Mohammed, born in 570 AD in Mecca, received revelations from God and began preaching monotheism. In 622, he fled persecution in Mecca and established a new community in Medina, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar. By 630, Mohammed had conquered Mecca and established Islam as the dominant religion. Upon his death in 632, disputes over succession led to divisions between Sunnis and Shias.
Islam: The Creation and Spread (The Rise of Islam)Katie
This presentation was developed for an AP World History class, but can be used for any class dealing with the rise and spread of Islam. I hope that you find it helpful. Please feel free to leave comments about the presentation. Thanks for watching!
Islam originated in the 7th century AD on the Arabian Peninsula. The religion was founded by the prophet Muhammad after he began receiving revelations from God (Allah) at age 40. Muhammad's teachings were based on strict monotheism and he and his followers faced persecution in Mecca, leading to the migration (Hijra) to Medina in 622 AD which marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Islam then rapidly spread across Asia, Africa, and parts of Europe through military conquests and trade routes, establishing a large empire with political and cultural influence. Key beliefs include submission to Allah as the one true God and Muhammad as his final prophet. The Quran is the holy text and the five pillars provide a
Islam originated in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century CE under the teachings of the prophet Muhammad. It then rapidly expanded across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Asia through both military conquests and peaceful missionary activities. Key beliefs include monotheism, five pillars of faith, and sharia law. The religion experienced divisions between the Sunni and Shi'a sects following a dispute over leadership succession. The expansion of Islam was aided by developments like the camel saddle which improved travel across deserts. Major Islamic empires included the Abbasid Caliphate centered in Baghdad and various sultanates in places like India and West Africa.
Islam spread rapidly across Arabia in the decades following the prophet Muhammad's death in 632 CE. Arab armies conquered vast lands, reaching as far as Spain by 711 CE and establishing an empire that stretched from Spain to Pakistan. However, the lack of a clear succession plan after Muhammad caused conflicts between those who supported Muhammad's son-in-law Ali and the Umayyad clan who ultimately took control. This split Muslims into the Sunni and Shi'a branches that remain today. The Umayyads went on to establish their capital at Damascus and build a powerful caliphate, though internal rivalries remained.
This document summarizes the rise of Islam in Arabia. It details the life of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, who received revelations from God and taught monotheism. After facing persecution in Mecca, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina, where he became the political and religious leader. Muhammad's followers, called Muslims, began converting more tribes to Islam and raiding caravans traveling to Mecca. By 632 when Muhammad died, much of Arabia had accepted Islam as its dominant faith.
The document discusses the early expansion of Islam following the death of Muhammad. It summarizes that under the first two caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar, the Islamic empire grew rapidly to include Syria, Persia, and parts of North Africa within 25 years and additional territories like parts of India and Spain within 100 years. It also explains how the Islamic community divided between the Sunni and Shia sects following disagreements over succession after the death of the third caliph Uthman. Specifically, some protested Ali's selection as caliph due to his relation to Uthman's killers, leading to ongoing tensions.
The document provides an overview of the origins and rise of Islam from 600-1200 CE. It discusses:
1) The origins of Islam in Arabia in the 7th century CE under the prophet Muhammad and the formation of the Umma Islamic community.
2) The rapid military conquests of the early Islamic caliphates from the 7th-8th centuries CE that expanded the new religion throughout the Middle East, North Africa and into Spain.
3) The decline of the Abbasid caliphate from the 9th century CE as the Islamic world politically fragmented, though religious identity was maintained by scholars, and various regional powers rose to prominence.
Muhammad spread the beliefs and practices of Islam through conquest. His successors built an empire stretching from Spain to India. In the 7th century, a split created the Sunni and Shiite sects of Islam. The nomadic Arabs originated from the Arabian Peninsula and organized into tribes. Muhammad received revelations from God through the angel Gabriel and founded Islam, with beliefs including monotheism, following the Five Pillars of Islam, and adhering to Sharia law.
Islam: The Creation and Spread (The Rise of Islam)Katie
This presentation was developed for an AP World History class, but can be used for any class dealing with the rise and spread of Islam. I hope that you find it helpful. Please feel free to leave comments about the presentation. Thanks for watching!
Islam originated in the 7th century AD on the Arabian Peninsula. The religion was founded by the prophet Muhammad after he began receiving revelations from God (Allah) at age 40. Muhammad's teachings were based on strict monotheism and he and his followers faced persecution in Mecca, leading to the migration (Hijra) to Medina in 622 AD which marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Islam then rapidly spread across Asia, Africa, and parts of Europe through military conquests and trade routes, establishing a large empire with political and cultural influence. Key beliefs include submission to Allah as the one true God and Muhammad as his final prophet. The Quran is the holy text and the five pillars provide a
Islam originated in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century CE under the teachings of the prophet Muhammad. It then rapidly expanded across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Asia through both military conquests and peaceful missionary activities. Key beliefs include monotheism, five pillars of faith, and sharia law. The religion experienced divisions between the Sunni and Shi'a sects following a dispute over leadership succession. The expansion of Islam was aided by developments like the camel saddle which improved travel across deserts. Major Islamic empires included the Abbasid Caliphate centered in Baghdad and various sultanates in places like India and West Africa.
Islam spread rapidly across Arabia in the decades following the prophet Muhammad's death in 632 CE. Arab armies conquered vast lands, reaching as far as Spain by 711 CE and establishing an empire that stretched from Spain to Pakistan. However, the lack of a clear succession plan after Muhammad caused conflicts between those who supported Muhammad's son-in-law Ali and the Umayyad clan who ultimately took control. This split Muslims into the Sunni and Shi'a branches that remain today. The Umayyads went on to establish their capital at Damascus and build a powerful caliphate, though internal rivalries remained.
This document summarizes the rise of Islam in Arabia. It details the life of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, who received revelations from God and taught monotheism. After facing persecution in Mecca, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina, where he became the political and religious leader. Muhammad's followers, called Muslims, began converting more tribes to Islam and raiding caravans traveling to Mecca. By 632 when Muhammad died, much of Arabia had accepted Islam as its dominant faith.
The document discusses the early expansion of Islam following the death of Muhammad. It summarizes that under the first two caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar, the Islamic empire grew rapidly to include Syria, Persia, and parts of North Africa within 25 years and additional territories like parts of India and Spain within 100 years. It also explains how the Islamic community divided between the Sunni and Shia sects following disagreements over succession after the death of the third caliph Uthman. Specifically, some protested Ali's selection as caliph due to his relation to Uthman's killers, leading to ongoing tensions.
The document provides an overview of the origins and rise of Islam from 600-1200 CE. It discusses:
1) The origins of Islam in Arabia in the 7th century CE under the prophet Muhammad and the formation of the Umma Islamic community.
2) The rapid military conquests of the early Islamic caliphates from the 7th-8th centuries CE that expanded the new religion throughout the Middle East, North Africa and into Spain.
3) The decline of the Abbasid caliphate from the 9th century CE as the Islamic world politically fragmented, though religious identity was maintained by scholars, and various regional powers rose to prominence.
Muhammad spread the beliefs and practices of Islam through conquest. His successors built an empire stretching from Spain to India. In the 7th century, a split created the Sunni and Shiite sects of Islam. The nomadic Arabs originated from the Arabian Peninsula and organized into tribes. Muhammad received revelations from God through the angel Gabriel and founded Islam, with beliefs including monotheism, following the Five Pillars of Islam, and adhering to Sharia law.
Islam is an Abrahamic religion founded by the prophet Muhammad. It is currently the world's second largest religion with over 1.9 billion followers. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, believed to be the verbatim word of God revealed to Muhammad by the angel Gabriel. The five pillars of Islam are the shahada (faith in one God and Muhammad as his prophet), salat (praying five times a day), sawm (fasting during Ramadan), zakat (giving alms to the poor), and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if able).
Mohammed and the Rise of Islam
The document summarizes the origins and rise of Islam through its founder Mohammed. It describes how Mohammed began receiving revelations in Mecca in the 6th century AD and faced opposition from local tribes as he preached monotheism. He eventually fled to Medina in 622 and formed the first Muslim community. Over time, Islam expanded rapidly through military conquests led by Mohammed's successors across the Middle East, North Africa, and into Europe and Asia. The document outlines the key beliefs and practices of Islam including the Five Pillars and sources of Islamic law like the Quran and hadith. It also describes the ongoing split between Sunni and Shia Muslims over the rightful
The document summarizes the early spread of Islam following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE. It describes how Abu Bakr became the first caliph and expanded the Muslim empire against the weakened Persian and Byzantine empires. By 750 CE, the Islamic empire stretched from Spain to India. The document also discusses the status of non-Muslims under Islamic rule and the succession disputes that led to the Sunni-Shia split in Islam.
Islam is a monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad in the 7th century AD. It has five main beliefs: one God called Allah, judgment day, acceptance of prophets including Moses and Jesus, Muhammad as the final prophet, and the Quran as the holy book. The religion spread rapidly from the 7th century onward through conquest and trade, reaching as far as Spain, India, and Russia. Islam split into the Sunni and Shia sects in the 7th century due to disputes over religious leadership. Both made major cultural and scientific contributions to fields like architecture, medicine, mathematics, and geography.
Islam originated in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century AD. According to Islamic tradition, the prophet Muhammad began receiving revelations from God through the angel Gabriel around 570 AD. Muhammad shared his message with others in Mecca, but faced opposition from leaders there. He and his followers migrated to Medina, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Islam then spread across Asia, Africa, and parts of Europe through military conquests and trade routes. Key cities in the early Islamic empire included Mecca, Medina, Damascus, and Baghdad.
The Arabian Peninsula was a harsh desert environment, forcing tribes to cooperate for survival. Muhammad received revelations in the 6th century CE and spread the new religion of Islam, establishing the Five Pillars. After his death, the Rashidun Caliphs and Umayyad Dynasty expanded the Arab Empire across North Africa and Spain. The Abbasid Dynasty built the capital in Baghdad and oversaw a golden age. Successors like the Seljuk Turks and Mongols later assumed control of former Arab lands.
The document discusses the origins and spread of Islam. It began in the 7th century CE in Mecca under the prophet Muhammad. Key beliefs include the oneness of God and Muhammad as his prophet. Islam spread rapidly through trade routes across the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia in its first few centuries, aided by concepts like jihad and the five pillars of faith. Major cities in the early Islamic empire included Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem.
The document summarizes the rise of Islam beginning with conditions in Arabia prior to Muhammad. It describes Muhammad's early life and religious experiences, including his first revelations from God. It then discusses how Muhammad spread the message of Islam in Mecca and Medina, and the establishment of the religion's core beliefs and practices. The expansion of Islamic rule through military conquests and trade is also summarized.
The document provides an overview of the rise of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula. It describes how the region was an important crossroads for trade and the sharing of ideas. It discusses the Bedouin nomads and the important trading towns like Mecca. It outlines the life of the Prophet Muhammad, including his revelations and the migration to Medina to escape persecution. It then summarizes the key beliefs and practices of Islam, including the Five Pillars and sources of religious authority and law in the Quran and hadith.
The document discusses the spread of Islam from the 7th century onwards from the Arabian peninsula to three continents within half a century. It notes that Islam spread primarily through religious appeal and conversion rather than by force, except in Arabia where some tribes were warred against for not accepting Islam. It then discusses various Muslim invasions and rulers in India from the 11th century onward, including the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. It also briefly mentions the political aspects of Islam derived from the Quran and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad.
The document summarizes the rise of Islam. It describes how the religion was founded in 610 AD by the prophet Muhammad in Mecca and spread across the Arabian Peninsula and beyond through military conquests under the first four caliphs. The Muslim empire grew rapidly to span over 6000 miles due to factors like disciplined armies and allowing conquered peoples to keep their faith if they paid a tax. However, internal divisions later emerged between the Sunni and Shia over who should lead the Muslim community after Muhammad.
Islam was founded by Mohammed in Mecca in 632 AD and spread rapidly after his death. It expanded from Palestine, Egypt, and Persia to North and West Africa, and into Europe through Sicily and Spain. Muslim ideas and culture also spread to South and Southeast Asia through extensive trade networks. Key contributions included advances in math, science, and architecture through beautiful structures like the Alhambra palace which featured Islamic geometric designs.
The document provides an overview of the rise of Islam, including key terms, locations of Muslim-majority countries, and historical trade routes in the Arabian Peninsula. It summarizes the early life of the Prophet Muhammad, including his revelations and the Hijrah migration. The main beliefs and practices of Islam are outlined, including the Five Pillars and sources of authority like the Quran and hadith.
The document provides an overview of the Muslim world from 600-1250 CE. It discusses how tolerance of other cultures and a focus on learning helped Muslim leaders build a large empire that stretched across parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Key events mentioned include the rise of Islam under Muhammad, the expansion of the Muslim empire under early caliphs, and the growth of Muslim culture and learning centers in major cities under later caliphates.
The Muslims created a vast empire in the 7th-8th centuries CE that spanned three continents despite internal conflicts. Under the early "Rightly Guided" caliphs, Muslim armies rapidly conquered lands using disciplined troops and taking advantage of weak Byzantine and Persian empires, spreading Islam through conquest and missionary work. However, struggles for power led to the rise of the Umayyad dynasty and theological divisions between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. By 750 CE, the Abbasid dynasty had come to power ruling over a vast Muslim empire with territories in western Asia, North Africa, and the Iberian Peninsula (Spain).
The Abbasid Caliphate declined due to peasant revolts, high taxes, civil wars during succession disputes, and the use of Turkish slaves in the army. This led to invasions by the Buyids, Seljuk Turks, and finally the Mongols. Islam spread to South and Southeast Asia through trade along maritime routes and the teachings of Sufi mystics, with most converts in port cities. While some areas like mainland Asia and Bali resisted due to Buddhism and Hinduism, Indian cultural influences spread to the Muslim world through the Delhi Sultanate's rule.
The document summarizes the early development of Islam. It describes how Islam originated in Mecca on the Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Mohammed. Mohammed began receiving revelations from God in 610 CE and started preaching the teachings of Islam. However, this threatened the local polytheistic traditions and economy in Mecca, which depended on pilgrimages to the Kaaba. Mohammed and his followers faced persecution, so they migrated to Medina in 622 CE, an event known as the Hijra. In Medina, Mohammed established the first Muslim community and the five pillars of Islam: the shahadah (faith), salat (prayer), zakat (alms), sawm (fasting during Ramad
The document discusses the origins and foundations of Islam. It begins by summarizing the geographic distribution of Islam in the Middle East, Iberian Peninsula, and Northern Africa. It then outlines the story of the prophet Muhammad and the establishment of the five pillars of Islam. The five pillars are the core beliefs and practices in Islam. The document also briefly describes the two main denominations, Sunni and Shia Islam, and their distribution. It provides information on mosques as places of worship, Mecca as a sacred site, and religious leaders like imams and ayatollahs. Finally, it summarizes the internal conflict that arose after Muhammad's death and the division of the Islamic empire into the Sunni and Sh
The document discusses the spread of Islam to Southeast Asia through trade routes like the Silk Road. It describes how Arab and Persian traders had established trade with China and Southeast Asia before the rise of Islam. After the prophet Muhammad, Muslim missionaries and traders further facilitated the spread of Islam to areas like Indonesia and Malaysia. Key ports like Samudra on Sumatra saw early Muslim settlements established to serve the trade between the Middle East and China. Over time, intermarriage and efforts of Muslim missionaries led to the conversion and establishment of Islamic kingdoms in the region.
This document discusses the Islamic tradition of classifying knowledge. It begins by welcoming the reader to the world of Islamic architecture of knowledge. Next, it provides a historical overview of how Muslims classified knowledge from the 3rd century AH/9th century CE until the 12th century AH/18th century CE. Major Muslim scholars developed systems to categorize knowledge in order to organize education and promote unity within sciences. However, classification of knowledge declined after the 10th century as knowledge production began to stagnate. The document argues that reviving Islamic classification of knowledge can help address issues in modern education like disorganization and lack of principles guiding the relationship between different fields.
Islam is an Abrahamic religion founded by the prophet Muhammad. It is currently the world's second largest religion with over 1.9 billion followers. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, believed to be the verbatim word of God revealed to Muhammad by the angel Gabriel. The five pillars of Islam are the shahada (faith in one God and Muhammad as his prophet), salat (praying five times a day), sawm (fasting during Ramadan), zakat (giving alms to the poor), and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if able).
Mohammed and the Rise of Islam
The document summarizes the origins and rise of Islam through its founder Mohammed. It describes how Mohammed began receiving revelations in Mecca in the 6th century AD and faced opposition from local tribes as he preached monotheism. He eventually fled to Medina in 622 and formed the first Muslim community. Over time, Islam expanded rapidly through military conquests led by Mohammed's successors across the Middle East, North Africa, and into Europe and Asia. The document outlines the key beliefs and practices of Islam including the Five Pillars and sources of Islamic law like the Quran and hadith. It also describes the ongoing split between Sunni and Shia Muslims over the rightful
The document summarizes the early spread of Islam following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE. It describes how Abu Bakr became the first caliph and expanded the Muslim empire against the weakened Persian and Byzantine empires. By 750 CE, the Islamic empire stretched from Spain to India. The document also discusses the status of non-Muslims under Islamic rule and the succession disputes that led to the Sunni-Shia split in Islam.
Islam is a monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad in the 7th century AD. It has five main beliefs: one God called Allah, judgment day, acceptance of prophets including Moses and Jesus, Muhammad as the final prophet, and the Quran as the holy book. The religion spread rapidly from the 7th century onward through conquest and trade, reaching as far as Spain, India, and Russia. Islam split into the Sunni and Shia sects in the 7th century due to disputes over religious leadership. Both made major cultural and scientific contributions to fields like architecture, medicine, mathematics, and geography.
Islam originated in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century AD. According to Islamic tradition, the prophet Muhammad began receiving revelations from God through the angel Gabriel around 570 AD. Muhammad shared his message with others in Mecca, but faced opposition from leaders there. He and his followers migrated to Medina, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Islam then spread across Asia, Africa, and parts of Europe through military conquests and trade routes. Key cities in the early Islamic empire included Mecca, Medina, Damascus, and Baghdad.
The Arabian Peninsula was a harsh desert environment, forcing tribes to cooperate for survival. Muhammad received revelations in the 6th century CE and spread the new religion of Islam, establishing the Five Pillars. After his death, the Rashidun Caliphs and Umayyad Dynasty expanded the Arab Empire across North Africa and Spain. The Abbasid Dynasty built the capital in Baghdad and oversaw a golden age. Successors like the Seljuk Turks and Mongols later assumed control of former Arab lands.
The document discusses the origins and spread of Islam. It began in the 7th century CE in Mecca under the prophet Muhammad. Key beliefs include the oneness of God and Muhammad as his prophet. Islam spread rapidly through trade routes across the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia in its first few centuries, aided by concepts like jihad and the five pillars of faith. Major cities in the early Islamic empire included Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem.
The document summarizes the rise of Islam beginning with conditions in Arabia prior to Muhammad. It describes Muhammad's early life and religious experiences, including his first revelations from God. It then discusses how Muhammad spread the message of Islam in Mecca and Medina, and the establishment of the religion's core beliefs and practices. The expansion of Islamic rule through military conquests and trade is also summarized.
The document provides an overview of the rise of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula. It describes how the region was an important crossroads for trade and the sharing of ideas. It discusses the Bedouin nomads and the important trading towns like Mecca. It outlines the life of the Prophet Muhammad, including his revelations and the migration to Medina to escape persecution. It then summarizes the key beliefs and practices of Islam, including the Five Pillars and sources of religious authority and law in the Quran and hadith.
The document discusses the spread of Islam from the 7th century onwards from the Arabian peninsula to three continents within half a century. It notes that Islam spread primarily through religious appeal and conversion rather than by force, except in Arabia where some tribes were warred against for not accepting Islam. It then discusses various Muslim invasions and rulers in India from the 11th century onward, including the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. It also briefly mentions the political aspects of Islam derived from the Quran and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad.
The document summarizes the rise of Islam. It describes how the religion was founded in 610 AD by the prophet Muhammad in Mecca and spread across the Arabian Peninsula and beyond through military conquests under the first four caliphs. The Muslim empire grew rapidly to span over 6000 miles due to factors like disciplined armies and allowing conquered peoples to keep their faith if they paid a tax. However, internal divisions later emerged between the Sunni and Shia over who should lead the Muslim community after Muhammad.
Islam was founded by Mohammed in Mecca in 632 AD and spread rapidly after his death. It expanded from Palestine, Egypt, and Persia to North and West Africa, and into Europe through Sicily and Spain. Muslim ideas and culture also spread to South and Southeast Asia through extensive trade networks. Key contributions included advances in math, science, and architecture through beautiful structures like the Alhambra palace which featured Islamic geometric designs.
The document provides an overview of the rise of Islam, including key terms, locations of Muslim-majority countries, and historical trade routes in the Arabian Peninsula. It summarizes the early life of the Prophet Muhammad, including his revelations and the Hijrah migration. The main beliefs and practices of Islam are outlined, including the Five Pillars and sources of authority like the Quran and hadith.
The document provides an overview of the Muslim world from 600-1250 CE. It discusses how tolerance of other cultures and a focus on learning helped Muslim leaders build a large empire that stretched across parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Key events mentioned include the rise of Islam under Muhammad, the expansion of the Muslim empire under early caliphs, and the growth of Muslim culture and learning centers in major cities under later caliphates.
The Muslims created a vast empire in the 7th-8th centuries CE that spanned three continents despite internal conflicts. Under the early "Rightly Guided" caliphs, Muslim armies rapidly conquered lands using disciplined troops and taking advantage of weak Byzantine and Persian empires, spreading Islam through conquest and missionary work. However, struggles for power led to the rise of the Umayyad dynasty and theological divisions between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. By 750 CE, the Abbasid dynasty had come to power ruling over a vast Muslim empire with territories in western Asia, North Africa, and the Iberian Peninsula (Spain).
The Abbasid Caliphate declined due to peasant revolts, high taxes, civil wars during succession disputes, and the use of Turkish slaves in the army. This led to invasions by the Buyids, Seljuk Turks, and finally the Mongols. Islam spread to South and Southeast Asia through trade along maritime routes and the teachings of Sufi mystics, with most converts in port cities. While some areas like mainland Asia and Bali resisted due to Buddhism and Hinduism, Indian cultural influences spread to the Muslim world through the Delhi Sultanate's rule.
The document summarizes the early development of Islam. It describes how Islam originated in Mecca on the Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Mohammed. Mohammed began receiving revelations from God in 610 CE and started preaching the teachings of Islam. However, this threatened the local polytheistic traditions and economy in Mecca, which depended on pilgrimages to the Kaaba. Mohammed and his followers faced persecution, so they migrated to Medina in 622 CE, an event known as the Hijra. In Medina, Mohammed established the first Muslim community and the five pillars of Islam: the shahadah (faith), salat (prayer), zakat (alms), sawm (fasting during Ramad
The document discusses the origins and foundations of Islam. It begins by summarizing the geographic distribution of Islam in the Middle East, Iberian Peninsula, and Northern Africa. It then outlines the story of the prophet Muhammad and the establishment of the five pillars of Islam. The five pillars are the core beliefs and practices in Islam. The document also briefly describes the two main denominations, Sunni and Shia Islam, and their distribution. It provides information on mosques as places of worship, Mecca as a sacred site, and religious leaders like imams and ayatollahs. Finally, it summarizes the internal conflict that arose after Muhammad's death and the division of the Islamic empire into the Sunni and Sh
The document discusses the spread of Islam to Southeast Asia through trade routes like the Silk Road. It describes how Arab and Persian traders had established trade with China and Southeast Asia before the rise of Islam. After the prophet Muhammad, Muslim missionaries and traders further facilitated the spread of Islam to areas like Indonesia and Malaysia. Key ports like Samudra on Sumatra saw early Muslim settlements established to serve the trade between the Middle East and China. Over time, intermarriage and efforts of Muslim missionaries led to the conversion and establishment of Islamic kingdoms in the region.
This document discusses the Islamic tradition of classifying knowledge. It begins by welcoming the reader to the world of Islamic architecture of knowledge. Next, it provides a historical overview of how Muslims classified knowledge from the 3rd century AH/9th century CE until the 12th century AH/18th century CE. Major Muslim scholars developed systems to categorize knowledge in order to organize education and promote unity within sciences. However, classification of knowledge declined after the 10th century as knowledge production began to stagnate. The document argues that reviving Islamic classification of knowledge can help address issues in modern education like disorganization and lack of principles guiding the relationship between different fields.
The large Islamic Empire fostered extensive trade along the Mediterranean, Silk Roads, and Indian Ocean by providing relative stability and safety with few borders and lower taxes. The Empire took control of major trade routes and Muslim merchants gained influence over Indian Ocean trade, facilitating the spread of luxuries, necessities, textiles, horses, medicine, paper, and sugar. The Abbasids established standards for weights/measures, a single currency, and early banking systems to promote fairness in regional and interregional trade.
Muhammad's successors expanded Islam rapidly after his death in 632. By 750, the Muslim empire stretched from Spain to India under the early caliphs. However, internal conflicts emerged, including a split between the Sunni and Shi'a over who should lead the Muslim community. The Umayyad dynasty took power but was eventually replaced by the Abbasids in 750. This established the Muslim capital in Baghdad and further expanded Islamic rule, though independent states also emerged.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance and Reformation periods in Europe. It describes how the Renaissance originated in Italy in the 14th century as trade increased, allowing certain city-states like Florence to become wealthy centers of art, literature, and culture. Important figures that helped spread Renaissance ideas included Petrarch, Dante, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. The document also summarizes how Martin Luther and other reformers criticized the Catholic Church's corruption and indulgences, leading to the Protestant Reformation and a split in Christianity.
The document provides an overview of some key beliefs and practices in Islam. It discusses the Islamic beliefs in one God (Allah) as the creator, Muhammad as his final prophet, and the Quran as the revealed word of God. It also outlines some of the main pillars of practice in Islam including the shahada (declaration of faith), five daily prayers, zakat (charity), fasting during Ramadan, and the hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). The document emphasizes that Islam provides a complete way of life that guides believers in all aspects including beliefs, relationships, health, social matters, transactions, and the environment.
The document discusses the rise of Islam by describing the Arabian Peninsula as a crossroads for trade between Africa, Asia, and Europe. It then summarizes the life and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, including his revelations in Mecca and migration to Medina to escape persecution. Finally, it outlines the main beliefs and practices of Islam, including the Five Pillars and sources of religious authority like the Quran and hadith.
1) In spite of internal conflicts between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims, the Muslim empire expanded greatly under early caliphs and the Umayyad dynasty to span three continents.
2) The Abbasid dynasty replaced the Umayyads and moved the capital to Baghdad, consolidating power over a vast bureaucracy.
3) However, independent Muslim states and the Fatimid caliphate divided rule, and the Umayyads established control in Islamic Spain as the caliphate of al-Andalus.
The document provides background information on the origins of Islam through the life and teachings of Mohammed. It discusses that Mohammed was born in 570 AD in Mecca to a merchant family. He began receiving revelations in his 40s and preached monotheism, emphasizing social justice. Opposition forced him to flee to Medina in 622, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar. By 630, he conquered Mecca and established it as the center of Islamic pilgrimage. After his death, Islam expanded rapidly under the Rashidun caliphs before the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties took control of the Islamic empire.
The document summarizes the origins of Islam through the life and teachings of Mohammed. It describes how Mohammed began receiving revelations in the 600s AD and preached a monotheistic faith, Islam, which became a major religious and political force. His migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Islam then expanded rapidly through military conquests across the Middle East, North Africa and into Europe and Asia in the following centuries.
The document provides an overview of the origins and key beliefs of Islam:
1) Islam was founded in the 7th century AD by the prophet Muhammad, who received revelations from God (Allah) and preached monotheism, social justice, and other reforms that threatened the power structures and polytheism of Mecca at the time.
2) The five pillars of Islam - the shahadah (declaration of faith), salat (daily prayers), zakat (charity), sawm (fasting during Ramadan), and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) - outline the core religious duties of Muslims.
3) After Muhammad's death, a split emerged
The document discusses the origins and spread of Islam from the 7th to 12th centuries. It describes how the Islamic civilization absorbed influences from previous cultures like Greece, Rome, Judaism and Christianity. Muhammad founded Islam in 610 after receiving revelations, and the religion spread rapidly under subsequent caliphates. Key beliefs include monotheism, five pillars of faith, and prohibitions on images which influenced Islamic art forms like calligraphy and arabesque designs. The golden age of the Abbasid caliphate saw advances in science, philosophy and architecture.
Chapter 9 world of islam: Afro-Eurasian connections, Ways of the World bookS Sandoval
AP World History Book, Ways of the World, Second Edition by Robert W. Strayer, Summary of Chapter 11: The Worlds of Islam 600-1500. An age of Accelerating Connections. Study and Enjoy!
The document summarizes the history and origins of Islamic civilization in Arabia before and during the rise of Islam under the prophet Muhammad. It describes how: (1) Before Muhammad, Arabia was inhabited by nomadic tribes without strong political entities who followed pagan, Jewish, or Christian faiths; (2) Muhammad received revelations in 610 CE and taught monotheism, establishing the religion of Islam; (3) His followers rapidly expanded the new Islamic state across the Middle East and North Africa through military conquests. Islamic civilization entered a golden age under the Abbasid caliphs and advanced philosophy, science, and culture while transmitting knowledge to Europe. However, Islamic dominance declined by the 15th century with the rise of other empires.
The document provides an overview of the Islamic world from approximately 600 to 1400 CE. It discusses the origins and spread of Islam under Muhammad, the establishment of Islamic states and caliphates, as well as the cultural and intellectual achievements during this period. Key events included the expansion of Islam across North Africa and into Spain and Central Asia, the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad, and the fragmentation of political authority among competing states.
The document provides information on Islamic civilization, including the life and teachings of Muhammad, the major tenets of Islam, and the expansion and impact of Islam. It discusses Muhammad receiving revelations from God and establishing the religion of Islam. The two main branches of Islam, Sunni and Shiite, developed after Muhammad's death. Under Arab rule, the Islamic empire expanded across northern Africa and into Spain. The Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties ruled large Islamic caliphates during periods of cultural and economic prosperity, though divisions emerged over time.
the concept of islamic and civilizationnNursKitchen
The document summarizes the origins and early spread of Islam. It describes:
- Pre-Islamic Arabia which was divided into tribes and lacked strong political entities. The Kaaba shrine in Mecca was an important pilgrimage site.
- The life and teachings of the prophet Muhammad who received revelations from God and promoted strict monotheism and social justice. He migrated to Medina and his followers rapidly converted many Arab tribes.
- The five pillars of Islam that unified believers - profession of faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca.
- How the early Islamic state expanded rapidly under the first four caliphs, motivated by jihad
The document provides an overview of the origin and spread of Islam, the political and social organization of Islamic societies, Islamic religious practices and pillars, the economy of Islamic empires, Islamic culture, and Muslim art. It describes how the religion of Islam originated in the 7th century AD in the Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad and then rapidly expanded across large parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe through military conquests and missionary activities. Key aspects of Islamic civilization discussed include the caliphate political system, division of society, emphasis on the five pillars of faith, development of trade networks, cultural centers of learning, and artistic styles featuring calligraphy and geometric patterns.
Pembahasan mendasar tentang agama Islam. Apa saja yang melandasi agama Islam mulai dari dogma, para rasul, hingga sejarah kelahiran dan proses penyebarannya ke penjuru dunia.
The document summarizes the origins and key beliefs of Islam. It describes how Muhammad founded the religion in Mecca in the 6th century after experiencing visions from the angel Gabriel. His teachings, based on strict monotheism and the Five Pillars of Islam, spread rapidly across Arabia and beyond due to military conquests. After Muhammad's death, leadership passed to a succession of caliphs, first under the Umayyad and later the Abbasid dynasties, though a minority Shi'ite faction believed leadership should remain within Muhammad's bloodline.
The document provides an overview of the origins and spread of Islam. It begins with the life of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, who received revelations from God and spread the religion's core beliefs and practices. The five pillars of Islam are outlined as the basic tenets that Muslims follow. The document then discusses the expansion of Islam after Muhammad's death under early caliphates and the spread of the religion across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Asia through both conquest and trade.
Since Islam originated and has developed in an Arab culture, other cultures which have adopted Islam have tended to be influenced by Arab customs. Thus Arab Muslim societies and other Muslims have cultural affinities, though every society has preserved its distinguishing characteristics. Islamic culture inherited an Arab culture born in the desert, simple but by no means simplistic. It has an oral tradition based on the transmission of culture through poetry and narrative. However, it has been the written record that has had the greatest impact on civilization. Islam civilization is based on the value of education, which both the Qur'an and the Prophet stressed.
One of the distinctive features of the Islamic tradition is its rapid expansion into a large and diverse civilization, soon becoming divided into several centers of political authority. Although the Prophet’s activities were mostly limited to the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, after his death the first four “Rightly Guided” caliphs sent armies to conquer Syria, Egypt, Iraq and parts of Persia, which were then within the declining Byzantine and Persian empires.
The document summarizes the rise of the Islamic Caliphate following the death of Muhammad and the subsequent split between Sunni and Shia Islam. It describes the expansion of the Caliphate under the first four successors or "Caliphs" of Muhammad, known as the Rashidun Caliphate. It then discusses the Battle of Siffin in 657 AD and the assassination of Ali, which led to the division between Sunnis, who believed in elected Caliphs, and Shias, who revere Ali and his descendants. The document focuses on the importance of the Battle of Karbala in 680 AD for the Shia tradition.
The document summarizes key aspects of Islam and the history of Islam in the Philippines in 3 sentences:
Islam spread to the Philippines in the 13th century through Arab and Malay Muslim traders and missionaries, establishing sultanates like Sulu and Maguindanao and influencing the indigenous cultures. Over time, Islam became formalized with the rise of sultanates and the spread of Islamic institutions under their rule. However, the arrival of Spanish and American colonizers in the 16th-20th centuries challenged the political power of Muslim sultanates and introduced new perceptions of Moro identity and culture.
His 101 chapter 7a rome’s three heirs, 500 900dcyw1112
The Rashidun Caliphate was the first of the Islamic caliphates established after the death of the prophet Muhammad in 632 CE. It rapidly expanded to include Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Persia under the first four "Rightly Guided" caliphs - Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. Umar established systems like the Diwan (government bureaucracy) and paid military that were controlled by the Caliph.
1. A guild was a group of merchants or craftsmen in medieval cities that regulated trade and production. It controlled training, prices, and quality of goods.
2. The growth of cities was caused by increased trade and economic activity. More jobs drew people from rural areas into urban centers.
3. Social groups in medieval cities included merchants, artisans, laborers, clergy, and nobility. The social structure was more complex than in rural areas.
Islam is connected to Judaism and Christianity through its monotheistic beliefs and recognition of prophets like Moses and Jesus. The five pillars of Islam are the Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, Sawm, and Hajj. Muhammad received revelations from God and these were compiled into the Quran after his death. The expansion of Islam led to major caliphates like the Umayyads and Abbasids and the emergence of the Sunni-Shia split. Islamic civilization made important contributions to medicine, mathematics, and architecture.
Trusting God's Providence | Verse: Romans 8: 28-31JL de Belen
Trusting God's Providence.
Providence - God’s active preservation and care over His creation. God is both the Creator and the Sustainer of all things Heb. 1:2-3; Col. 1:17
-God keep His promises.
-God’s general providence is toward all creation
- All things were made through Him
God’s special providence is toward His children.
We may suffer now, but joy can and will come
God can see what we cannot see
Protector & Destroyer: Agni Dev (The Hindu God of Fire)Exotic India
So let us turn the pages of ancient Indian literature and get to know more about Agni, the mighty purifier of all things, worshipped in Indian culture as a God since the Vedic time.
Sanatan Vastu | Experience Great Living | Vastu ExpertSanatan Vastu
Santan Vastu Provides Vedic astrology courses & Vastu remedies, If you are searching Vastu for home, Vastu for kitchen, Vastu for house, Vastu for Office & Factory. Best Vastu in Bahadurgarh. Best Vastu in Delhi NCR
The Enchantment and Shadows_ Unveiling the Mysteries of Magic and Black Magic...Phoenix O
This manual will guide you through basic skills and tasks to help you get started with various aspects of Magic. Each section is designed to be easy to follow, with step-by-step instructions.
The Vulnerabilities of Individuals Born Under Swati Nakshatra.pdfAstroAnuradha
Individuals born under Swati Nakshatra often exhibit a strong sense of independence and adaptability, yet they may also face vulnerabilities such as indecisiveness and a tendency to be easily swayed by external influences. Their quest for balance and harmony can sometimes lead to inner conflict and a lack of assertiveness. To know more visit: astroanuradha.com
A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...franktsao4
It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
A Free eBook ~ Valuable LIFE Lessons to Learn ( 5 Sets of Presentations)...OH TEIK BIN
A free eBook comprising 5 sets of PowerPoint presentations of meaningful stories /Inspirational pieces that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English and Chinese.
My other free eBooks can be obtained from the following Links:
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/presentations
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2nd issue of Volume 15. A magazine in urdu language mainly based on spiritual treatment and learning. Many topics on ISLAM, SUFISM, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SELF HELP, PSYCHOLOGY, HEALTH, SPIRITUAL TREATMENT, Ruqya etc.A very useful magazine for everyone.
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)heartfulness
Dear readers,
This month we continue with more inspiring talks from the Global Spirituality Mahotsav that was held from March 14 to 17, 2024, at Kanha Shanti Vanam.
We hear from Daaji on lifestyle and yoga in honor of International Day of Yoga, June 21, 2024. We also hear from Professor Bhavani Rao, Dean at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, on spirituality in action, the Venerable BhikkuSanghasena on how to be an ambassador for compassion, Dr. Tony Nader on the Maharishi Effect, Swami Mukundananda on the crossroads of modernization, Tejinder Kaur Basra on the purpose of work, the Venerable GesheDorjiDamdul on the psychology of peace, the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, KC, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, on how we are all related, and world-renowned violinist KumareshRajagopalan on the uplifting mysteries of music.
Dr. Prasad Veluthanar shares an Ayurvedic perspective on treating autism, Dr. IchakAdizes helps us navigate disagreements at work, Sravan Banda celebrates World Environment Day by sharing some tips on land restoration, and Sara Bubber tells our children another inspiring story and challenges them with some fun facts and riddles.
Happy reading,
The editors
The Book of Samuel is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books in the Old Testament. The book is part of the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and that aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets.
The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - MessageCole Hartman
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
Chandra Dev: Unveiling the Mystery of the Moon GodExotic India
Shining brightly in the sky, some days more than others, the Moon in popular culture is a symbol of love, romance, and beauty. The ancient Hindu texts, however, mention the Moon as an intriguing and powerful being, worshiped by sages as Chandra.
3. Islam
s Bedouin Arab named Mohammed
s born ca. 570 A.D.
s Merchant family, Hasimites
s Qurayshis tribe, who dominate Mecca
– controlling much of the religious pilgrim trade
s raised by relatives
-father and mother died by age six
-raised by an impoverished uncle
4. Mohammed
s formal education ?? We don’t know
– Normally only the Poets of the Tribes could
read and write
s commercial agent for a wealthy widow
– Khadijah
– supervising caravans from Mecca, north to
Jerusalem
– contact with both Jews and Christians
5. Mohammed, con’t
s He seems to have made an impression on his boss,
because of his reputed honesty
– married her and retired from commerce
– to devote himself to religion
– and to making society more fair and equitable
6. Mohammed, con’t
s monogamous until his wife died
s eventually married nine wives and had
assorted concubines
s last marriage at 53 to Aishah, daughter of a
friend
s wives: widows of friends or political marriages
• Women alone is such a world were very vulnerable
7. Origins of Mohammed’s
Teachings
s periods of unconsciousness are indicated:
explanations
– revelations from Allah by holy trances, spoken to by Gabriel
– epilepsy or a similar neurological disorder?
– mental illness or hallucinations ?
s Mohammed’s explanation:
– revelations from God
– Very unpleasant and painful for him
8. The Quran
s Record of revelations received during
visions
s Committed to writing c. 650 CE, compiled
(Muhammad dies 632)
– Under the third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan
s Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith
9. Nature of Revelations
s diverse
s social, agricultural, medical, military,
astronomical, etc.
10. Historical Origins of His Ideas
s Arab polytheism
s Hanifism: a belief in one God traced to Abraham, by
tradition
s Judaism
s Christianity: Orthodox, Nestorian, Arianism
s Manichaeism: a mixture of Zoroastrianism,
Christianity, Judaism, and so forth
11. Beginning of His Ministry
s at about age 40, after a number of revelations
s began to preach publicly
s continued to receive revelations until death
– usually related to current problems or concerns
– Religious, political, social, economic
12. Early religious career
s not particularly successful
s threatened the social, political, and religious
structure, with his doctrine of social equity
s threatened the economic basis of Mecca as a center
of religious pilgrimage
s particularly the Black Rock
– sacred to the chief deity of the Arabs
s run out of town, or at least encouraged to leave
– Went to the desert with his family and lived for about a year
13. The Hijra
s flight from Mecca, to Yathrib (Medina)
-tradition: invited by the Jews of Medina
s 622 A.D.
s beginning of the Islamic calendar
s forms the umma (community)
s welcomed, then resisted
s Mohammed becomes an absolute theocrat
14. Muhammad’s Return to Mecca
s Attack on Mecca, 630 -- jihad
s Conversion of Mecca to Islam
s Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques
– Ka’aba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca
– Approved as pilgrimage site
15. Jihad
s holy war against Mecca
s ten year blockade
s a deal was made
16. The Deal
s Mecca preserved as a holy city and place of
pilgrimage
– to preserve the economic prosperity
s the Ka’aba preserved as the central shrine
– idols and icons destroyed
– story of its origins emphasized the role of
Abraham in its placement
– pilgrimage as an act of faith, at least once in your
life
18. The Religion: the Koran (Qu’ran)
s the Koran (Qu’ran): contains much of Mohammed
recounting of Allah’s teachings
s written down by his followers after his death
– from notes and memories, on “stones and
parchments”
s Short: 114 chapters
– arranged from longest to the shortest
– not by subject or chronologically
– length is the criterion of order for the text
19. The Koran, con’t
s some “Old” and “New” Testaments stories
– but sometimes the story seems a bit different to
Jews and Christians
s parables and fables
s political polemic and prophecy
s “non-religious” subjects
– not dissimilar to Jewish and Christian scriptures in
some ways
20. Five Pillars of Islam
s uniqueness of God
– ‘There is no god, but God….’
s prayer five times a day
s observe the month of Ramadan
s give alms to the poor
s pilgrimage to Mecca
– If possible, once in your life
21. Additional teachings
s dietary laws
s no gambling or drinking
s no sexual irregularities, as defined by tradition and
custom
s no faulty weights or usury
s no infanticide
s elaborate rules concerning inheritance and property
s improvement in the status of women and children
22. Changing Status of Women
s Qu’ran improves status of women
– Outlawed female infanticide
– Brides, not husbands, claim dowries
s Yet male dominance preserved
– Patrilineal descent
– Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden
– Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice
23. Similarities to Judaism and
Christianity
s monotheism (defined a bit differently)
s insistence on the responsibility of human beings
s final judgment and rewards
s angels and spirits
s practice of virtues: truthfulness, compassion, etc.
24. Differences
s an emphasis on compassion and mercy
s alms giving moderate
s heaven conceived a bit differently
s no priests or sacramental system
s easy conversion: the Shahadah
– ‘There is no God by Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet.’
25. Islamic Law: The Sharia
s Codification of Islamic law
s Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools
of analysis
s Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of
human activity
– This is the basis the idea of an “Islamic
republic” for instance
26. Expansion of Islam
s early victories
s backsliders (tribes) punished
– Apostasy = treason = death
s assaults on:
– the Byzantine (Roman) empire
– the Persian empire
29. Victories
s Syria: 635 A.D.
s Palestine: 636 A.D.
s Persia: captured in one battle
– expansion into India
– expansion to the borders of China
s Egypt: help by local Christians
s North Africa: the Berbers
30. Expansion, con’t
s Spain 711-720 A.D.
s Battle of Tours: October 732 A.D.
– Charles Martel
s Siege of Constantinople: 717-718 A.D.
– Leo III
– Greek fire
s beginnings of Christian reconquest of
former Roman/Christian territory
31. Reasons for success
s exhaustion of Rome and Persia
– End of a 400 year war
s nationalist sentiments in Egypt and Syria
s arguments among Christian factions
s speed and size of Moslem armies
s simplicity and uncomplicated nature of Islam
s acceptance of the Old and New Testament
– People of the Book
32. Consequences of Expansion
s loss of the oldest and most central lands of
Christendom
s aided the ascendancy of the bishop of Rome
s virtual collapse of Zoroastrianism as a major religion
s radically altered the balance of power between the
Roman Empire and the East
s disruption of the Mediterranean economic community
33. Early Problems
s Succession ?
– Mohammed had no surviving male children
– Daughter: Fatima
– Son-in-law: Ali, child of his uncle
s generated a permanent split in the
Islamic community
– Sunnis
– Shi’as
34. Sunnis
s considered themselves the “orthodox” followers of
Mohammed
s consider the Shi’as to be “dissenters”
s issue: who leads after Mohammed ??
s the Caliph (or “leader”)
s went successively to followers
-Abu Bakr, then Oman
-then Uthman and
35. The Shia
s Disagreements over selection of caliphs
s Ali passed over for Abu Bakr
s Served as caliph 656-661 CE, then assassinated
along with most of his followers
s Remaining followers organize separate party called
“Shia”
– Traditionalists: Sunni
36. Abu Bakr
s not particularly popular with the Muslim
community
s allowed raid, then invasions of
Byzantine and Persian territory
s subjugated any dissident elements or
tribes
s disposed of any “new prophets”
37. Success = strain
s success introduced luxury and change
– From original caliphs to the Umayyad caliphs
s new ideas and new ethnic groups
– with their own customs and heritage, to try to
assimilate
s rise of a sort of “revivalist element”
– Islam had strayed from its original path and purity
– Muslims were being led back to paganism
– caliphs were becoming idle, corrupt, tyrants
38. Uthman: the third Caliph
s murdered: warfare broke out
s Ali: cousin and son-in-law of Mohammed
s originally passed over as too young
s contested the succession
s Uthman supported by the Umayyad clan
– early enemies of Mohammed
– refused to accept Ali’s claims
39. Umayyeds
s successful in the war
s Ali assassinated in 661 A.D.
– by the Kharijites
s beginning of the Umayyed dynasty
40. Policy toward Conquered
Peoples
s Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes
discontent
s Limited social mobility for non-Arab
Muslims
s Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims
s Umayyad luxurious living causes further
decline in moral authority
41. Sunnis
s accepted the legitimacy of early caliphs
s “Sunni” : from an Arabic word
– “usage” or “custom”
– implies: “precedent”
42. Shi’as
s accepted Ali
s word means: “party”, “faction”,
“following”
43. Factions
s Sunni and Shi’as dominant
s originally political
– Eventually the differences became
dogmatic in emphasis
s Shi’as become a party of religious
dissent
44. Perceptions
s Sunni: conservative, in favor of the
“status quo”
– consensus is the guiding principle
s Shi’as: defenders of the oppressed,
critics of privilege and power
– obedience is required only as long as it can
be forced, and no longer
45. Umayyed empire
s Atlantic Ocean to India
s Syria: center of the Islamic World
s eventually displaced by the Abbasids
– an Arab family claiming decent from
Mohammed
46. The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258
CE)
s Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab
Muslims
s Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia
s Defeats Umayyad army in 750
– Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred
them
– Only Spain remains Umayyad
– North Africa is disputed territory, ultimately
Fatamid
47. Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty
s Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively
Arab)
s Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial
expansion
s Dar al-Islam
s Growth through military activity of autonomous
Islamic forces
48. Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty
s Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not
exclusively Arab)
s Militarily competent, but not bent on
imperial expansion
s Dar al-Islam
s Growth through military activity of
autonomous Islamic forces
49. Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809
CE)
s High point of Abbasid dynasty
s Baghdad center of commerce
s Great cultural activity
50. Abbasid Decline
s Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid
s Provincial governers assert regional independence
s Dissenting sects, heretical movements
s Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian
nobility
s Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power
behind the throne
51. Formation of an Islamic Cultural
Tradition
s Islamic values
– Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam
– Establishment of madrasas
– Importance of the Hajj
s Sufi missionaries
– Asceticism, mysticism
– Some tension with orthodox Islamic
theologians
– Wide popularity
52. Cultural influences on Islam
s Persia
– Adminstration and governance
– literature
s India
– Mathematics, science, medicine
• “Hindi” numbers
s Greece
– Philosophy, esp. Aristotle
– Greek medicine
53. Cultural Importance of Islam
s Development of these received
influences
s Distribution throughout the Muslim
world
s Introduction and reintroduction of these
ideas to medieval Europe
– Through Spain
– Spanish Jews