganghwa Island
- First Sino-Japanese War 1894–5
 The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed by both
countries in April 1895
 How does the artist contrast the soldiers of
Japan and China in Source E?

Militarism before the First World War
First Sino-Japanese War 1894–5
-

How does the artist contrast
the soldiers of Japan and
China in Source E?

How does the artist contrast
the soldiers of Japan and
China in Source E?
Japanese engraving
depicting a scene from the
First Sino-Japanese War by
Suzuki Kwasson, Tokyo,
Japan, early twentieth
century. Suzuki (1860–
1919) was a prolifi c artist
who depicted battle scenes
from the war, along with a
variety of other topics and
themes.

Russia: Tripartite
Intervention
results, 1895.
According to Source F,
which country controlled
more of China than any
other state as a result of the
Tripartite Intervention?

Russia: Tripartite
Intervention
results, 1895.

Russia:
- Had control of the Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur
in 1895 demonstrated that Japan needed to develop if it
was to protect its interests from European states
- Japan continue to industrialize at a rapid rate
-Increase exports
-More economic support for the military and weapons
-Looked for allies
-Tensions increased

 According to Source G, what was the purpose of
much of Japan’s foreign policy?
Make sure to read and answer the question as well
as to provide the O, P and C about the source.

 According to Source G, what was the purpose of
much of Japan’s foreign policy?

 Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1902
Britain concern with Russian
expansion into Asia (China)
Had gained major port (Port
Arthur)

Russia building railway
The dominant nation in China
had been GB throughout the 19th

century (wars and lopsided
treaties)
Did not wish for Russia to
expand into its possession
Not wanting a war (could not afford
to have a large naval fleet in China)

Japan and Britain would aid each
other militarily if either was at war
with two or more countries.
If either country was at war
with only one other state, then
the other would remain neutral.

 Anglo-Japanese
Alliance 1902
In order to protect interest
in the pacific
Korea and China against
the Russian expansion

 Russo -Japane se War 1 9 0 4– 5
- Tension had built up between 1895 and 1904
- Russia, leasing Port Arthur and parts of the Liaodong
Peninsula
- stationed a fleet of warships off Port Arthur in December 1897
- construction started on railways to link Russia through China
´s Manchuria
- troops had been stationed in China
- Boxer rebellion granted
opportunity to station troops
- Talks to divide Korea

 Russo -Japane se War 1 9 0 4– 5
Japan attacke d the Russian navy at Po rt Arthur o n 8 Fe bruary
1 9 0 4 and so o n afte rwards launche d an invasio n o f Ko re a. By
the e nd o f April:
- AJapane se arm y had e nte re d Russian-co ntro lle d Manchuria.
- The Japane se navy had de fe ate d the Po rt Arthur-base d
Russian navy.
- Po rt Arthur was unde r sie g e by land and se a.

According to Source G, what was the purpose of
much of Japan’s foreign policy? and foreign
policy
SOURCE G
Excerpt from “Japanese Diplomacy in a Dilemma: New Light on Japan’s China
Policy, 1924–1929” by Nobuya Bamba, published by University of British
Columbia Press, Vancouver, Canada, 1972, p. 35. Bamba specializes in the
diplomatic and intellectual history of Japan and is a professor at Tsuda College,
Tokyo, Japan.
To catch up to more advanced or superior ones and to supersede them was the
individual as well as national goal. Naturally, then, they [Japan] considered the
unequal treaties as great national humiliations, and to get rid of them became a major
purpose of their diplomacy during the [Emperor] Meiji era. The whole of
the national energy was exerted to achieve this goal. Likewise, the people in Meiji
[Japan] felt the Triple [Tripartite] Intervention was a great national humiliation.
The entire country became enraged. ‘Gashin sho ￣ tan’ (endurance and hard work
for the achievement of future revenge) expressed Japan’s determination to wipe
out this humiliation … The Russo-Japanese War was Japan’s ‘revenge’ against
Russia. Russian ambitions toward Korea gave Japan an opportunity to act.

Russo-Japanese War1904–5
 In December 1904, Japanese artillery destroyed
Russia’s navy anchored at Port Arthur. The city
itself surrendered in January 1905.
 A Russian army hoping to relieve the siege had been
forced to retreat to the city of Mukden in Manchuria,
ending all hopes of saving the port city.

Russo-Japanese War1904–5
 Mukden fell to Japan in March after a massive battle
involving around 500,000 soldiers, one of the largest
battles of the twentieth century. Russia’s European-
based navy finally arrived in May 1905 after months
at sea, only to be annihilated in the Battle of
Tsushima Straits. Japan then occupied Sakhalin
Island, on Russia’s Pacific Ocean coast. A
revolution erupted in Russia against its government
and Russia sued for peace.

 Tre aty o f Po rtsm o uth 1 9 0 5
- required both Russia and Japan to remove all
troops from Manchuria and restore it to
China’s control
- allowed Japan to lease the Liaodong
Peninsula and Port Arthur from China
- granted Japan the right to lease the Russian-
built Southern Manchurian Railway from China
- granted Japan the southern half of Sakhalin
Island.

 Tre aty o f Po rtsm o uth 1 9 0 5
Japan acquired international respect and authority as the result of the
Russo-Japanese War, in addition to the treaty’s benefits. The USA
agreed to Japanese control over Korea in return for Japan allowing the
US full dominance of the Philippines, its large Asian colony. Britain
extended the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and recognized Japan’s control
over Korea as legitimate. The Japanese military’s prestige soared and it
benefited from increased government spending. Nevertheless, Japan
believed that it should have received:
 an indemnity from Russia to pay for the war
 all of Sakhalin Island
 outright control of Port Arthur, the Liaodong Peninsula and parts of
Manchuria, instead of having to lease them from China.

Meiji Japan at War
 First Sino-Japanese War (1894-
1895)
 Gained:
 Formosa (Taiwan)
 Liaotung Peninsula (Manchuria) – soon
forced to relinquish it
 Sphere of influence in Korea
 Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
 Destruction of Russian fleet
 Finally respected as a world power
 Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905
 U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt won
Noble Peace Prize
 Japan was granted the southern part of
Sakhalin Island and a large sphere of
influence in Manchuria

Meiji Japan at War
Japanese militarism

Japane se e xpansio n in Asia
1 9 31 – 41
 The First World War
- In So urce L, what was Japan’s re actio n to no n-
acce ptance by Euro pe an state s and the USA?
- Read the source and discuss the aspects to
which allowed Japan to consider itself stronger
and what words are used to describe the might
of Japan
- - important to considerwhile we focus on the
topic

1 9 31 – 41

1 9 31 – 41
- Japan and Ge rm any
Shantung Peninsula 1914
• Anglo-Japanese treaty: Japan had to help GB against
Germany
• Kiaochow leased by Germany (1898)
• Germany built port
• Germany removed ships due to war (August 1914)
• During siege Japan took over German colonies
• November 1914 Tsingtao surrendered

1 9 31 – 41
German front line at Tsingtao 1914
-

1 9 31 – 41
Shantung Peninsula 1914
-

1 9 31 – 41
Japan and China
 21 De m ands

1 9 31 – 41
- Japan and China
 21 De m ands January 1 9 1 5
 ce ase le asing te rrito ry to fo re ig n co untrie s o the r than Japan
 ag re e to Japane se co ntro lo ve r the Shantung Pe ninsula and Manchuria
 allo w Japane se ‘adviso rs’ to wo rk with vario us Chine se g o ve rnm e nt o ffi cials o n its
po licie s
 ag re e to Japan building railways co nne cting vario us po rts and are as unde r its
co ntro l
 e xte nd Japan’s le ase o n the So uth Manchurian Railway and allo w Japane se
citize ns to purchase and le ase land fo r e co no m ic and ag riculturalpurpo se s in
Manchuria and o the r no rthe rn re g io ns
 allow Japanese citizens to enter and travel freely within Manchuria without any
interference from China
 agree to Japan opening mines in Manchuria

1 9 31 – 41
- Japan and China
 21 De m ands January 1 9 1 5
- China co uld no t fig ht
- Chine se pe o ple no t happy and rio ts e rupte d ag ainst
g o ve rnm e nt and japan
- Wo rld po we rs co nce rne d atte m pte d to lim it Japan´ s co ntro l

1 9 31 – 41
- Paris peace conference 1919
- Lon (League of Nations)
- Japan concerned with own interest
- Japan founding member
- Collective security
- The pro po salo f racialdiscrim inatio n pre se nte d
- The USA did not agree due to their segregation
problems
Key terms: pg 25

Mandate System
 A League of Nations mandate refers to territories
transferred from the control of one country to
another following WW I.
 The mandate system was established under Article
22 of the League of Nations.
 All the mandates were previously controlled by
states defeated in WW I, principally Germany and
the Ottoman Empire.

Class A Mandates
 The mandates were divided into three
groups: Class A, B, & C
 Class A mandates
 Class A mandates were areas formerly
controlled by the Ottoman Empire that were
recognized as independent nations but were
provisionally recognized subject to a lead
country until they are able to stand alone.

Examples of Class A Mandates
 Mesopotamia (United Kingdom), which
became the independent kingdom of Iraq.
 Syria (France) After the termination of the
French Mandate, two independent nations
were formed (Syria and Lebanon)

Class B Mandates
 Class Bmandates
 Class B mandates were all former German
territories in the Sub-Saharan regions of
West and Central Africa, which were
deemed to require a greater level of control
by the mandatory power. The mandatory
power was forbidden to construct military or
naval bases within the mandates.

Example of Class B Mandates
 Ruanda-Urundi (Belgium) became two
separate nations of Rwanda and Burundi after
independence

Class C mandates
 Class C mandates
 Class C mandates, including South-West
Africa and the South Pacific Islands, were
considered to be best administered under
the laws of the Mandatory as integral
portions of its territory.
 They essentially became colonies of the
Mandates.
 The Class C mandates were former
German possessions.

Examples of Class C Mandates
 former German New Guinea became the
Territory of New Guinea (Australia/United
Kingdom)
 former German Samoa (New Zealand/UK)
 South-West Africa (South Africa/UK)

 According to Source M, what should occur when
one League of Nations member declares war on
another? (3 marks)
1 9 31 – 41

 Aspects to consider about Japan even thought
not all points were achieve during the Paris
Peace Conference
1 9 31 – 41
 1. Japan was now clearly an important military power. In a few short years, Russia had been defeated
 2. Korea had been annexed
 3. important ports in China, plus neighboring territories, had been leased
 4. German forces had been defeated
 5. Japan now sat with the most powerful nations determining the world’s future. To secure these new acquisitions and
power, and to obtain more, Japan instituted conscription and increased the size of its navy.

The First World
War:
Interwartreaties
1 9 31 – 41
Consider the following:
What we re the purpo se s and re sults o f the tre atie s sig ne d afte r the First Wo rld Wa r by Ja pan?
 Japan was no w a wo rld po we r
 Wante d to pro te ct inte re st
 Did no t want to pro vo ke the USA
 The USAhad e co no m ic inte re s t in China

The First World War:
Japan’s interwar foreign policy
1 9 31 – 41
 THE KNIGHT - ERRANT.
"Unhappy creature! One by one I
propose to sever the bonds of
your miserable ensalvement."
(an InterWar cartoon shows
Japan as a Samurai cutting the
Foreign Ties from China as a
crying dragon tied to a tree)

 Japan’s interwarforeign policy
- Pressure from the military
- Territories should be protected (which ones)
- Military believe in expansionism (what would this do to Japan)
- -remember the Meiji Government structure?- (pg14)
1 9 31 – 41

- -remember the Meiji Government structure?- (pg14)
1 9 31 – 41

Washington Naval Conference and treaties
1921–2
Outcome :
Large battleship construction was halted for ten years.
 Certain battleships and cruisers, a fast type of warship,
were to be scrapped.
 For every five capital ships that Britain or the USA
were allowed, Japan could have only three, only 60 per
cent of the size of either the USA or Britain.
 Britain and the USA agreed to build no fortifications in
the Pacific except for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: the main
1 9 31 – 41

- Army and navy members of the cabinet (how could
this be view by other representatives as a threat?
- Japan had to be cautious not to provoke other nations
- China was politically unstable
- Japan´s economy relied on exports, did not want to
provoke
 The Shidehara Diplomacy (keep peace in an unstable
time)
- In the Beijing Customs Conference, he supported China's
requests for a tariff autonomy
1 9 31 – 41

 According to Source O, why should
Japan’s citizens be pleased with the
results of the Washington Naval
Conference?
1 9 31 – 41

- Japan not a threat to china nor any other nation
- Diplomacy ended with the Mukden incident
-
1 9 31 – 41

Conquest of Manchuria (1931)
 Pretense that Chinese bandits
were destroying the Southern
Manchurian Railway
 League of Nations
 China asked League for help
 Lytton Commission sent to
China to investigate
 Noted harshness of Japanese rule
in Manchuria
 Recommended that Japan
withdraw from Manchuria
 Japan instead withdrew from the
League of Nations
Japane se pro pa g anda po ste r: "With the
co o pe ratio n o f Japan, China, and Manchukuo , the

Washington Naval Conference and treaties
1921–2
-The Five-Power Treaty
-The Four-Power Treaty
-The Nine-Power Treaty
1 9 31 – 41

American and European
Opposition
 Washington Conference (1922)
 Size limits on navies
 5:5:3 ratio for Great Britain, United States, and Japan
 Japanese resented these limitations
 Nine Power Treaty
 China’s independence and territory guaranteed
 Open Door Policy reaffirmed
 Four Power Pact
 France, Great Britain, Japan, United States
 One another’s colonial possessions would be respected
 U.S. Japanese Exclusion Act (1924)
Im pe ria lFlag o f the Japane se Na vy

London Naval Conference 1930
-The Great Depression had passed
-Review of previous treaties
-Japan wanted more allowance of Naval
presence (was given 69.75%)
-Japan at a Stand with Navy (military coup)
1 9 31 – 41

Military Expansion
-Japan´s economy damaged due to crisis
-Factions wanted more defense/offence
investment
-Defend Manchuria
-Expand to resolve resources issues (at the
expense of a weakChina)
1 9 31 – 41

Military Expansion
Increase spending
-Japan´s Shipbuilding had been
limited by the Treaties
-Army not had been limited but
hindered by within Japan
-The House of Representatives
opposed due to crisis
-Increase military spending
stimulated economic recovery
1 9 31 – 41

 Economic and political issues
In a Country where the need or desire to live better
moved people from the land to the cities,
what/who plays a mayor role in controlling what
gets done to improve or better the living
standards?
Who to sell what to sell-
Japane se e xpansio n in Asia 1 9 31 –
41
Key question: How did Japan’s economic and political issues
affect Japan’s government?

 Industrialization and foreign
policy
- To what extent did economics
drive Japan’s foreign policy?
1 9 31 – 41
http: //www. japanfo cus. o rg /-Jim -
Ransde ll/36 26 /article . htm l

Industrialization and foreign
policy
 Economic forces attempted to control the
domestic and foreign policies
 Monopolies developed
 Improvement of standard of living (whe n it was
g o o d)
 Strong nations could be self-sufficient by
exporting
 China was weak and could not help having to
depend on imports
 Industrialization and foreign policy

policy

1 9 31 – 41
 What was the importance of China and Korea for
Japan’s economy, according to Source P?
 A//According to the source, China as well as Korea served
Japan as their main source of income since the goods produced
in Japan were exported, “abo ut thre e -fo urths o f silk o utput was
be ing e xpo rte d e ach ye ar. As mentioned “… the cotton output
came to be exported, mainly to China and Korea”

1 9 31 – 41
 What was the importance of China and Korea for
Japan’s economy, according to Source P?

1 9 31 – 41
 Copper productivity had risen and was the fuel to
the industry and exports

policy
Zaibatsu: conglomerates
 Family own corporations
 Financial strength
- By 1 9 1 8 , the e ig ht larg e st z aibatsu co ntro lle d twe nty pe r
ce nt o f allm anufacturing , m ining and trade
in Japan.
 Zaibatsu improve, population living standard
drop

policy
Marunouchi Headquarters for Mitsubishi zaibatsu, pre-
1923

policy
Zaibatsu: conglomerates
 Family own corporations
 Financial strength
- By 1 9 1 8 , the e ig ht larg e st z aibatsu co ntro lle d twe nty pe r ce nt o f
allm anufacturing , m ining and trade
in Japan.
 Zaibatsu improve, population living standard drop
 Absorbed small companies suffering in the 1920s
 Influence on the Diet to control policies to benefit them
 To control Japan they joined forces (even the military,

policy
Source Q
 According to Source Q, to what extent did the
z aibatsu work to control Japan’s Diet?
 A// By employing and introducing family members
or by having contacts with in the Diet, as mentioned
in source Q Mitsubishi had a total of sixty six
member of the Diet” and “… In the Ho use o f Pe e rs,
e ig hty-thre e m e m be rs, twe nty-two pe rce nt o f the
m e m be rship, curre ntly he ld po sitio ns with z aibatsu”

policy
Social stresses and employment
How does industrialization affect a country whose
economy mostly focused on farming?
- People from rural areas moved to the cities to work
- This helped the economy
- The War created more opportunities for export
- The 1920s brought an economic boom in the USA and
Japan suffered
- No farm land owners suffered

policy
How does industrialization affect a country whose
economy mostly focused on farming?
- People from rural áreas moved to the cities to work
- This helped the economy
- The War created more opportunities for export
- The 1920s brought an economic boom in the USA and
Japan suffered
- No far land owners suffered

policy
Read Source R. What was the effect of economic
decline in Japan on agricultural workers?

policy
1923 Earthquake and Fire destroyed Tokyo
Banks encouraged to lend at low interest rates
-This promoted jobs and construction
Prosperity collapsed1927
-Loans could not be paid back
The Economy contracted
-High unemployment
The government could not deal with this and The Great Dep hit

policy
The Great Depression
What was the most significant
political result of the Great
Depression for Japan?
World wide depression
Japan affected by high tariffs
Japan relied on export (USA)

policy
Japan GNP dropped
Political unrest (why)
How did the Great Depression affect silk prices according to
Source S?
 Analyse and answer - Source T. How
much did farm incomes decline between
1926 and 1931 for both those farmers
who owned land and those who
rented?

policy
The Great depresión affected all of Japan
-National policy attempted
-Plan to move landless Japanese to Manchuria
Government attempted to reduce spending
Reduce import of raw material
1936 finance minsiter assassinated (Takahashi Korekiyo)
Military- controlled Gov. adopted 12 year plans in 1936
What was the result? pg 36

policy
Domestic supplies of coal and copper were also inadequate, but this was less critical than Japan's near
total reliance on petroleum energy sources of all kinds for its industrial growth.
Japan's quest for "economic security" which was a self-evident good in the eyes of its nationalist rulers
and militarists drove it forward into an expansionist foreign policy.

policy
In order to do this the finance ministry under Takahashi was willing to borrow recklessly in
the early 1930's in order to allocate more to the armed forces, whose share of government
spending rose from 31% in 1931-32 to 47% in 1936-37.
When he saw the economic problems that such a military build caused on Japanese long-
term financial stability and tried to stop the policy he was promptly assassinated by militarists.

policy
Answer source U: according to source U, why were
zaibatsu labelled as traitors by some?

policy
Answer source U and V
U: according to source U, why were zaibatsu
labelled as traitors by some?

policy
Answer source U
According to source U, why were zaibatsu labelled
as traitors by some?

policy
Answer source V
According to V:how much more was spent on
japans military in 1940 than in 1930, according to
source V?

policy

policy
Domestic Instability and Foreign Affairs
How does instability contribute to Japans domestic and
foreign policy?
Domestic difficulties and the Government unable to deal with
economic problems led to instability
The Meiji Constitution seem to have failed
Socials and leftwing ideologies

policy
Instability: Domestic
(how did the organization of the Japanese government benefit
the military?)
Read the information found on page
37
Discuss the information and points
Regarding the changes in structure

Domestic instability and foreign
affairs
Many differences in ideology centered on social and economic
aspects which also the Government was not exempt
The diverse and complex government managed to survive
throughout the 1920s. This was accomplished through
compromise between political factions, suppressing dissent
through laws and prison terms, and occasional economic
growth. The Great Depression was the crisis that
demonstrated clearly that the system was unworkable.

affairs
COMMUNISM:
Who does communism appeal to?
Complete changed of social and economic classes
-Who would be affected, and why?
The Peace Protection Law of 1925, amended in 1928
to allow for execution, the government could arrest
anyone who wanted to change the governmental system

affairs
COMMUNISM:
The Public Security Preservation Law of 1925
enacted on 12 May 1925, under the administration of Kato Takaaki, specifically
against socialism, communism, and anarchism. It was one of the most significant
laws of pre-war Japan.
Anyone who has formed an association with altering the kokutai, or the system of private
property, and anyone who has joined such an association with full knowledge of its object, shall be
liable to imprisonment with or without hard labor, for a term not exceeding ten years.

affairs
Source W
In order to maintain control and not allow communism to surge and
change the way of the Japanese, the measures taken were, in
accordance to the source, the "authorities redouble their effort at
suppression” with the intention to eradicate socialism and followed
arrest of leftwing sympathizers arresting many under the Peace
Preservation Laws”

affairs
The Soviet Union (communism)
The Russian Empire collapsed
Bolsheviks won civil war (1921- USSR) {Soviet Union}
Private ownership banned
State control of almost everything
Exile and execution
Communist rebellions everywhere
Promoted the spread of
Japan saw the Soviet Union as a military threat

affairs
The Soviet Union (communism)
Due to the proximity to Korea and Manchuria, areas which
Japan had interest to protect
Purges began

affairs
Military Factions:
Attempts to take over the government by different armed
factions
The intention was to reorganize not destroy
From 1931 to 1936 the various failed incidents which took
place
Two groups in particular wanted to get rid of the political
parties as well as the zaibatsu: Sakurakai and Kodoha who
wanted complete rule from the Emperor, war with USSR and
eliminate socialist/communist groups

affairs
Instability: foreign affairs
Regional division within China
Warlords (some supported by foreign power)
Ho w did China’s inte rnalpro ble m s
affe ct Japan’s fo re ig n affairs?

affairs

Japanese Manchuria:
Manchukuo
 Japan proclaimed its “independence”
in 1931
 Deposed (1912) Manchu emperor of
China, Puyi, placed on throne as
Manchurian emperor
 Really a puppet of Japan
 Stimson Doctrine – United States
refused to recognize Japan’s actions
Em pe ro r Puyi
Flag o f Manchukuo

Japanese Invasion of China
 Ignored international treaties – built up navy
 Marco Polo Bridge Incident – July, 1937
 Minor dispute between Chinese and Japanese
troops
 Neither side was ready to fully back down
 Small spark started the Second Sino-Japanese
War
 1937-1945 – World War II in Asia
 U.S. reaction
 Americans boycotted Japanese goods
 American companies continued to sell Japan

Review Questions
 How did the government of Japan change during
the Meiji restoration?
 Describe Japan’s rationale for its westernization.
 Describe Japan’s imperialism and militarization.
 Explain how Japan took control of Manchuria.
 Imagine that you are a Japanese person watching
events unfold in the 1850s and 1860s. How might
you react? Do you see alternatives to the opening
of your country to foreign trade? Do you agree
that in order to compete with the Western powers,
your nation must begin to behave like the Western

JAPAN’S EXPANSION
AND THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE

JAPAN’S EXPANSION
Consider: what we re the m ain re sults o f the Manchurian
Crisis?
Japan’s investment
Low population
Resources
Accessibility to China’s market
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Japan had replaced the Soviet Union as dominant in the
area and was concerned with any conflict since Manchuria
shared border

The Manchurian Crisis

JAPAN’S EXPANSION
Consider: what we re the m ain re sults o f the Manchurian
Crisis?

JAPAN’S EXPANSION

JAPAN’S EXPANSION
Acco rding to so urce A. What was the e co no m ic
im po rtance o f Manchuria?
Consider: what were the main results of the Manchurian Crisis?
A//
Acco rding to So urce A
A//
Acco rding to So urce A, The e co no m ic im po rtance Manchuria had fo r Japan was that it pro vide d a g re at so urce o f
inco m e . Japan had g re atly inve ste d in the are a and fe ar lo sing it. Japan “acco unte d fo r 7 2 pe rce nt o f the re g io n’s
fo re ig n inve stm e nt” and “Manchuria acco unte d fo r 9 0 pe rce nt o f China’s o il”

JAPAN’S EXPANSION
Why was japan able to conquerManchuria
With relative ease?
Events leading to the Manchurian Crisis
-18 September 1931bomb explosion
-Blame on Chinese troops
-

JAPAN’S EXPANSION
According to source B what was the purpose of the explosion on
18 September 1931?
A//
According
-“defend Japan's interest
-Part of a wider plan to extend Japanese power in Manchuria

JAPAN’S EXPANSION
- The Mukden Incident was an excuse to occupy Manchuria
- Japanese army based in Korea Joined to control all areas along
the South Manchurian Railway

JAPAN’S EXPANSION
- Occupation was rather fast but other areas soon came to be
progressively dominated
- Feb 1932 Jehol (Rehe) and southern parts Manchuria were not
controlled by Japan
- Japan outnumbered by Chinese soldiers

JAPAN’S EXPANSION
Even thought Chinese soldiers were of higher in number, Chian
Kai-shek had order not to resist invasion
Japanese were better trained and equipped

JAPAN’S EXPANSION
- Japan had help Manchuria achieve independence
- Presented as an independent state: Manchukuo, “the land of the
Manchurians”
- Puyi (The last Emperor of China) set as head
of the state

JAPAN’S EXPANSION
- Imperial army created
- Postal system and primary schools
- Sports (baseball and football leagues)
- Applied to the LoN and Olympic committee but denied

JAPAN’S EXPANSION
According to source C, why did Chiang Order his
military not to resist Japan’s invasion?
A//
-“Chiang had no other option”
-January 1932 Chiang stated “China lacks real
military power”
-If war was declared “within three days Japan would
vanquish the coast…”
-In his diary Chiang wrote “ it wont do to pretend
that we are powerful”

JAPAN’S EXPANSION

Second Sino’Japanese War 1937 - 45
 Ke y q ue stio n: Ho w did the Se co nd Sino -Japane se War
affe ct bo th China and Japan?
Active and constant warring continue by Japan after the
Manchurian invasion throughout 1937.

 The results for Manchuria and C h i n a
 By the beginning o f 1932 Manchuria was wholly
under the control of Japanese force s . The
Japanese in Manchuria set up an independent
government under the puppet rule of Pu Yi ( the
last emperor of China) and called the new state
"Manchukuo " .

Second Sino’Japanese War 1937 – 45
Key question: How did the Second Sino-Japanese War affect both
China and Japan?
Responses to the Manchurian crisis
-Most nations did not approve to the Japanese
agression
-Economic problems (GD)
- Communism threat was blocked (promoted
existing economic, social and political systems)
-Manchuria saved?
Why did no nation
intervene militarily in
the Manchurian
Crisis?

Second Sino’Japanese War 1937 – 45
Key question: How did the Second Sino-Japanese War affect both
China and Japan?
Response: League of Nations
China appealed to LoN (China and Japan League
members)
First major military conflict
Lytton commission 1931
Took three months to begin investigation
Report submitted in October 1932
-The re po rt stablish Japane se inve stm e nt but no ne e d to pro te ct
ag g re ssive ly
-No suppo rt by Manchurians since m o st we re Chine se

Japan e xpands into china 1 9 35- 1 9 36
Se co nd lo ndo n navaltre aty
Me ng jiang
Second United Front:
Fig hting the CCP unpo pular
Me e ting in Xian: De ce m be r 1 9 36
Chiang arre ste d by Shang Xue liang to ne g o tiate with the
CCP
No rthe rn Expe ditio n: KMT and CCP (Natio nal
Re vo lutio nary Arm y)

Second Sino-Japanese War 1937 - 45
China resist: the Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1937
-July 1937 NRA fight at Marco Polo Bridge (Lugouqia) near
Beijing (Former Qing Dynasty Capital)
-Japan demanded apology –Chiang refused
-Late July Armies set up by both China and Japan
-Beijing occupied by Japan
-Chiang bombs Shanghai August 13
-Nations at War

The Second Sino –Japanese
War
-August 15 Shanghai
Expeditionary Army
-International Settlement
attacked by China
-Bombers against Nanjing

Japan expands into China
Ho w did the Se co nd Sino – Japane se War affe ct bo th China
and Japan?
Umezu-He Agreement
Demilitarized zone in northern China
East Hebei Autonomous Council became a puppet state
Second London Naval Treaty 1935 (limitation on ships and
the size of battel ships, submarines, and aircrafts)

Japan expands into China
Why was the re little re sistance to Japane se e xpansio n in
no rthe rn China?
China Garriso n Arm y
de m ands m ade
He be i pro vince

The Second Sino –Japanese War

 Second United Front
- Chian Kai-shek’s s policy of opposing the CCP
was unpopular
- - meeting in December 1936
- Zhang Xueling (former Manchuria warlord)
Arrested and forced Chian to negotiate with the
CCP

The Second Sino –Japanese WarShanghai
- Tho usands o f tro o ps battle d
- Chine se tro o ps no t we lle q uippe d
- Japan with supe rio r po we r
- O cto be r 1 9 37 , Chine se e vacuate s
and Japan take s co ntro l
- Different militaryfactions
How did the Second Sino-Japanese Waraffect both China and Japan?

Japanese domestic issues aft e r1 9 3 2
jun·ta
noun
1.a military orpolitical group that rules a country
aftertaking powerby force

Japanese domestic issues aft e r1 9 3 2
- Japanese Army had no intention to replace
government
- Two notable groups
- Main interest in fallowing Japanese expansionist
ideas

Japanese domestic issues after1932
 The Koda-ha faction believed in a military
dictatorship
- Socialist as enemy and the Soviet Union war
inevitable
- First step, capture Manchuria
- Emphasized National spirit

 The Tosei-ha were against terrorism and the use of
force to remove the government.
- Influence over the government by legal means
- Maintain good relation with the Soviets
- Conquer China: Modernize army and industry
- The use of the nation to achieve

Assassinations due to power struggle:
May 1932, Prime Minister Inukai was shot and killed.
the "May 15th Incident", enhanced the influence of the
army and further undermined the democratic government

 "The Road to War Japan".
 Watch the Pathe News clip, starting 2 2 . 3 0
minutes into the video. Make notes on how the
coup was reported

Why was the Japonese government unable to prevent a full-scale war
developing with China i n 1 9 3 7?
 fighting brokeout between Japanese and Chinese
forces on 7 July 1937 (deliberately set up?)
 army had been drawn forces into China from
Korea with out consulting the government in
Tokyo

Why was the Japonese government unable to prevent a full-scale war
developing with China i n 1 9 3 7?

- An attempt to contain the army being additionally
deployed, from Korea to Manchuria

The Second Sino –Japanese WarNanjing:
- Ce ntralChina Are a Arm y cre ate d
- No ve m be r 1 6 Chiang Kai-she k o rde r to
re lo cate
- The city capture by 1 3 De ce m be r

The Second Sino –Japanese
War
TheNanjingMassacre
-Prince Asaka appo inte d he ad o f the
CCAA
 Any Chinese capture would be executed
 Looting and other atrocities and multiplied once in
total Japanese control
 foreing nations became outraged at Japanese
soldiers actions

FurtherJapaneseconquest
Invasion continue
Railways and ports were main targets to cut off supply lines
Most ports and railways along the coast came under Japanese control l by 1938
Eastern china was capture where most industry allocated
China was aided by the USSR which improve fighting strategies
Due to the Japanese control of important cities, China’s government moved to Chongqing

FurtherJapaneseconquest
Invasion continue
Railways and ports were main targets to cut off supply lines
Most ports and railways along the coast came under Japanese control l by 1938
Eastern china was capture where most industry
China was supplied by the USSR which improve fighting strategies

Theimpact of thewaronJapan
-Japanillpreparedforwar
- First Sino-Japanesewar:
Date
1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895 (8
months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
Locatio
n
Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan, Yellow
Sea
Result
Japanese victory A significant loss of
prestige for the Qing Empire Joseon
removed from the Qing Empire's
vassalage Korean Peninsula
transferred to Japanese sphere of
influence

-Japanill preparedforWar
- First Sino -Japane se War:
- Russo -Japane se War: (8 Fe bruary 1 9 0 4 – 5 Se pte m be r
1 9 0 5)

Route of Baltic Fleet, to and
backTheimpact of thewaronJapan
- Russo -Japane se War: (8 Fe bruary 1 9 0 4 – 5 Se pte m be r
1 9 0 5)

- Russo -Japane se War: (8 Fe bruary 1 9 0 4 – 5 Se pte m be r 1 9 0 5)
- First Wo rld War: Japan participate d in Wo rld War Ifro m 1 9 1 4 to
1 9 1 8 in an alliance with Ente nte Po we rs

-Japan illpre pare d fo r War fo r pro lo ng e d wars
-Fro m 1 9 31 – 1 9 37 Japan had e xpande d in to China m o stly thro ug h thre ats
-Se co nd Sino Japane se war was inte nde d and be lie ve d to be o ve r q uick
-So m e Japane se g e ne rals be lie ve the y sho uld fo cus o n China and no t Russia's po we r e ve n tho ug h the
latte r bo rde r the industrialpo we rho use
-Japane se re so urce s we re be ing draine d
-The ne e d to so lve the Gre at De pre ssio ns e co no m ic issue s we re so lve d since Japane se tro o ps we re
m o stly tho se une m plo ye d

Response to the Second Sino –Japanese war
- m any co untrie s did no t want to g e t invo lve d in a Chine se affairs
Leagueof Nations
- Euro pe an issue s
- Le ag ue m e m be rs we re anti co m m unist (e xce pt the So vie t Unio n)
- China se e n as a chao tic and co rrupt natio n unable to de alwith its te rrito ry
- China appe ale d to the Lo N, Se pt q 1 3 1 9 37
- Pro ble m transfe rre d to Nine -Po we r Tre aty
- Nine -Po we r tre aty Co nfe re nce No ve m be r 1 9 37
- Re so lutio n: ChinaandJapanstopfighting

- m any co untrie s did no t want to g e t invo lve d in a Chine se
affairs
Leagueof Nations
- Euro pe an issue s
- Le ag ue m e m be rs we re anti co m m unist (e xce pt the So vie t Unio n)

Soviet Response
Please by the Japanese invasion/it allowed for the CCP
not to be persecuted by the Nationalist (Chiang Kai-
shek)
Japan willspe nd tim e and re so urce s fig hting China
and le ave the Manchukuo bo rde r unpro te cte d
The Soviet supplied the unified China with tanks,
aircraft and ammunition/artillery
1938, China defended territory more efficiently

Soviet Response
Japan attempted to capture Wuhan but the attack was suspended due to a provoked conflict in Lake Khasan
Area given to The Soviets which led to better supply China
May1939 Japan moved west and the Soviets with personal interest also began warring – battel of Nomonhan,
Mongolia
September 1939 20,000 Soviet soldiers deployed against 10, 000 Japanese – only 1000 soldiers killed for which
territory by the Soviets was gained
China continue to be supplied by the Soviets until 1941 when invaded by Germany
Chiang continue to fight the CCP

Response by USA
Continue Open Door Policy (ODP)
Show displeasure of the aggression but no to interfere with commerce in Asian markets
Preserve colonies
1937 Initial response was to prohibit war supplies (only China affected)
Oil and metals not prohibited until 1940
Nanjin Massacre reports allow US involvement in the conflict
February 1938 25 million were lent to china
USA remained uninvolved until 1940

Soviet Response

Response by Germany
Supported anti communism
Supplied China with military advisors and did business with them
By 1936 supplied 80 percent of all weapons in exchange for tungsten
Germany in need of metal
Military assistance continue
until 1938
Anti Comintern Pact put pressure
on Germany to stop supply

Response by Germany
Japan surprise at the Nazi Soviet pact (So vie ts wo uld supply G e rm any with raw m ate rial) a
cle ar vio latio n to the Anti Co m inte rn pact
Se pte m be r 1 9 40 Tripartite Pact cre ate d
G e rm any m o ve d into Indo china
April1 9 41 ne utrality ag re e m e nt which allo we d Japan to g ain te rrito rie s in the pacific

Response by China
After Wuhan was capture the government moved to Chongqing in far west
Attempts at keeping Japan busy to drain its limited resources
Guerrilla fighters help the cause (up to a million in Japanese control territory)

Loss of support
Chiang Kai-shek attempted to consolidate his power by getting rid of warlords
A corrupt government
CCP made sure to place the Nationalist in a bad position due to its
corruption and not interested in China and its people
In 1938 attempting to stop Japanese advances, Chiang order to flood
parts of China
27000 square miles were flooded an close to a million chines people died
Scorch and retreat was adopted creating starvation

Loss of support
Chiang Kai-shek attempted to consolidate his power by getting rid of warlords
A corrupt government
CCP made sure to place the Nationalist in a bad position due to its
corruption and not interested in China and its people
In 1938 attempting to stop Japanese advances, Chiang order to flood
parts of China
27000 square miles were flooded an close to a million chines people
died

Second United front collapses
CCP and KMT under great stress by 1939
Skirmishes often occurred and some KMT guerrilla soldiers
were executed by Communist
Co-operation ended in 1941 when the New Fourth Army
was destroyed helping portrayed Chiang as being
concerned with fighting his own people and not Japan
CCPconsolidated its powerby educating peasants and
teaching against Capitalist Nationalist

The Route to Pearl Harbor
What Japanese actions led to war with the USA?
 Japan’s interest of expansion, with the support of the
ultranationalist within the government and the army, continue
in Asia which eventually led to the outbreak of the war in the
Pacific

What was the purpose of Japan’s invasion of French
Indochina?

Indochina?
 China’s ports controlled by japan
 Supplies were sent through Burma and the far western provinces
 Largest conduit was French Indochina, Laos and Cambodia
 France defeated by Germany 1940 caused colonies to be vulnerable
 Japan “asked” permission to occupy northern region
 Japan landed troops in Haiphong in Sept 1940 and built airbases

Indochina?
 The USA responded three days later by stopping the sale of scrap
metal and steel to Japan
 Increased financial assistance to China
 1941 Japan occupies the rest of
French Indochina
 The USA immediately responded by:
1. Freezing Japanese assets in the USA
2. Banning the sale of Oil to Japan
3. Granting $240 million to China

What was the purpose of Japan’s invasion of French Indochina?

The Oil Embargo 1941
• USA larger supplier
• The embargo had a great effect on japan and its policies
• The war on China would collapse
• 18 months supply and needed to search for other source
• Place the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)
• Occupation plans
• The USA would be incited, Philippines
How were Japan’s foreign and military policies affected by the
USA’s ban on oil sales?

 Admiral Yamamoto developed
plan
 Attack the USA in order to
discourage
 Buy some time to continue attack
on China

 The Hull note, officially the Outline of
Proposed Basis for Agreement
Between the United States and
Japan, was the final proposal
delivered to the Empire
of Japan by the United States before
the attack on Pearl Harbor and the
declaration of war between the two
nations.

 Remove all its troops from
Indochina and China,
including Manchuria
 End its participation in the
Tripartite Alliance
 Repudiate the Republic of
China that Japan had created,
headed by Wang Jingwei

How effective were Japan’s attacks on its targets on 7 – 8 December 1941?
 The Attack on Pearl harbor
Pearl Harbor and the Pacific, December 1941

IB History; Case Study 1: Japanese Exapansion

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