Some people realized about the importance of physical activity in maintaining health and wellness. This perception exists because there is a lot of efforts and studies done to improve people health and wellness through physical activity. In top of that, it is known that motivation is one of the main effects of the people participation in sports or physical activity. Therefore, whether intrinsic or extrinsic, many have agreed that motivation plays important role in determining physical activity level. Hence, this study will be conducted to determine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The researcher has randomly selected 172 students from Faculty of Education UiTM as a respondent of this study. The study was conducted using questionnaire based on the Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) which then been edited to fulfil the requirement of the study. This study is to examine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The results showed that there was significant relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The male respondent was found to have high level of physical activity better than female respondents.
The study analyzed the aerobic endurance of 480 basketball players aged 13 to 45 who participated in the 2015-2016 state championships. The players were divided into four groups based on age: under 14, under 16, under 18, and senior. Aerobic endurance was measured using the 12-minute cooper test. The results showed significant differences in aerobic endurance among the four age groups.
Evolving Priority in Developing Nations: to Prevent Personal Bias in Social W...inventionjournals
This document discusses the importance of simple, economical exercises like Suryanamaskar for developing nations to promote health and prevent disease. It provides evidence that Suryanamaskar trains the body in endurance, strength, flexibility and core stability simultaneously while expending a comparable amount of calories as running. Studies show Suryanamaskar improves cognition, decreases risky behaviors and improves leadership skills in children. The conclusion argues for removing personal biases and viewpoints from decisions around introducing beneficial social health interventions like Suryanamaskar that can benefit the majority.
This study compared the physical fitness levels of school-level male basketball and volleyball players. 40 subjects aged 15-18 were tested for speed, agility, endurance and flexibility. The results showed no significant differences in the mean scores of these physical fitness variables between the basketball and volleyball players. The study concluded that both groups had similar physical fitness levels for these attributes.
International journal of environmental researchand pussuser337fce
This study investigated the relationships between perceived coaching behavior (autonomy-supportive and controlling), communication, coach–athlete relationship, and athlete burnout. The researchers hypothesized that autonomy-supportive coaching would be positively related to communication and coach–athlete relationship, and negatively related to athlete burnout, while controlling coaching would be negatively related to communication and coach–athlete relationship, and positively related to athlete burnout. They also hypothesized that communication and coach–athlete relationship would mediate the relationships between coaching behavior and athlete burnout. To test these hypotheses, the researchers surveyed 347 Korean collegiate athletes about their perceptions of coaching behavior, communication, coach–athlete relationship, and athlete burnout.
This book provides an introduction to the various knowledge areas that inform effective sports coaching, including pedagogy, skill acquisition, psychology, sociology, history, philosophy, sport development, biomechanics, notational analysis, sports medicine, and physiology. It aims to explain how these knowledge strands underpin coaching practice and should be understood as an integrated whole rather than isolated components. The book is intended to introduce students and novice coaches to the multifaceted nature of coaching in a clear yet holistic manner.
Evidence based physical activity for school age youthbeatriz9911
This document summarizes an expert panel's review of evidence on the effects of physical activity on health outcomes in school-age youth. The panel identified over 850 relevant articles through a systematic search. They found:
1) Most intervention studies showed benefits of 30-45 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity 3-5 days per week. However, the panel believed greater amounts would be needed for benefits under normal circumstances.
2) The panel concluded that school-age youth should participate in 60 minutes or more per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity from a variety of activities.
3) Physical activity was associated with reduced adiposity, especially for overweight youth, and improved cardiovascular health factors like blood lipid levels and aer
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document discusses the importance of physical and mental fitness for school children. It notes that physical fitness involves more than just the absence of disease, but the ability to study efficiently without undue fatigue. Regular graded physical exercises are needed to develop and maintain fitness, but many teachers no longer prioritize this. The physical and mental fitness of pupils has declined as a result. The document argues that schools must make developing and maintaining pupil fitness a priority through organized physical education programs.
The study analyzed the aerobic endurance of 480 basketball players aged 13 to 45 who participated in the 2015-2016 state championships. The players were divided into four groups based on age: under 14, under 16, under 18, and senior. Aerobic endurance was measured using the 12-minute cooper test. The results showed significant differences in aerobic endurance among the four age groups.
Evolving Priority in Developing Nations: to Prevent Personal Bias in Social W...inventionjournals
This document discusses the importance of simple, economical exercises like Suryanamaskar for developing nations to promote health and prevent disease. It provides evidence that Suryanamaskar trains the body in endurance, strength, flexibility and core stability simultaneously while expending a comparable amount of calories as running. Studies show Suryanamaskar improves cognition, decreases risky behaviors and improves leadership skills in children. The conclusion argues for removing personal biases and viewpoints from decisions around introducing beneficial social health interventions like Suryanamaskar that can benefit the majority.
This study compared the physical fitness levels of school-level male basketball and volleyball players. 40 subjects aged 15-18 were tested for speed, agility, endurance and flexibility. The results showed no significant differences in the mean scores of these physical fitness variables between the basketball and volleyball players. The study concluded that both groups had similar physical fitness levels for these attributes.
International journal of environmental researchand pussuser337fce
This study investigated the relationships between perceived coaching behavior (autonomy-supportive and controlling), communication, coach–athlete relationship, and athlete burnout. The researchers hypothesized that autonomy-supportive coaching would be positively related to communication and coach–athlete relationship, and negatively related to athlete burnout, while controlling coaching would be negatively related to communication and coach–athlete relationship, and positively related to athlete burnout. They also hypothesized that communication and coach–athlete relationship would mediate the relationships between coaching behavior and athlete burnout. To test these hypotheses, the researchers surveyed 347 Korean collegiate athletes about their perceptions of coaching behavior, communication, coach–athlete relationship, and athlete burnout.
This book provides an introduction to the various knowledge areas that inform effective sports coaching, including pedagogy, skill acquisition, psychology, sociology, history, philosophy, sport development, biomechanics, notational analysis, sports medicine, and physiology. It aims to explain how these knowledge strands underpin coaching practice and should be understood as an integrated whole rather than isolated components. The book is intended to introduce students and novice coaches to the multifaceted nature of coaching in a clear yet holistic manner.
Evidence based physical activity for school age youthbeatriz9911
This document summarizes an expert panel's review of evidence on the effects of physical activity on health outcomes in school-age youth. The panel identified over 850 relevant articles through a systematic search. They found:
1) Most intervention studies showed benefits of 30-45 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity 3-5 days per week. However, the panel believed greater amounts would be needed for benefits under normal circumstances.
2) The panel concluded that school-age youth should participate in 60 minutes or more per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity from a variety of activities.
3) Physical activity was associated with reduced adiposity, especially for overweight youth, and improved cardiovascular health factors like blood lipid levels and aer
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document discusses the importance of physical and mental fitness for school children. It notes that physical fitness involves more than just the absence of disease, but the ability to study efficiently without undue fatigue. Regular graded physical exercises are needed to develop and maintain fitness, but many teachers no longer prioritize this. The physical and mental fitness of pupils has declined as a result. The document argues that schools must make developing and maintaining pupil fitness a priority through organized physical education programs.
FW275 Intro to the Field of Exercise ScienceMatt Sanders
This document introduces exercise science and its subdisciplines. Exercise science is the study of physiological and behavioral changes that occur with exercise and training. Its subdisciplines include exercise physiology, sports nutrition, exercise and sport psychology, motor behavior, biomechanics, athletic training, sociology of physical activity, and sport history. These subdisciplines cover various areas of physiological, behavioral, biomechanical, sports medicine, and social science knowledge. The scope of exercise science includes both health promotion and sport performance.
For Elementary School, approving Physical Education Classes. In this presentation I will address some points of which should be taken into consideration. Let me explain to you about science and bio-mechanics.
draft adult participation in excercise-3Oliver Oxby
This study examined barriers and motivations for exercise participation among adults in South Bradford. Questionnaires were given to two groups - a weight maintenance group and weight loss group. Barriers identified included lack of time, cost, lack of confidence in joining a gym, and associating exercise with boredom. The weight maintenance group exercised more minutes per week than the weight loss group, but the weight loss group exercised more times per week. Limitations included a small sample size focused only on clients of one company.
High-velocity muscular power training improves functional outcome measures in...Chris Hattersley
High-velocity muscular power training can improve functional outcomes in older adults according to a systematic review. The review examined 8 studies with 328 total participants comparing high-velocity training to no training or traditional resistance training. High-velocity training focused on exercises using maximum intended movement velocity, especially for the lower limbs. Various functional outcome measures showed small to large improvements, such as increased walking and stair climbing speed. However, some studies noted potential safety issues like injuries that could be prevented with proper pre-conditioning and exercise selection.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Improving Students’ Effort Capacity through Movement Games in Physical Educat...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Maintaining effort capacity is one of the goals pursued in adult physical education. Sedentary people have difficulty in sustaining an effort that is considered to be withing the usual intensity. They should receive training exercise because they have lost the physical ability through a bad conduct of life. In this research we started from the hypothesis that the use in the physical education lesson of motion games, which involves sustained efforts, will lead to a much faster increase of the students’ effort capacity. Dynamic games will determine the students to participate with greater interest and pleasure in lessons, and this will result in improved effort due to their active involvement. The goal was to highlight that motion games can also be used with success in the case of young people. The attractiveness and dynamism that characterizes the games determines the students to be more active and more involved in practicing physical exercise. The experiment was conducted on a group of 18 students from the second year of study at Faculty of Economic Sciences and Public Administration, at „Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava. The control group was formed from 18 students in the second year, the same specialization in another study group. The experiment was conducted over a period of 4 months (October 2018 – February 2019).
Influencing factors upon the reliability of physical proficiency testIOSR Journals
Abstract: The investigator has been selected (i) warm-up, (ii) motivation, and (iii) time of the day for physical
performance as influencing factors of the reliability of physical proficiency test of (i) 30 feet shuttle-run, (ii)
standing broad-jump, (iii) sit-ups for one minute. Eighty students of Bachelor Degree who are opted Physical
Education, Health education and Sports subjects from different colleges affiliated to Manipur University were
selected for this investigation. The Selection of the subjects was done purely on the basis of the specific purpose
of the study and had certain level of physical proficiency so that all the subjects could perform all the variable
test items of the study. After systematically analysed the data of the study it was found that the selected
influencing measurement factors has been affected the reliability of the selected physical proficiency test.
Keywords: Proficiency, reliability, warm-up, motivation, 30 feet shuttle-run, standing broad-jump, and sit-ups
for one minute.
The Impact of Physical Activity on Socializing Mentally Handicapped Childreninventionjournals
This research is conducted to determine socialization of individuals with moderate mental retardation by physical activity. In order to meet the needs of physical activity of individuals with mental retardation, programs including work and play are being prepared today. These games and practices are aimed on their abilities, limitations and interests. A well-planned program of physical activity can have a positive contribution to all areas of development on children with mental disabilities. In this study, which proceeds on the basis of The Focus Group Interview (FGI), a part of qualitative research strategy, 19 parents with disabled kids were interviewed. Children of parents who participated in the study have moderate mental retardation (MR) and they have been playing basketball for two days a week, swimming for one day a weekend short walking at least three times a week on a regular basis for the last two years. The study was made by Maximum Diversity Sampling as a sampling method and interview form was used as a data collection means. Verbal explanations given by parents to open-ended questions were analyzed through content analysis. Main themes of each research question were chosen by comparing a pre determined part of the creation of common themes. As a result, parents who are suffering from hyperactive or inactive children, tell that they observe a significant change in their children after doing sports. Parents who see this positive change become happy and therefore they have spare time for themselves while their kids are doing sports. Both parents and children defined the positive changes at home and social life along with sports as happiness and calmness. Parents state that they feel their kid’s sense of achievement, improved ability to make an action and communications kills. They also observe the fact that they gain acceptance in the community
The Effects of a Psychological Skills Training Program on Mental Toughness of...QUESTJOURNAL
This study investigated the effects of an 8-week Psychological Skills Training (PST) program on the mental toughness of skilled female volleyball players. The experimental group underwent two 30-minute PST sessions per week focused on goal setting, relaxation, visualization, and self-talk. Their mental toughness was assessed before and after using the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire. The results showed a significant increase in confidence, constancy, control, and overall mental toughness for the experimental group compared to the control group. Thus, the PST program effectively improved the mental toughness of skilled female volleyball players.
This document is a makalah (paper) written by Muhammad Abdur Rohman Azis for a class on the Philosophy and History of Sports at the University of Negeri Surabaya in 2021. The paper aims to review international journals and increase the reader's understanding of international journal reviews. It consists of an introduction, three chapters on journals, reviewing journals, and conclusions/recommendations, and a bibliography. The author thanks various parties for their assistance in completing the paper and acknowledges that the paper could still be improved with constructive criticism.
This document provides an overview of physical education, exercise science, and sport. It discusses the importance of developing a personal philosophy in this field and outlines 12 subdisciplines that have broadened the scope of the field, including exercise physiology, sports medicine, biomechanics, and sport psychology. Barriers to physical activity participation among various populations are identified. Definitions of key terms like physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness are also provided.
1) Middle-aged adults who were least fit at checkups were most likely to develop chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer at an earlier age.
2) While even the most fit adults may still develop chronic diseases, they tended to do so later in life and lived with the diseases for shorter time periods.
3) Long-term marathon running was associated with both benefits and risks for cardiovascular health. It provided a more favorable risk profile but also increased coronary plaque and the risk of cardiac injuries with intense exercise. The risks depended on factors like age, sex, and training status.
Sport Team Culture of Malaysian College AthletesIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that examined the sport team culture among 316 college athletes in Malaysia. It found that the highest rated aspect of team culture was "togetherness within other team members." Males made up 61% of participants and 73% participated in team sports. The study used a Team Culture Inventory to measure four aspects of culture: perseverance, compliance to coaching, togetherness, and competitive desire. It found no significant differences in team culture based on gender, age, sport type, or level of involvement. However, team captains reported a more positive culture than other roles. The findings provide implications for coaches and program directors regarding developing a strong team culture.
The Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is a male-dominated sport, which indicates less participation by women and children. There are several reasons why women have shown less interest in sports in general. From a cultural perspective, women are supposed to take care of the home and children while the sport is considered stereotypically a male affair (Chrisler and McCreary, 2014). However, research studies have confirmed the significance of physical activities to health outcomes, functionality, and improvements in general quality of life. According to Alters, and Schiff (2015), taking part in physical activities reduces the risk of contracting coronary heart complications as well as some cancers. Therefore, participating in sporting activities is beneficial to all people, irrespective of their gender or any other socio-economic background. Although various studies on the importance of sports to women and children have been conducted, these studies are general. For example, there is a lack of studies on how women and children can be motivated to take part in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu. The current study seeks to identify the strategies for attracting women and children to take part in the Brazilian Jiu Jitsu.
Physical education and sports are important for health, fitness, and wellness. Regular physical activity can help prevent chronic diseases and promote a healthy lifestyle. However, physical education is often a neglected subject. The document outlines several facts about physical education and sports for all. It emphasizes that physical education should be a lifelong pursuit and stresses the importance of developing healthy behaviors from a young age. It also discusses the benefits of physical activity for children and adolescents. The overall goal is to promote physical education and sports for all levels of participation.
This document outlines a study on the impact of field training with and without yogic practice on cricket players. It discusses how 48 male cricket players were divided into 3 groups: field training only, field training combined with yogic practice, and a control group. The field training and yogic practice packages were administered for 12 weeks. The study measured effects on physical fitness, physiological, psychological, and performance variables. Statistical analysis was conducted to analyze the data collected and determine the impact of the different training packages.
Effect of mindfulness training on fatigue and recovery in elite volleyballgabrielkristianto1
The document summarizes a randomized controlled study that examined the effects of mindfulness training versus music training on fatigue and recovery in elite female volleyball athletes. The study involved 30 athletes who were randomly assigned to either a mindfulness training group, music training group, or control group. Variables measured included recovery, mental fatigue, and physical fatigue. Results found that mindfulness training effectively reduced mental fatigue at follow-up compared to the control group, but there were no differences between groups for physical fatigue or recovery. The study concluded that mindfulness intervention can help attenuate mental fatigue caused by competition in volleyball athletes.
This document discusses exercise physiology in pediatrics from ages 0-22. It covers growth, development and maturation processes and divides the period of life into infancy, childhood, and adolescence. It also summarizes the development of body tissues, organ systems, and fitness norms at different ages. Key physiological responses to exercise like heart rate, lung function, and metabolic capacity are described across childhood and adolescence.
The purpose of this study is to understand how the language used by healthcare professionals in a cardiac rehabilitation exercise program impacts women's adherence to exercise after completing the program. The hypothesis is that women in a program led by transformational leaders, who build trust and motivation, will be more likely to continue exercising after the program than those in a neutrally-led program. The study will randomly assign women with cardiovascular disease to an experimental group with transformational leader training or a control with neutral training, and track their exercise for 3 months after the program via accelerometers and questionnaires.
Academic Achievement Through Physical Activity - PrincipalsNelson Neal
This document proposes a research study to examine the effects of a physical activity program on academic test scores, obesity rates, and development of lifelong healthy habits in students. The study would have students participate in 30-45 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity led by physical education majors before math or English classes. It aims to demonstrate that this physical activity can improve test scores, reduce obesity, and encourage lifelong healthy habits. The document requests participation from a Scranton school and outlines benefits for the school such as improved fitness, reduced disciplinary issues, and use of fitness equipment during the study period. It cites previous research showing links between physical activity and improved academic performance, behavior, and health.
How do you know when you're most motivated? It's not always easy to tell. But when you know, you can use it for some powerful physical activity-related behaviors!
FW275 Intro to the Field of Exercise ScienceMatt Sanders
This document introduces exercise science and its subdisciplines. Exercise science is the study of physiological and behavioral changes that occur with exercise and training. Its subdisciplines include exercise physiology, sports nutrition, exercise and sport psychology, motor behavior, biomechanics, athletic training, sociology of physical activity, and sport history. These subdisciplines cover various areas of physiological, behavioral, biomechanical, sports medicine, and social science knowledge. The scope of exercise science includes both health promotion and sport performance.
For Elementary School, approving Physical Education Classes. In this presentation I will address some points of which should be taken into consideration. Let me explain to you about science and bio-mechanics.
draft adult participation in excercise-3Oliver Oxby
This study examined barriers and motivations for exercise participation among adults in South Bradford. Questionnaires were given to two groups - a weight maintenance group and weight loss group. Barriers identified included lack of time, cost, lack of confidence in joining a gym, and associating exercise with boredom. The weight maintenance group exercised more minutes per week than the weight loss group, but the weight loss group exercised more times per week. Limitations included a small sample size focused only on clients of one company.
High-velocity muscular power training improves functional outcome measures in...Chris Hattersley
High-velocity muscular power training can improve functional outcomes in older adults according to a systematic review. The review examined 8 studies with 328 total participants comparing high-velocity training to no training or traditional resistance training. High-velocity training focused on exercises using maximum intended movement velocity, especially for the lower limbs. Various functional outcome measures showed small to large improvements, such as increased walking and stair climbing speed. However, some studies noted potential safety issues like injuries that could be prevented with proper pre-conditioning and exercise selection.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Improving Students’ Effort Capacity through Movement Games in Physical Educat...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Maintaining effort capacity is one of the goals pursued in adult physical education. Sedentary people have difficulty in sustaining an effort that is considered to be withing the usual intensity. They should receive training exercise because they have lost the physical ability through a bad conduct of life. In this research we started from the hypothesis that the use in the physical education lesson of motion games, which involves sustained efforts, will lead to a much faster increase of the students’ effort capacity. Dynamic games will determine the students to participate with greater interest and pleasure in lessons, and this will result in improved effort due to their active involvement. The goal was to highlight that motion games can also be used with success in the case of young people. The attractiveness and dynamism that characterizes the games determines the students to be more active and more involved in practicing physical exercise. The experiment was conducted on a group of 18 students from the second year of study at Faculty of Economic Sciences and Public Administration, at „Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava. The control group was formed from 18 students in the second year, the same specialization in another study group. The experiment was conducted over a period of 4 months (October 2018 – February 2019).
Influencing factors upon the reliability of physical proficiency testIOSR Journals
Abstract: The investigator has been selected (i) warm-up, (ii) motivation, and (iii) time of the day for physical
performance as influencing factors of the reliability of physical proficiency test of (i) 30 feet shuttle-run, (ii)
standing broad-jump, (iii) sit-ups for one minute. Eighty students of Bachelor Degree who are opted Physical
Education, Health education and Sports subjects from different colleges affiliated to Manipur University were
selected for this investigation. The Selection of the subjects was done purely on the basis of the specific purpose
of the study and had certain level of physical proficiency so that all the subjects could perform all the variable
test items of the study. After systematically analysed the data of the study it was found that the selected
influencing measurement factors has been affected the reliability of the selected physical proficiency test.
Keywords: Proficiency, reliability, warm-up, motivation, 30 feet shuttle-run, standing broad-jump, and sit-ups
for one minute.
The Impact of Physical Activity on Socializing Mentally Handicapped Childreninventionjournals
This research is conducted to determine socialization of individuals with moderate mental retardation by physical activity. In order to meet the needs of physical activity of individuals with mental retardation, programs including work and play are being prepared today. These games and practices are aimed on their abilities, limitations and interests. A well-planned program of physical activity can have a positive contribution to all areas of development on children with mental disabilities. In this study, which proceeds on the basis of The Focus Group Interview (FGI), a part of qualitative research strategy, 19 parents with disabled kids were interviewed. Children of parents who participated in the study have moderate mental retardation (MR) and they have been playing basketball for two days a week, swimming for one day a weekend short walking at least three times a week on a regular basis for the last two years. The study was made by Maximum Diversity Sampling as a sampling method and interview form was used as a data collection means. Verbal explanations given by parents to open-ended questions were analyzed through content analysis. Main themes of each research question were chosen by comparing a pre determined part of the creation of common themes. As a result, parents who are suffering from hyperactive or inactive children, tell that they observe a significant change in their children after doing sports. Parents who see this positive change become happy and therefore they have spare time for themselves while their kids are doing sports. Both parents and children defined the positive changes at home and social life along with sports as happiness and calmness. Parents state that they feel their kid’s sense of achievement, improved ability to make an action and communications kills. They also observe the fact that they gain acceptance in the community
The Effects of a Psychological Skills Training Program on Mental Toughness of...QUESTJOURNAL
This study investigated the effects of an 8-week Psychological Skills Training (PST) program on the mental toughness of skilled female volleyball players. The experimental group underwent two 30-minute PST sessions per week focused on goal setting, relaxation, visualization, and self-talk. Their mental toughness was assessed before and after using the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire. The results showed a significant increase in confidence, constancy, control, and overall mental toughness for the experimental group compared to the control group. Thus, the PST program effectively improved the mental toughness of skilled female volleyball players.
This document is a makalah (paper) written by Muhammad Abdur Rohman Azis for a class on the Philosophy and History of Sports at the University of Negeri Surabaya in 2021. The paper aims to review international journals and increase the reader's understanding of international journal reviews. It consists of an introduction, three chapters on journals, reviewing journals, and conclusions/recommendations, and a bibliography. The author thanks various parties for their assistance in completing the paper and acknowledges that the paper could still be improved with constructive criticism.
This document provides an overview of physical education, exercise science, and sport. It discusses the importance of developing a personal philosophy in this field and outlines 12 subdisciplines that have broadened the scope of the field, including exercise physiology, sports medicine, biomechanics, and sport psychology. Barriers to physical activity participation among various populations are identified. Definitions of key terms like physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness are also provided.
1) Middle-aged adults who were least fit at checkups were most likely to develop chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer at an earlier age.
2) While even the most fit adults may still develop chronic diseases, they tended to do so later in life and lived with the diseases for shorter time periods.
3) Long-term marathon running was associated with both benefits and risks for cardiovascular health. It provided a more favorable risk profile but also increased coronary plaque and the risk of cardiac injuries with intense exercise. The risks depended on factors like age, sex, and training status.
Sport Team Culture of Malaysian College AthletesIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that examined the sport team culture among 316 college athletes in Malaysia. It found that the highest rated aspect of team culture was "togetherness within other team members." Males made up 61% of participants and 73% participated in team sports. The study used a Team Culture Inventory to measure four aspects of culture: perseverance, compliance to coaching, togetherness, and competitive desire. It found no significant differences in team culture based on gender, age, sport type, or level of involvement. However, team captains reported a more positive culture than other roles. The findings provide implications for coaches and program directors regarding developing a strong team culture.
The Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is a male-dominated sport, which indicates less participation by women and children. There are several reasons why women have shown less interest in sports in general. From a cultural perspective, women are supposed to take care of the home and children while the sport is considered stereotypically a male affair (Chrisler and McCreary, 2014). However, research studies have confirmed the significance of physical activities to health outcomes, functionality, and improvements in general quality of life. According to Alters, and Schiff (2015), taking part in physical activities reduces the risk of contracting coronary heart complications as well as some cancers. Therefore, participating in sporting activities is beneficial to all people, irrespective of their gender or any other socio-economic background. Although various studies on the importance of sports to women and children have been conducted, these studies are general. For example, there is a lack of studies on how women and children can be motivated to take part in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu. The current study seeks to identify the strategies for attracting women and children to take part in the Brazilian Jiu Jitsu.
Physical education and sports are important for health, fitness, and wellness. Regular physical activity can help prevent chronic diseases and promote a healthy lifestyle. However, physical education is often a neglected subject. The document outlines several facts about physical education and sports for all. It emphasizes that physical education should be a lifelong pursuit and stresses the importance of developing healthy behaviors from a young age. It also discusses the benefits of physical activity for children and adolescents. The overall goal is to promote physical education and sports for all levels of participation.
This document outlines a study on the impact of field training with and without yogic practice on cricket players. It discusses how 48 male cricket players were divided into 3 groups: field training only, field training combined with yogic practice, and a control group. The field training and yogic practice packages were administered for 12 weeks. The study measured effects on physical fitness, physiological, psychological, and performance variables. Statistical analysis was conducted to analyze the data collected and determine the impact of the different training packages.
Effect of mindfulness training on fatigue and recovery in elite volleyballgabrielkristianto1
The document summarizes a randomized controlled study that examined the effects of mindfulness training versus music training on fatigue and recovery in elite female volleyball athletes. The study involved 30 athletes who were randomly assigned to either a mindfulness training group, music training group, or control group. Variables measured included recovery, mental fatigue, and physical fatigue. Results found that mindfulness training effectively reduced mental fatigue at follow-up compared to the control group, but there were no differences between groups for physical fatigue or recovery. The study concluded that mindfulness intervention can help attenuate mental fatigue caused by competition in volleyball athletes.
This document discusses exercise physiology in pediatrics from ages 0-22. It covers growth, development and maturation processes and divides the period of life into infancy, childhood, and adolescence. It also summarizes the development of body tissues, organ systems, and fitness norms at different ages. Key physiological responses to exercise like heart rate, lung function, and metabolic capacity are described across childhood and adolescence.
The purpose of this study is to understand how the language used by healthcare professionals in a cardiac rehabilitation exercise program impacts women's adherence to exercise after completing the program. The hypothesis is that women in a program led by transformational leaders, who build trust and motivation, will be more likely to continue exercising after the program than those in a neutrally-led program. The study will randomly assign women with cardiovascular disease to an experimental group with transformational leader training or a control with neutral training, and track their exercise for 3 months after the program via accelerometers and questionnaires.
Academic Achievement Through Physical Activity - PrincipalsNelson Neal
This document proposes a research study to examine the effects of a physical activity program on academic test scores, obesity rates, and development of lifelong healthy habits in students. The study would have students participate in 30-45 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity led by physical education majors before math or English classes. It aims to demonstrate that this physical activity can improve test scores, reduce obesity, and encourage lifelong healthy habits. The document requests participation from a Scranton school and outlines benefits for the school such as improved fitness, reduced disciplinary issues, and use of fitness equipment during the study period. It cites previous research showing links between physical activity and improved academic performance, behavior, and health.
How do you know when you're most motivated? It's not always easy to tell. But when you know, you can use it for some powerful physical activity-related behaviors!
Finding highest motivation for physical activityCatherine Lu
Everyone knows that motivation for a certain behavior, such as physical activity, changes over time. To encourage someone to do physical activity, such as walk 30 minutes a day, it is useful to find the person's highest motivation during the day and prompt the user at that moment. This is a proposal about a technology that could find this period of highest motivation.
Webinar - Hamaray Bachay Hamara Sarmaya by Dr. Kanwal Kaisseri1legacy
Our children are our legacy to future generations. We hope to pass on our values and faith so that they stand firm. However, society has become increasingly hostile to spiritual values, focusing more on materialism. Parents must recapture a strong sense of values and beliefs to teach their children, for their benefit and future generations. We must guide them to the right path through role modeling, counseling, mentoring and being a good coach in their decisions.
This document discusses psychological factors related to leading sports activities, including self-concept, motivation, anxiety, arousal, and stress. It defines these terms and describes how sports leaders can help develop athletes' self-concepts and manage intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, anxiety levels, arousal, and stress through techniques like positive feedback, celebrating success, and progressive relaxation training.
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The document discusses Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and how it relates to motivation. Maslow proposed that humans are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of five needs: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. The hierarchy posits that lower level needs must be satisfied before higher level needs can motivate behavior. Studies also show that physical rewards like money primarily motivate simple tasks, while complex work is better motivated by fulfillment of higher-level needs like purpose and mastery. Maslow's hierarchy highlights the complexity of human motivation, though the specific ordering of needs has not been validated by research.
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Abstract: This study is carried out to identify the levels of the Universiti Selangor (Unisel) staff’s participation
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activity practice. The results conclude that these Unisel staff members still need to be guided and educated in
order to ensure that their participation in physical activities becomes a healthy lifestyle that is led by the whole
community.
Keywords: Employee, Low, Medium and High Level, Physical Activities
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Running head: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 1
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https://academicwritingforstudents.com/visit-our-blog
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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The Relationship between Extrinsic Motivation and the Physical Activity Level among Students in Faculty of Education Uitm, Section 17 Shah Alam
1. The Journal of Social Sciences Research
ISSN: 2411-9458
Vol. 1, No. 2, pp: 10-19, 2015
URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=7&info=aims
*Corresponding Author
10
Academic Research Publishing Group
The Relationship between Extrinsic Motivation and the Physical
Activity Level among Students in Faculty of Education Uitm,
Section 17 Shah Alam
Azlan Ahmad Kamal* Faculty of Education Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) 40200 Shah Alam. Selangor, Malaysia
Mohd. Radzani Faculty of Education Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Anas Rizal Abdul Rahim Faculty of Education Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) 40200 Shah Alam. Selangor, Malaysia
Contents
1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 10
2. Physical Activity Level ......................................................................................................................... 11
3. Benefits of Physical Activity................................................................................................................. 12
4. Problem Statement................................................................................................................................ 13
5. Motivation.............................................................................................................................................. 14
6. Relationships between Extrinsic Motivations with the Level of Physical Activity ......................... 14
7. Material and Method............................................................................................................................ 15
8. Findings.................................................................................................................................................. 15
8.1. Respondent Extrinsic Motivation Level in Sports/ Physical Activity.................................................. 15
8.2. Respondent Level of Physical Activity among Students..................................................................... 15
8.3. Respondent Significant Difference in the Level of Physical Activity between Male and Female ...... 16
8.4. Respondent Relationships between Extrinsic Motivations in Sports/ Physical Activity with Physical
Activity Level ............................................................................................................................................. 17
9. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 17
References.................................................................................................................................................. 17
1. Introduction
Consideration of health is becoming more critical topic in every person's life nowadays. According to World
Health Organization (WHO), health is a state of complete circle of human structure which is physical, mental and
social well-being, and it is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. In addition, the enjoyment of the highest
attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race,
religion and political belief, economic or social condition. Most commonly, the development of health and well-
being is largely depend on lifestyle, thus on physical activity specifically.
Abstract: Some people realized about the importance of physical activity in maintaining health and wellness.
This perception exists because there is a lot of efforts and studies done to improve people health and wellness
through physical activity. In top of that, it is known that motivation is one of the main effects of the people
participation in sports or physical activity. Therefore, whether intrinsic or extrinsic, many have agreed that
motivation plays important role in determining physical activity level. Hence, this study will be conducted to
determine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The researcher has
randomly selected 172 students from Faculty of Education UiTM as a respondent of this study. The study was
conducted using questionnaire based on the Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI) and International Physical
Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) which then been edited to fulfil the requirement of the study. This study is to
examine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The results showed that
there was significant relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The male
respondent was found to have high level of physical activity better than female respondents.
Keywords: Physical Activities; University Students; Physical Activity Level; Extrinsic Motivations.
2. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 2015, 1(2): 10-19
11
Doing physical activity is one of the biggest challenges especially in today modernize world. Many people
nowadays prefer to spend more time on gadgets such as mobile phone, video games, computer and many others.
Boka (2010) said, “as a consequence of modern civilization people do little physical exercise and life is much more
comfortable because there is more and more work done by machinery, and the rate of physical exercise is
continuously decreasing in our everyday life”. This might be a big problem for us if this matter keeps on moving.
Action should be taken in order to improve the nation health.
Many had agreed that physical activity is one of the best methods to improve and maintain our health. Basically,
the aim of sport through personality, capability development, and transmission of culture is to educate people to live
a healthy lifestyle and to maintain their health. Sport helps us to spend our free time in a useful way, contributes to
our health, physical development, and to maintain our physical condition. If somebody pursues a sport seriously,
then physical exercise, sport might become a goal of life. As for researcher, doing sports or physical activity is not
only contributes to the education of motion structure, but educates the individual to be persistent, self-caring, and to
be able to make sacrifices.
In this case, an enforcement toward sport or physical activity should be implemented in everyone own life.
Motivation plays an important role in ensuring that everyone is participating in sports or physical activity this day.
Based on Vallerand (2006), one of the most important variables in sport or physical activity is motivation. Vallerand
(2006) also added that many sports personal like coaches and athletes agree that to facilitate sport performance and
positive experience in sport; they need the elements of motivation. So, this study will highlight on the motivation on
sport or physical activity and how they are related.
Motivation is often related to what, how and why we are doing something. This is also count in physical activity
and sport. This is supported by Zervas (2002), “Motivation is a topic that has been of interest in research on sport
and exercise psychology investigating the reasons for human behavior”. However, motivation is very difficult issue
to describe and translates. It is a critical issue to give this trend from a health perspective alone, understanding better
how to motivate physical activity and lifestyle changes. Yet, these are significant issues even from a mental health
perspective (Ryan et al., 2009). From researcher view of point, motivation can be said as an activation key of doing
something including physical activity.
Basically, there are two common types of motivation in sport and physical activity which are extrinsic and
intrinsic. Vallerand and Rousseau (2001) stated that intrinsic motivation is doing something for its own sake whereas
extrinsic motivation is doing something as a means to an end and not for its own sake. This is in particular, have
been very popular topics and have allowed researchers to make sense of several phenomena of important in sport and
physical activity. Ryan and Deci (2000) also said that, ''Extrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an activity
in order to attain some separable outcome and, thus, contrasts with intrinsic motivation, which refers to doing an
activity for the inherent satisfaction of the activity itself".
To be specific, this study will focus on one of these types of motivation which is extrinsic motivation with
respect to physical activity level. As stated earlier, extrinsic motivation is doing something as a means to an end and
not for its own sake. It is clearly mentioned by Vallerand (2006), “when extrinsically motivated, individual does not
engage in the activity out of pleasure but rather do so to derive some kind of rewards that are external to the activity
itself”. For instance, an athlete who participates in the Commonwealth Game to obtain a gold medal and the
associated fame and fortune that goes with it. In addition, avoiding punishment also refers to extrinsic motivation,
(Vallerand, 2006).
2. Physical Activity Level
As we concern that physical activity (PA) is an important factor to promote and maintain a healthy lifestyle
along the whole life cycle. Over the past years there are many evidence prove that an active lifestyle is one of the
best investments for individual and community health (Bauman et al., 2000). Physical activity level is an indicator
of how active is individuals in this life. As suggested by FITT’s formula, physical activity level may refer to the
frequency, intensity, time and types of activity done by individual. Moreover, regular physical activity facilitates
better stress management, alleviates depression and anxiety, strengthens self esteem and provides social benefits
through increased social interaction and integration (Bauman et al., 2000).
The Committee of the Sports Commission Hong Kong (2006) stated that intensity or level of physical activities
can be classified into three categories which are low, moderate and vigorous levels. “Low-intensity physical
activities” are the activities that are simple, light and easy to do. “Moderate-intensity physical activities” are the
activities that will slightly speed up breathing and heart rate, and cause mild sweating without exertion (e.g. one can
still talk with ease while exercising). “Vigorous-intensity physical activities” are the activities that will greatly speed
up breathing and heart rate, and cause profuse sweating and exertion (e.g. one cannot or finds it difficult to talk with
ease while exercising).
Based on guideline of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (2005), there are also three levels of
physical activity proposed to classify population which are high, moderate and low. “High physical activity” refers
to those who move at least 12,500 steps per day or the equivalent in moderate and vigorous activities. This
represents at least an hour more moderate-intensity activity over and above the basal level of activity, or half an hour
of vigorous-intensity activity over and above basal levels daily (based on results in pedometers studies). “Moderate
physical activity” is defined as doing some activity, more than the low active category. It is proposed that it is a level
of activity equivalent to ‘half an hour of at least moderate-intensity physical activity on most days’ (based on the
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12
former leisure time-based physical activity population health recommendation). “Low physical activity” is simply
defined as not meeting any of the criteria for either of the previous categories.
Even though, the level of physical activity itself may determine our level of physical and mental health and
wellness. However, engaging in regular physical activity, even of moderate intensity, will help in reduces the risk of
diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, obesity and injury. In addition, Australian and international
guidelines recommend participation in at least 60 minutes (and up to several hours) of moderate to vigorous activity
per day for children and adolescents (National Association for Sport and Physical Education, 2004; Commonwealth
Department of Health and Aging, 2004). However, according to Thompson et al. (2010) children are becoming less
active as they become older, and participation and activity levels are lower in female children.
Cavill et al. (2006), in general, health-enhancing physical activity comprises activities that are classed as of at
least moderate intensity. Moderate-intensity physical activity raises the heartbeat and leaves the person feeling warm
and slightly out of breath. It increases the body’s metabolism to 3–6 times the resting level (3–6 metabolic
equivalents –METs). For most inactive people, 3 METs is equivalent to brisk walking. For more active and fit
people, fast walking or slow jogging constitutes moderate-intensity physical activity. Most public health
recommendations on physical activity focus on activities of at least moderate intensity; this ensures inclusion of a
broad range of activities. Vigorous-intensity physical activities enable people to work up a sweat and become out of
breath. They usually involve sport or exercise: for example, running or fast cycling. Vigorous-intensity activities
raise the metabolism to at least six times its resting level (6 METs).
3. Benefits of Physical Activity
Physical activity among youth is an important issue that is being discussed continuously among the public
(Knop, 1996). Authorities of public health must promote physical health to youth so that they will have a healthy
lifestyle. Biddle et al. (1995) said that an expert panel suggested that children and youth participate in a minimum of
60 minutes per day of physical activity. The activity, however, must be developmentally appropriate as well as
enjoyable, and it must involve a variety of activities. According to the panel, a minimum of 60 minutes can be
collected throughout the day in school. It can also be done during the Physical Education classes and recess, as well
as during internal sports, and during before and after school programs. Castelli and Erwin (2007) said that children
give positive attitude towards outdoor activities. Thus, more fun outdoor activities must be implemented in the
school syllabus for the children to be interested in Physical Education classes.
Physical activity has been associated with many benefits such as reducing weights and obesity (Fletcher et al.,
1996). Biddle et al. (2004) Said physical activity is important for the health of young people. Children and
adolescents who participated in sports or physical activities have lesser risk of getting cardiovascular disease.
Moreover, participating in physical activity can prevent chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and
obesity-related diseases (Pender et al., 2002). In addition to that, physical activity can help improve the
cardiovascular endurance and blood lipid profile, for example low density-lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides
decrease, whereas the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increases (Stevenson et al., 1987). According to Sallis et al.
(2000) and United States Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) (1996), there are many benefits
children and youth can get when they are physically active. Youths who do physical activity regularly throughout
their childhood and adolescence will gain immediate health benefits. The benefits include excellent body
composition and musculoskeletal development which can reduce the risk of getting coronary heart disease (Gutin et
al., 1994). Besides that, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) (1996) said
physical activity and fitness are generally recognized as contributing to enhance one’s physical well-being. People
who are physically active will have better physiological and psychological health (Nieman, 2003; Schmalz et al.,
2007). According to Nieman (2003), physical activity provides positive effects on psychological state especially
positive well-being and vigor, reduces anxiety and depression. Furthermore, physical activity enhances group social
support, which may increase the probability of maintaining long term weight loss and management (Nieman, 2003).
Corbin et al. (2000) Believed that it is imperative to have students take part in many different physical activities.
This way, students can gain a lot of experiences and opportunities of physical activities. It is believed that students
will find physical activities more enjoyable when they are exposed to numerous activities. Hence, students will be
more knowledgeable regarding physical activity and education, which can make them remain active throughout their
adulthood.
On top of that, studies show that physical activity can give benefits to the children’s academic performance.
Previous researches have shown that students who are active in physical activity and sports activity may boost up
their academic achievement at the high school level. It is said that children who are more physically active have
higher levels of self-esteem and healthy body image when compared to children who are not physically active.
Moreover, physically active students are more likely to achieve better academic performance than those who are
inactive (Biddle et al., 2004). In addition, Sibley and Etnier (2003) believed physical activities give positive effects
to students’ academic achievement, academic readiness, and perceptual skills. This is due to the fact that physical
activity can increase the students’ concentration levels (Caterino and Polak, 1999). According to Harrison and
Narayan (2003), students who participated in extracurricular activity alone, or in combination with sports, were
found to do more exercise as well as taken a liking to school and homework. Furthermore, many researchers in the
past agreed that students who participated in physical activities have better learning development and learning
process. It has been observed that physically active youths tend to show positive traits such as increased brain
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13
function and nourishment, higher energy and concentration levels, changes in body build, higher self-esteem and
positive behavior that can support cognitive learning (Cocke, 2002; Shepherd, 1997). According to Raviv et al.
(1994) and Trudeau and Shephard (2008), the hippocampus in the brain is the connection of physical education and
academic performances. The brain functions to get involved in the memory learning process through the changes of
cerebral circulation. Therefore, it is believed that the more a person do physical activity, the more the learning
process will increase. Several studies done in the USA found that when students are given an ample amount of time
to do physical activities in schools, the students’ academic performances will raise as opposed to students who do
not receive physical activities in schools (Shepherd, 1997). According to Linder (1999), a study done in Hong Kong
found a significant low correlation between physical activity and academic performance. Nevertheless, more
correlation were found in girls than the boys. The result of the study indicated that students who perceived
themselves as active in physical activity do have high academic performances. Another study supported the fact that
higher levels of physical activities are linked with higher academic performance among children and adolescents.
Studies conducted in Australia, Korea and the USA found that physical activities are significantly and positively
related to academic performances (Dwyer et al., 2001). In addition to that, researchers from Michigan State
University and Grand Valley State University found that school students that are active in physical activities perform
better in academic. Nonetheless, the researchers also found that students who took part in more energetic sports like
football, or after-school activities such as roller skating perform better in core subjects like math and science by
approximately 10 percent (Coe et al., 2006). In other studies, it was shown that schools that offer extra time for
Physical Education may contribute to enhancing students’ academic achievement.
Van der Mars (1999) said that a reduced amount of Physical Education classes in favor of academic work does
not necessarily result in improved academic performance. Hence, students who ignore physical activities to
concentrate in academic subjects may not increase their academic achievement. So, it is rather pointless and futile to
disregard physical activities altogether. However, Coleman (1961) argued that students who are active in physical
activity or sports activity may not get high academic achievement due to less time and energy to achieve excellent
grades in academic. According to Coleman (1961), it is hard for the students to satisfy both of the roles where they
have to be good in academic as well as be good sportsmen. It is hard work, but not impossible.
In a study done by Birtwistle and Brodie (1991) it was found that girls had significantly more positive attitudes
towards physical activity than boys. However, it was found that there was no significant interaction between gender
and sport participation on attitudes toward physical education. In general, students’ who participated in sports gave
more positive attitudes toward physical education than students who do not participate in sports. Furthermore, there
was a significant difference in attitudes toward physical education score between female and male students. The
result showed that male students scored significantly higher than female students (Koca and Demirhan, 2004).
Females are normally less active than the male students and female students’ level of activity participation start to
decline at younger age (Armstrong and Welsman, 1997). In another study by Cockburn (2001), it was found that
some students, especially among the female students, do not like to make too much effort during Physical Education.
Even though Physical Education is a fun and unique school subject, some students cannot see the importance and
relevance of the subject to their life as compared to other school subjects (Armstrong and Welsman, 1997).
Armstrong and Welsman (1997) believed that it is important for the students to change their mindset and perception
towards Physical Education. When the perception is changed, the lesson will be more enjoyable and meaningful to
the students. In addition to that, Youth Media Campaign Longitudinal Survey (YMCLS) (2002) reported that, among
3,000 children ages from 9 to 13 years old, less than 40% of the children said they are participating in organized
physical activity while more than 20% reported they did not get any free-play activity outside of school hours.
4. Problem Statement
The level of physical activity can be said as an indicator of how fit or how well is our physical and mental
health. It has been known that sedentary lifestyles will have serious consequences for public health. Generally, as
suggested by FITT’s formula, physical activity level may refer to the frequency, intensity, time and types of activity
done by individual. According to Cavill et al. (2006), physical activity can vary widely in intensity, type of activity
and the capacity of the individual or the amount of effort made by an individual. It means that, the level of physical
activity is evaluated by the effort that individuals put on their physical activities.
Basically, physical activity was categorized into three levels which are; vigorous-intensity, moderate-intensity,
and low-intensity physical activity. Vigorous-intensity physical activity refers to activities that take hard physical
effort and make us breath much harder than normal. For example like competitive sports like swimming or rugby.
Moderate-intensity physical activity refers to activities that take moderate physical effort and make us breath
somewhat harder than normal such as recreational sports like badminton or volleyball for example. Lastly, low-
intensity physical activity consists of simple everyday activities which can be carried out in short periods of time
such as window shopping and strolling in parks or gardens.
Like researcher stress earlier, today’s modernize world is becoming challenging for physical activity because of
the culture that make public just do the opposite. Based on this, psychological factor is the key elements which can
stimulate the physical activity participation. According to Frederick and Ryan (1993), based on Self-Determination
Theory (SDT), physical activity can be inherently rewarding activity that contributes to both happiness and
subjective vitality. It will contribute to overall wellness when people feel energize and feel satisfy psychologically.
Based on that, the best method to attract people in physical activity is motivations. This is supported by Zervas
5. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 2015, 1(2): 10-19
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(2002), “motivation is a topic that has been of interest in research on sport and exercise psychology investigating the
reasons for human behavior”.
Motivations are normally classified into two categories which are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. According
to Ryan and Deci (2000), intrinsic motivation influences people to engagement in an activity because of the inherent
pleasure and satisfaction that it has. For instance, many physical activities are enjoyable in their own right, and
require no external rewards or incentives to be performed. In other hand, extrinsic motivation is the planned
activities that are performed in order to obtain some separable outcome, whether that is a tangible reward, an
avoidance of a punishment, or the attainment of recognition, or approval. In this study, researcher will focus only on
the extrinsic motivation in regards to physical activity level.
As we already know, extrinsic motivation refers to behavior influence in engagement of activity in order to
attain some outcome separable from the activity. Whether we realize or not, many sport and exercise activities are
extrinsically motivated, especially on average exercise that normally tend to be more extrinsically motivated than
sport. Ryan and Deci (2006), “most people maintain their exercise activities not because of the activities are
inherently interesting or enjoyable to them, but because they something to gain in it. However, although there are
many studies demonstrating the importance of extrinsic motivation in sports or physical activity, there are several
gaps that need to address to better understand how these extrinsic motivations influence or stimulate individuals’
physical activity level.
Many recent researches that have examined physical activity level have failed to be consistent with definitions
of “vigorous-intensity physical activity, moderate-intensity physical activity, and low-intensity physical activity”,
and method for measuring physical activity level. Besides that, many researches also failed to clearly relates
extrinsic motivations with physical activity levels. In top of that, there are still many studies that have successfully
reached their objectives in examining the relations between extrinsic motivations with the level of physical activity.
However, there is not much study carried out to understand the relationship between the extrinsic motivations with
individuals’ level of physical activity in local context. From this, researcher has proposed to carry out this study
toward students of Faculty of Education, UiTM Shah Alam.
According to the National Philosophy of Education system.
5. Motivation
Motivation plays an important role in influencing people behaviour. It can be defined as a force which acts on or
within a person to initiate behaviour. This definition was able to show the framework that includes both intrinsic and
extrinsic factors. In other word, the motivation is more than a resistance of an individual´s personality that may help
care providers efforts to encourage and motivate their elderly clients and also to provide the elderly people with the
tools to empower themselves to become self-directed about exercise participation.
According to Sallis et al. (2000) based on the complexity task of motivating, there are multiple models of
motivation on the elderly people to exercise that have been developed in the literature. But research suggests
motivational factors that are amenable to intervention, no consensus has emerged regarding a theoretical framework
for activity promotion research or practice (Assor et al., 2004). Basically, there are two common types of motivation
in sport and physical activity which are extrinsic and intrinsic.
6. Relationships between Extrinsic Motivations with the Level of Physical
Activity
Essentially there are two types of motives or motivation which are derived from different sources which are
extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. This study will focus on extrinsic motivation in sport or physical activity.
However, there is not much literature or study conducted toward relating the Extrinsic Motivation with the Physical
Activity Level. According to Gerdy (2000) focus first on the extrinsic motives; it will affect a person’s effort and
persistence. Appearance and weight management motives were prominent during early stages of change, enjoyment
and revitalisation motives were important for progression to and maintenance of actual activity (Ingledew and
Markland, 2009).
Many of the previous studies show that extrinsic motivation has a huge impact on physical activity level. This is
supported by Kilpatrick et al. (2005), motivations on exercise were more extrinsic and focused on appearance and
weight and stress management. Moreover, this is consistent with other research, it was found that sports program
participation factors were competition, social benefits, skills and fitness (Sirard et al., 2006). In addition, Ingledew
and Markland (2008) highlighted that people are involved in sport activities for many different reasons. For example,
some people tend to participate in sport activities in fitness centre to socialize with other people and because they
feel it interesting and enjoyable.
Furthermore, based on Bandura (1997), the experience of sport appears to be attractive to students for the
following types of reasons; such as fun, enjoyment, to improve skills, learning and being with friends, success,
winning and health. Vansteenkiste et al. (2008) found that a composite of social affiliation, health management, and
skill development motives was positively associated with autonomous exercise, whereas a composite of social
recognition and image motives was positively associated with controlled regulation. However, Frederick and Ryan
(1993); Ryan (1993) said that, the study then noted that exercise primarily motivated by extrinsic factors and sport
participation is by intrinsic factors .
6. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 2015, 1(2): 10-19
15
7. Material and Method
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between extrinsic motivation and the physical activity
level among students in faculty of education. This study looks at the respondent’s motivation participation in
physical activity, their physical activity level and the physical activity adherence. Apart from that, the study also
looks at the respondents’ motivation factors participating in physical activity. The findings of the study can improve
the teaching and learning of Physical Education in school as well as enhance people’s health and lifestyle.
Population and sample selection were conducted among Faculty of Education students, in which 172 students
agreed to take part in this research. These students consisted of ED226 (PHE) students, follows by 32 of ED220
(Tesl) students, 20 of ED229 (Maths) students, 11 of ED228 (Physics) students, 31 of ED227 (Biology) students, 22
of ED230 (Chemistry) students, 18 of ED222 (Arts) students. Out of the 172 students, 116 respondents or 67% were
female students while 56 respondents or 33% were male students. Their age ranges between 18 to 30 years old. The
methodology used in this study was descriptive method or survey which was in the form of quantitative through the
using of questionnaire. The data was collected and analyzed based on the answers of 172 set of questionnaires that
were returned by the participants to the researchers.
8. Findings
8.1. Respondent Extrinsic Motivation Level in Sports/ Physical Activity
Table-1. Total Extrinsic Motivation
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Total Extrinsic Motivation
(Appearance)
172 0 35 25.93 6.941
Total Extrinsic Motivation
(Social)
172 0 25 17.42 5.999
Total Extrinsic Motivation
(Challenge)
172 0 25 12.62 6.554
Total Extrinsic Motivation
(Reward)
172 0 45 29.33 8.617
Total Extrinsic Motivation
(Health)
172 5 35 27.97 5.255
Total Extrinsic Motivation 172 28 165 113.27 26.144
Valid N (list wise) 172
As depicted in the Table 1, there are 33 items from 5 groups that shown in the table above were used to measure
students’ extrinsic motivation in physical activity participation. The mean score for the total Extrinsic Motivation is
113.27 whereas the SD for the total Extrinsic Motivation is 26.144. Based on the table 1, group of Social get the
lowest mean among all which is (mean = 17.42). The group of reward shows the highest mean which is (mean =
29.33). Overall, most of the respondents are extrinsically motivated to participate in the sport/ physical activity.
8.2. Respondent Level of Physical Activity among Students
Figure 1 shows the level of physical activity of the respondents in this study. It was shown that 81 (47.1%) of
the respondents are in the category of vigorous and 82 (47.7%) of the respondents are in the category of moderate.
There are only 9 (5.2%) of the respondents in the category of low. The mean score for the physical activity level is
1.58 with SD of 0.592. It was shown that majority of the respondents are active.
Figure 2, shows that the number of female respondent is greater than the number of male. The result of the
Independent-Sample T Test shows that the difference in the two means was significant (t = -4.193, df = 170, sig =
.000). This indicates that there was a significant difference between male and female in the level of physical activity.
Based on the Figure 2, majority of the male respondents is in the vigorous category with 67.9% and remaining
32.1% of male respondents are in the moderate category. There are no male respondents in the low category. In
other hand, majority of the female respondents is in the moderate category with 55.1%, 37.1% of female respondents
are in vigorous category and 7.8% more in low category.
7. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 2015, 1(2): 10-19
16
Figure-1. Physical Activity Level-Vigorous, Moderate, and Low
8.3. Respondent Significant Difference in the Level of Physical Activity between Male and
Female
Figure-2. Physical Activity Level Male and Female
8. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 2015, 1(2): 10-19
17
8.4. Respondent Relationships between Extrinsic Motivations in Sports/ Physical Activity
with Physical Activity Level
Table-2. Relationships between Extrinsic Motivations with the Level of Physical Activity
Correlations
Total Extrinsic
Motivation MET
Total Extrinsic Motivation Pearson Correlation 1 .403**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 172 172
MET Pearson Correlation .403**
1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 172 172
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 2 illustrates the relationships between Extrinsic Motivations with the Level of Physical Activity (Total
MET). The total mean score for the Extrinsic Motivations (mean = 113.27) is being correlate with the total mean
score for the Physical Activity MET (mean = 3234.29). The result of Pearson correlation test shows that there is a
significance relationship between Extrinsic Motivations and the Level of Physical Activity (r = 0.403 and sig =
.000). This is means that there is a statistically significant relationship between those variables. Based on the Pearson
correlation strength relationship, the relationship between Extrinsic Motivations and the Level of Physical Activity is
Moderate relationship.
9. Conclusion
This study is unconditionally useful for lecturers, administrators, and students itself to increase the level of
physical activity among students in Faculty of Education, UiTM Shah Alam, Selangor. Moreover, this study also
helps in identifying the extrinsic motivations towards participation in sport or physical activity. In addition, this
study unconditionally provides more ideas on how to extrinsically motivate individuals to participate in sports or
physical activity as well as promoting the health and wellness among community.
Not just that, lecturers, administrator and parents also can give more knowledge and information about physical
activity and motivation to their students or child and at the same time can increase the level of physical activity of
their self. Through this, lecturers, administrator and all the community in Faculty of Education, UiTM also can get
benefits from this study as an alternative for them to increase their level of physical activity through motivation
especially extrinsic motivation. Besides that, this study can also help in identifying the current level of physical
activity among individuals which will definitely help them to be motivated in sports or physical activity
participation.
From this study, it was shown that there is a relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical
activity levels. In addition, majority of the respondents do agree that extrinsic motivation really influenced their
behavior in participating the sports or physical activity. In addition, based on this study, majority of the respondents
can be considered as active. Most of them are in the moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity level. With that,
we can see that most of UiTM students in Faculty of Education are physically active.
Not just that, based on this study too, it was reported that there is significant difference between male and
female respondents in the physical activity level as well as extrinsic motivations. It is hoped that, this study will help
the administrator, lecturers, and students itself aware with the importance of physical activity as well as monitoring
the level of physical activity in order to improve health and wellness. In addition, this will help in making physical
activity as a one of the routine in life which will give more benefits and advantages to our health and well being
specifically. Last but not least, this study also aimed to influence the Faculty of Education students’ participation in
physical activity or sport as well as their extrinsic motivation especially.
In addition, physical activity has the benefits of reducing stress, increasing attention to academic tasks, and
better classroom behavior. Most importantly, physical activity will help individuals become intellectually,
emotionally, physically and socially balanced, which is in line with the Malaysian’s National Philosophy of
Education.
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