The document summarizes the origins and spread of Islam. It began in the 7th century in the Middle East, founded by the prophet Muhammad. Key beliefs include monotheism, five pillars of faith, and following the teachings of the Quran. Islam then spread through military conquests and missionary work across Africa, Asia, and parts of Europe. Several Islamic empires arose and fell from the 7th to 16th centuries, including Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Ottoman caliphates, establishing centers of culture and learning.

1. The Rise of Islam
ORIGIN OF ISLAM
 Middle East are the crossroads of three
continents(Asia, Europe, Africa ) because of
its location.
 Arabia was desert and wasteland populated
by Bedouins (nomads) -nomadic herders
who used camels to cross the desert in
search of seasonal pasturelands and oasis
towns.
 Mecca and Medina – market town at
crossroads of two main caravan routes.
 Mecca- Holy city at middle east were the
center of Polytheistic religion.
BELIEFS and PRACTICES of ISLAM
 ISLAM (622 A.D)
– “Salema” submission to the will of Allah
and obedience to his law.
-Partially based on Jew- Christian religions
(Monotheistic)
-2nd
largest religion in the World.
-Indonesia the most large population of
muslim in the world.
 DOME OF ROCK
-The most famous Islamic site in Jerusalem
is the Dome of the Rock.
-it is built over a sacred stone. This stone is
believed to be the place from which the
Prophet Muhammad ascended into heaven
during his Night Journey to heaven.
 KA’BA
-The Ka'ba (literally "the cube" in Arabic) is
an ancient Black stone structure that was
built and re-built by prophets as a house of
monotheistic worship.
-It is located inside the Grand Mosque in
Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
-The Ka'ba is considered the center of the
Muslim world, and is a unifying focal point
for Islamic worship.
 QURAN
-Holy book of Islam (114 sura or verses)
-features Adam, Abraham, Moses , Jesus
with 3 last considering prophets and
Mohammed the last.
 FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
1. Shahada (Testify) – there is no other God
except Allah and Mohammed is his prophet.
2. Salat (Prayer) –to pray 5 times daily,
facing Mecca
3. Sawm (Fasting) –fasting from dawn to
sunset during month of Ramadam.
4. Zakat (Charity) - giving alms to the poor
and unfortunate.
5. Hajj (Pilgrimage)-to make pilgrimage to
Mecca at least once in a person’s lifetime.
 Polygamy- practice of taking on numbers of
wives.
 Shari’a-
-Islamic system of law
-Regulated moral behavior, family life,
business, government and culture.
 Caliphate ("succession") - an Islamic state
led by a supreme religious and political
leader known as a caliph.
 Jihad- To strive in the way of God / a Holy
War
 Tarsila- genealogical records of the sultans
of Sulu and Mindanao.
ISLAM SPREAD THROUGH
1. Military Conquest
2. Missionary Activity
MOHAMMED (Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn
ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim)
-Born around 570 in Mecca and died on 632
at Yathrib.
-founder of the religion Islam
-At age 40 he received his first revelation
from God at Mt. Hera
HEGIRA – A Journey to Medina(July 16th
622)
THE ISLAMIC DYNASTY
A. THE RIGHTY GUIDED CALIPHs (630-660)
Expansion in Middle East / Sunni-Shia split
B. THE OMAYYAD DYNASTY (661-750)
Expansion in North Africa and Spain
C. THE ABBASID DYNASTY (750-1258)
D. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1300- 1918)

2. The Rise of Islam
A.THE RIGHTY GUIDED CALIPHs (630-660)
 Abu Bakr
First designated caliph or leader of muslims
Blessed Jihad (a holy war) against Syria.
 Omar and `Othman
Islamic Empire expanded to Syria, palestine,
Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia, Tripoli and Cyprus.
 `Ali
Persians honored him a martyr and more powerful
in death.
“ISLAMIC MAJOR DENOMINATION”
1. Sunni- 90% believed caliph should be
chosen by Muslim leaders.
2. Shia- 10% believed the caliph had to be
relatives of Mohammed.
B.THE OMMAYAD DYNASTY
 Damascus – Center of Government
 Muawiya- Established Omayyad Dynasty.
 Melting pot of diversified cultures lived and
considerable large number embrace the
Muslim faith.
CONFLICT:
 Successive uprising of Muslim tribes in their
colonies in Africa, Persia, and Central Asia
strengthened.
 Rebellion Led by ABU Muslim put the
Abbasid to power.
C.THE ABBASID DYNASTY
 Baghdad – religious, political, trading ,
cultural center famous for its wealth ,
beauty and luxury of Islam.
 Muslim traders and artisans served as the
bridge between Asia and Europe.
CONFLICT:
 No significant expansion was done.
 Many Caliphs became addicted to luxurious
living.
 Recruited latter turks and foreigners to serve
in Gov’ment and Army.
 Seljuk Turks convert to Islam and conquered
Abbasids(1055)
 Toghrul Beg –a Seljuk Turk occupied
Baghdad and appointed himself as Sultan.
 Crusade- Crusade Any of the military
campaign undertaken by European
Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th
centuries to recover the Holy Land from the
Muslims.
 Kulafu (Genghis Khan grandson defeated
Abbasids in 1258)
Achievement
 established great libraries, academies and
schools.
 Translated classical Greek scholarship into
Arabic
- preserving it for posterity achievements
in Medicine, astronomy, and Mathematics.
C.THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
 Istanbul– center of government and trade .
Established effective administrative and
lenient treatment of Christians and Jews.
 Tribe of Muslim Turks
 Government regularized trade through the
issuance of licenses and constant inspection.
CONFLICT:
 Sultans were lack of sufficient abilities in
times of war.
 Widespread of poverty
 Corruptions of officials were increased.
 Ottoman Empire complacent in its old
system and technologies against European
advanced weaponry.
 Pope Pius V – led Holy League at lepanto
Gulf
 Scourge of Christian world became the sick
man of Europe.
ISLAM IN EUROPE (711)
 Al-Andalus – Center of Islamic Civilization
in Europe.
 One of the richest and most populous region
in Europe.
 Indian Counting System reached Europe.

3. The Rise of Islam
CONFLICT
 Feuds between local leaders took advantage
to Christian kingdoms.
 Alphonse IV – captured city of Toledo from
Muslim.
 Reconquista –Christian knights retook Spain
from muslim (1085)
 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella – took
Granada from Muslim and tried to erase
Islam’s legacy to Spain.
ISLAM IN ASIA (711)
 Arab navigator and traders reached India to
South East Asia by way of eastern route to
Indonesia.
 Malacca- number one center trade and base
for spread of Islam.
 Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuwan (arab
malay) brought Islam to Celebes and
Mindanao.
 Sharif Abu Bakr- founded Sulu Sultanate.
India were allowed to keep their respective faiths
and most officials were allowed to remain in their
position during Islam invasion.
Indian’s big contributions in Muslim culture were
translating their Algebra and Geometry to Arabic.
Excellent medical practitioners, mathematicians and
astronomers went to Baghdad.
ISLAM IN AFRICA (650)
 Ghana- main center of Muslim power in
Africa.
 Mansa Kankan Musa- most famous kings
on Mali made pilgrimage to Mecca.
CONFLICT:
Despite the existence of a ruling Muslim elite , most
Africans in the kingdoms of Mali and in other
kingdoms reached by Islam were no very much
affected by religious changes. The Old animistic
faith remained.
CONTRIBUTION OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
 Rhazes (d.925)
– medical expert of Abbasid dynasty who studied
optics, cesarian operations and more.
-most famous treatise On small pox and measles.
 Al- fazari(d.777 A.D.)
-it is believed that he was the first
scientist in the Mideast to make an
astrolabe.
 Muslim Medicine
- First used narcotics and sedative
drugs in operations.
ASSESSMENT
Write the correct statement
1. Designated by Mohammed as the first caliph or
leader of Muslim.___________
2. It was during his time that Islamic Empire
expanded._____________
3. Abu Bakr’s son who took over the throne and
was even more powerful in death.___________
4. He established the Omayyad Dynasty from
Damascus.____________
5. The King and Queen of Spain during the fall of
Al-andalus who tried to eradicate Islam’s legacy
to Spain.__________
Ans. The following:
1. Who was Mohammed?
2. How Islam and Christianity similar and different
from each other?
3. What is a jihad? What do Muslim warriors
believe in?
4. What were the contributions of India to Muslim
Culture?
5. What is the purpose of reconquista?
Terminology
Write the correct answer in each statement.
1. Became one of the richest and most populous
regions in Europe were Islamic faith was
spread? ________
2. Term that refers to how Christian knights took
back Spain from the Muslim.________
3. African religion that believes in the soul or a god
personifying the forces of nature._________
4. Holy war of Muslim._______________
5. It contains genealogical records of the Sultans of
Sulu and Mindanao._____________
Prepared by:
Timbal, Jonalyn C.
BSE MATHEMATICS 3B