The document summarizes China from 1750-1900, a time of crisis. It describes: 1. China was ruled by the Qing Dynasty and was largely self-sufficient agriculturally, but faced internal problems like corruption and opium addiction. 2. Contact with Western powers like Britain increased due to trade imbalances, leading Britain to smuggle opium into China. This caused social issues in China and tensions with Western powers. 3. Conflict came to a head in the Opium Wars, where Britain defeated China militarily and imposed unequal treaties, marking a turning point as Western influence grew in China.

1. “China Under Siege: “China Under Siege: AA CCeennttuurryy ooff CCrriissiiss””
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2. I. The Middle Kingdom
A. Led by the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty – Foreigners from Manchuria – 1644-1911
B. China was ____________
self-sufficient
agricultural
a. Healthy ______________ economy
b. Massive expansion (imperialism?) on northern and western borders (Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet)
c. produced silks, cottons, and ______________
fine porcelain
Emperor lived in __________ City – isolated from the rest of society and influenced by
eunuchs
scholars and ____________.
Forbidden
Chinese were Ethnocentric
___________: the belief that one's own group/culture is superior

3. II. Foreign Trade
A. Foreign trade was restricted to the port city of Guangzhou
B. European merchants could only deal with specially licensed Chinese firms known as ____________
– that were strictly regulated by the government.
C.Chinese market had little demand for European products.
D.British usually had to use silver to buy silk, porcelain, copper and tea.
Howqua – Leader of the Canton Cohong and one of
Howqua – Leader of the Canton Cohong and one of
the richest men in the world (over $8 billion)
the richest men in the world (over $8 billion)
cohong

4. Lord
Macartney
•British wanted to expand trade with China
•In 1793, King George III sent Lord George
Macartney on a mission to the court of the
Qing Dynasty
•Tried to convince the Chinese to open up
more ____________Port cities
to British merchants.
•Macartney arrived in a warship bringing
elaborate gifts like clocks, globes and other
manufactured goods.
•The Chinese saw his mission as “_________
tribute”
and demanded that Lord Macartney perform
_______________“kow-tow”
the traditional honoring of
the Emperor.

5. Emperor
Qianlong
Qing Emperor 1735-1796
“Our dynasty's majestic virtue has
penetrated unto every country
under Heaven, and Kings of all
nations have offered their costly
tribute by land and sea. As your
Ambassador can see for himself,
we possess all things. I set no
value on objects strange or
ingenious, and have no use for
your country's manufactures.”
- 1793, Qianlong to King George III

6. III. Clash with the West
(External)
A. Unfavorable balance of trade for British merchants
British imported millions of pounds of _______ tea
each year from China
British exported goods worth much less – paid in silver bullion
opium
B. British begin smuggling ___________ into China!
Trade increased from 1,000 chests in 1773 to 23,000 in 1832 and 40,000 by 1839!

7. Opium Dens
C. Impact: Loss of Chinese Revenue – Illegal drug had to be smuggled and therefore was not
taxed
regulated or ________ by government. Led to widespread corruption and loss of silver!
Millions of addicts – men, women, court officials, students, soldiers, laborers…

8. …I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is
because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed Opium on to the harm Dens
to do harm
of other
countries -- how much less to China!... certainly you will not let your subjects dare again to
violate the law.
… it is clear that the true culprits of a Chinese’s death as a result of an opium conviction are the
opium traders from foreign countries. Being the cause of other people’s death, why should
they themselves be spared from capital punishment? A murderer of one person is subject to
the death sentence; just imagine how many people opium has killed! Now consider this: if the
barbarians do not bring opium, then how can the Chinese people resell it, and how can they
smoke it? …Therefore in the new regulations, the penalty is fixed at decapitation or
strangulation. This is what is called getting rid a harmful thing on behalf of mankind.
…If the merchants in your honorable country wish to enjoy trade with us on a permanent basis,
they must fearfully observe our law by cutting off, once and for all, the supply of opium.
The Chinese Emperor assigned government official Lin Zexu to
serve as a “drug czar” to destroy the illegal opium trade.
D. Lin Zexu wrote a letter to Great Britain’s Queen Victoria seeking
her support to halt the opium trade.
When diplomacy failed, he seized and destroyed over __________
3 million
pounds of opium from Western traders and expelled them from
China.

9. Opium War (1839)
A. Opium War took place mostly at sea
B. China’s outdated ships versus Britain’s steam-powered ________________ navy
C. Britain captured many coastal forts and towns and then forced the Chinese to surrender when the
British armada took control of the Grand Canal and advanced up the Yangzi River.
A. Opium War took place mostly at sea
B. China’s outdated ships versus Britain’s steam-powered ________________ Industrialized
navy
C. Britain captured many coastal forts and towns and then forced the Chinese to surrender when the
British armada took control of the Grand Canal and advanced up the Yangzi River.

10. “Unequal Treaties”
How was the Opium War a turning
point in Chinese history?
D. ________________:
Treaty of Nanjing
D. ________________:
1. _____________________________________
2. Opened five ports to the British for commerce and residence
3. ________________ given to British subjects (meaning foreign residents are
1. _____________________________________
2. Opened five ports to the British for commerce and residence
3. ________________ given to British subjects (meaning foreign residents are
excused from the laws of China)
excused from the laws of China)
Ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British
Extraterritorial rights
4. Legalized Opium trade
5. More Unequal treaties with the U.S., France, Japan, Spain, Belgium, Denmark,
and Germany followed opening China into Spheres of influence.
4. Legalized Opium trade
5. More Unequal treaties with the U.S., France, Japan, Spain, Belgium, Denmark,
and Germany followed opening China into Spheres of influence.

11. Spheres of Influence
1. According to the Political Cartoon, How is China depicted and
1. According to the Political Cartoon, How is China depicted and
what do the surrounding countries plan on doing with China?
what do the surrounding countries plan on doing with China?
2. How does this compare to the Ottoman Empire at this time?
2. How does this compare to the Ottoman Empire at this time?

12. IV. Internal Problems
The population had grown to 430 million by
1850 – a 30% gain in only 60 years.
A. Population in China was rising faster than ___________________ - Led to
unemployment, impoverishment, misery and starvation for peasants.
B. Chinese government was corrupt
C. Most Chinese businessmen served foreign firms which limited the development of
an independent __________ class and a Chinese Industrial Revolution.
D. Opium addiction was rising steadily
agricultural production
capitalist

13. The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
(Taiping means “great peace”)
A. Led by ______________________
Hong Xiuquan
B. Influenced by__________________
Christian missionaries
C. Wanted:
• abolition of private property
• redistribution of land
• equality of all men and women
• end of ____________ and prostitution
• end of opium smoking
• end to poverty, corruption and foreign
Manchu rule.
• Industrial nation, public education
D. Organized an army of peasants from
southern China (1 million strong by
1853)
E. 1853 - captured the city of ________
Nanjing
and declared it his capital
Claimed to be the brother of Jesus – sent
by god to cleanse the world of demons!
footbinding

14. The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
Results:
1. Hong Xiuquan dies in
1864 (Illness? Suicide?)
2. With the help of the
landowner gentry class
and European aid and
weapons, the Qing took
Nanjing and ended the
rebellion in 1864
3. ________ million lives
were lost!
4. ____________ destroyed
- led to severe famine
5. Qing realized they
needed to modernize
their society
6. New sense of
___________ developed
throughout China
Results:
1. Hong Xiuquan dies in
1864 (Illness? Suicide?)
2. With the help of the
landowner gentry class
and European aid and
weapons, the Qing took
Nanjing and ended the
rebellion in 1864
3. ________ 20 to 30
million lives
were lost!
4. ____________ farmland
destroyed
- led to severe famine
5. Qing realized they
needed to modernize
their society
6. nationalism
New sense of
___________ developed
throughout China
Rise of Rise of CChhiinneessee NNaattiioonnaalliissmm

15. Compare Hong Xiuquan to Muhammad Ali!
Write a Comparative Introduction and thesis statement about the
Write a Comparative Introduction and thesis statement about the
political, economic and/or social impact each man had on his
political, economic and/or social impact each man had on his
respective civilization.
respective civilization.

16. V. “Defensive Modernization”
“Chinese l “Chinese leeaarrnniningg a att t thhee b baassee, ,W Weesstteerrnn l eleaarrnniningg f foorr u ussee.”.”
A. “Self-strengthening” Campaign 1860-1895
A. “Self-strengthening” Campaign 1860-1895
A. New examination system – sought “good men”
B. Support for landlords, repair dikes, irrigation systems, roads
C. Some industrial factories for textiles, steel and weapons; coal mines expanded, telegraph system
D. Attempt to modernize the military and shipping and railroads
A. New examination system – sought “good men”
B. Support for landlords, repair dikes, irrigation systems, roads
C. Some industrial factories for textiles, steel and weapons; coal mines expanded, telegraph system
D. Attempt to modernize the military and shipping and railroads
B. Problems
B. Problems
A. Conservative leaders feared changes would erode power and privileges of the landlord
A. Conservative leaders feared changes would erode power and privileges of the landlord
class
class
B. New Industry depended on foreigners for machinery, materials and expertise
C. Strengthen local authorities rather than the central Chinese state.
B. New Industry depended on foreigners for machinery, materials and expertise
C. Strengthen local authorities rather than the central Chinese state.

17. Empress Dowager Cixi
The Boat of Purity and Ease The Boat of Purity and Ease
A. Rules China from 1861-1908
B. Committed to traditional Chinese values – diverted funds intended for the navy to
build a marble boat to grace a lake in her imperial garden.
A. Rules China from 1861-1908
B. Committed to traditional Chinese values – diverted funds intended for the navy to
build a marble boat to grace a lake in her imperial garden.

18. Other Nations Step In To China
A. China had weak military technology
and both economic and political
problems
B. Many European powers and Japan
gain _________________ spheres of influence
in China
(A region in which the foreign
nation controlled trade and
investment)
C. In 1899 the United States declares
the__________________
Open Door Policy
(Policy proposed that China’s door
be open to merchants of all nations)

20. Boxer Rebellion (1900)
Society of Harmonious Fists
A. Secret society formed called the ________________________
A. Secret society formed called the ________________________
- resented special privileges granted to foreigners and Chinese Christians
- resented special privileges granted to foreigners and Chinese Christians
“Death to the foreign devils”
B. Surrounded European section of Beijing shouting ____________________
C. Defeated by soldiers from Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia, Japan, and U.S.
B. Surrounded European section of Beijing shouting ____________________
C. Defeated by soldiers from Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia, Japan, and U.S.
Results:
1. Boxer Protocol was signed in 1901 (China to pay reparations)
2. Nationalism increased in China
3. Realization that reforms were needed in order to survive
Results:
1. Boxer Protocol was signed in 1901 (China to pay reparations)
2. Nationalism increased in China
3. Realization that reforms were needed in order to survive
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21. Rise of Chinese
Nationalism
Dr. Sun Yixian
Dr. Sun Yixian
Father of Modern China
Father of Modern China
1. What was the greatest reform of
the Qing Dynasty during this time
period? Why?
2. Do you think the “Self-strengthening”
reforms would
permanently strengthen China or
was it too little, too late? Why?