Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent. There are four main types of asexual reproduction: binary fission, budding, spore production, and vegetative reproduction. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and results in offspring with mixed characteristics. It occurs through the union of male and female gametes - sperm and egg. Both asexual and sexual reproduction have advantages and disadvantages for organism survival and adaptation. Some organisms, like aphids and corals, are capable of both asexual and sexual reproduction.

1. z
Asexual
Reproduction

2. z
Asexual Reproduction:
Involves only one parent.
Offspring are identical to the parent.
Types: Binary Fission, Budding,
Spore Production, ​and Vegetative
Reproduction.

3. z
1. Binary Fission:
A one-celled organism splits exactly into 2.
-ex: bacteria, amoeba, some algae.
Paramecium

4. z
2. Budding
The parent produces a small bud that develops
into a ​new but identical individual.
-ex: yeast, hydra, coral
hydra
yellow yeast
asexualbudding-d.wmv
The_Asexual_Reproduction_of_the_Hydra.asf

5. z3. Spores
• Similar to seeds, but are produced by the division
of ​the single parents cells.
• each spore can develop into a new but identical
individual.
-ex: fungi, green algae, some molds, ferns, and other
non-flowering plants.
Fern spores
Green algae spores

6. z4. Vegetative Reproduction
• Reproduction of a plant without seeds, in all cases
the ​offspring are again identical.
• ex: cuttings from a plant, runners
(strawberry ​ plant), tubers (potatoes), bulbs (tulip),
shoots or​ suckers (aspen)
Potato Tuber
Strawberry Runner

7. z
What now? Answer the following questions:
1. Define asexual reproduction. List three examples
of ​asexual reproduction.
2. An individual produced by asexual reproduction may
be identical to one of its parents. Do you agree or
disagree with this statement? Support your answer.

8. z
Sexual
Reproduction

9. z
Sexual Reproduction:
Involves two parents.
Offspring have a mix of ​characteristics from
both ​parents

10. z
-During this process the male gametes (sperm) meet
with female gametes(eggs) in a process called
fertilization; each gamete has only half the DNA of a
normal cell.
- When the two gametes meet they form a zygote that
will then divide rapidly.

11. z
In Animals:

12. z
In Animals:
Sperm Cell: Male sex cell (gamete). In humans it has
23 chromosomes
Egg Cell (Ova): Female sex cell (gamete). In humans it
has 23 chromosomes
Fertilization: Union of a female sex cell and male sex
cell

13. z
In Animals:
Zygote: First cell created by the joining of the gametes,
which then divides. It has 46 chromosomes in humans
(23 from egg, 23 from sperm)
Cleavage: First divisions of a
fertilized egg
Embryo: An undeveloped organism in its early
development (all cells in an embryo have 46 cells)

14. z
1. fertilization occurs when a sperm cell penetrates an egg cell
2. the joining of the male gamete with the female gamete produces
a ​single-celled zygote
3. cell division of the zygote (cleavage) takes place
4. cell division continues
5. a multicellular embryo develops
In Animals:

15. z
In Animals:

16. z
In Plants:

17. z
In Plants (Male Parts):
Stamen: Male part of the flower
Anther: Part of the flower that produces pollen and
stores it
Pollen: Fine yellow powder on the anthers of flowers,
consisting of grains that contain male gametes

18. z
In Plants (Female Parts):
Pistils: Refers to the entire female
reproductive organ of the flower
Stigma: Female part of a flower, which receives pollen
Style: Structure that supports the stigma and connects
it with the ovary of a plant
Ovary: Female reproductive organ in which egg cells
are produced, the structure contains the ovules, and
develops as the fruit of flowering plants
Ovules: Sac containing the female gametes of a plant

19. z
1. Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the anther to
the ​stigma.
2. Fertilization occurs when the pollen grain, which encases
the ​sperm nuclei, develops a long tube that grows down the style
and into ​the ovary that contains the ovules (eggs).
3. The joining of the male and female gametes produces a single-
​celled zygote.
4. Cell division occurs.
5. A multi-celled embryo develops inside a seed that offers
it ​protection and food.
6. Unlike animals, the embryo may remain dormant within the
seed ​until growing conditions are favorable.
In Plants:

20. z
In Plants:
Pollination: Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
Cross Pollination: When the pollen of one plant is
carried to the stigma of another by wind, water, or
animals
A, B = Pollination
C = Cross Pollination

21. z
In Plants:
Cross Fertilization: When a grain of pollen produces a
long tube that eventually grows down the style into the
ovary and the 2 gametes join to form a zygote
• Zygote forms into a an embryo located inside a seed
• Seed provides protection for the embryo and stores
food

22. z
Advantages and
Disadvantages of
Asexual
Reproduction

23. zAdvantages:
• Does not require specialized cells
• Can produce lots of individuals quickly if the
conditions are good
• Does not require a minimum population
Disadvantages:
• If conditions become unfavourable, the entire
population could be wiped out (extinction)
• Limits variation within the species

24. z
Advantages and
Disadvantages of
Sexual
Reproduction

25. z
Advantages:
• Provides lots of variation which helps a species
survive environmental change
• Increases diversity of organisms
Disadvantages:
• Requires a lot of energy and therefore produces a
limited number of offspring
• Requires finding a partner
• Requires specialized sex cells
• Requires a minimum population to reproduce

26. z
Organisms That
Reproduce Both
Asexually and
Sexually

27. z• Many plant organisms reproduce both sexually and
asexually
• Some animals can reproduce both ways ex: Aphids
• Aphids – females produce females without fertilization
during the summer. In the fall, when the temperatures drop,
males and females are produced and they reproduce
sexually
• Corals can reproduce buds, and reproduce sexually
• Some plants develop seeds without the contribution of
sperm cells (ex. Some grasses, sunflowers, etc.)