This document contains abstracts for 15 scholarly articles related to ethical issues in sports. The articles cover a wide range of topics including concussions in hockey, ethical decision making in sports medicine, performance enhancing drugs, and legal/ethical issues of social media and blogging for dietitians. Many of the articles discuss balancing the health and well-being of athletes with pressures to return them to play or maximize performance, as well as managing conflicts between various stakeholders in sports like teams, leagues, and medical professionals. The document appears to be providing source material for an annotated bibliography assignment on ethics in sports or a related topic.

1. Week 4
Assignment 4a Annotated Bibliography
Instructions: You need to put annotations in your own words.
Dr. Johnson
Armstrong, Neil et al. “Aerobic Fitness and Its Relationship to
Sport, Exercise Training and Habitual Physical Activity During
Youth.” British journal of sports medicine 45.11 (2011): 849–
858. Web.
AIMTo analyse aerobic fitness and its relationship with
sport participation, exercise training and habitual physical
activity (HPA) during youth. METHODSStudies were located
through computer searches of Medline, SPORT Discus and
personal databases. Systematic reviews of time trends in aerobic
fitness/performance, and exercise training and peak oxygen
uptake (peak VO(2)) are reported. RESULTSPeak VO(2)
increases with age and maturation. Boys' peak VO(2) is higher
than girls'. Despite data showing a decrease in performance test
estimates of aerobic fitness there is no compelling evidence to
suggest that young people have low levels of peak VO(2) or that
it is declining over time. The primary time constant of the
VO(2) kinetics response to moderate and heavy intensity
exercise slows with age and the VO(2) kinetics response to
heavy intensity exercise is faster in boys. There is a negative
correlation between lactate threshold as a percentage of peak
VO(2) and age but differences related to maturation or sex
remain to be proven. Young athletes have higher peak VO(2), a
faster primary time constant and accumulate less blood lactate
at the same relative exercise intensity than their untrained
peers. Young people can increase their peak VO(2) through
exercise training but a meaningful relationship between aerobic
fitness and HPA has not been demonstrated.
CONCLUSIONSDuring youth the responses of the components
of aerobic fitness vary in relation to age, maturation and sex.

2. Exercise training will enhance aerobic fitness but a relationship
between young people's current HPA and aerobic fitness
remains to be proven.
Caron, Jeffrey, and Bloom, Gordon. (2015). “Ethical Issues
Surrounding Concussions and Player Safety in Professional Ice
Hockey.” Neuroethics 8.1: 5–13. Web.
Concussions in professional sports have received increased
attention, which is partly attributable to evidence that found
concussion incidence rates were much higher than previously
thought (Echlin et al. Journal of Neurosurgical Focus 29:1–10,
2010). Further to this, professional hockey players articulated
how their concussion symptoms affected their professional
careers, interpersonal relationships, and qualities of life (Caron
et al. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 35:168–179,
2013). Researchers are beginning to associate multiple/repeated
concussions with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a
structural brain injury that is characterized by tau protein
deposits in distinct areas of the brain (McKee et al. Brain
136:43–64, 2013). Taken together, concussions impact many
people in the sporting community from current and former
professional athletes and their families to medical and health
professionals and researchers.
Greenfield, Bruce H, West, Charles Robert, and Greenfield,
Bruce H. (2012). “Ethical Issues in Sports Medicine: a Review
and Justification for Ethical Decision Making and Reasoning.”
Sports health 4.6: 475–479. Web.
Ethical issues present a challenge for health care professionals
working with athletes of sports teams. Health care
professionals—including the team physician, the physical
therapist, and the athletic trainer—are faced with the challenge
of returning an athlete to competition as quickly as possible but
as safely as possible. Conflicts of interest arise due to
conflicting obligations of the team physician to the athlete and
other members of the sports organization, including coaches and
the team owner. The multiple stakeholders involved in sports
teams challenge the traditional notion of confidentiality and

3. autonomy. The aims of this article are to explicate the ethics of
sports medicine, highlight the ethical
Helm, Janet. “Ethical and Legal Issues Related to Blogging and
Social Media. (2013).” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and
Dietetics 113.5: 688–690. Web.
Dietetics practitioners are increasingly turning to the Internet--
using blogs and other forms of social media--to educate the
public, promote products or services, and build a professional
brand. The fundamental principles of honesty, integrity, and
fairness outlined in the Academy of Nutrition and
Dietetics/Commission on Dietetic Registration Code of Ethics
for the Profession of Dietetics apply to all forms of marketing
and communications, including blogging and social media.
Here, Helm discusses ethical and legal issues related to
blogging and social media.
Hums, Mary, Barr, Carol, and Gullion, Laurie. (1999). “The
Ethical Issues Confronting Managers in the Sport Industry.”
Journal of Business Ethics 20.1: 51–66. Web.
The sport industry is an extremely diverse industry, including
segments such as professional sport, intercollegiate athletics,
health and fitness, recreational sport and facility management.
The industry is currently experiencing rapid growth and
development, and as it grows, sport managers in the different
segments encounter ethical issues which are often unique to
each segment. The professional sport, intercollegiate athletics,
health and fitness, recreational sport and facility management
segments of the sport industry are examined and the various
ethical issues facing managers in each of these segments are
discussed.
Lewandowska, Aleksandra and Leźnicki, Marcin. (2016).
“Doping w Sporcie Jako Problem Etyczno-Społeczny = Doping
in Sport as a Problem Ethical and Social.” Journal of Education,
Health and Sport 6.7: 548–555. Web.
The article presents the issues of doping in sport used in the
context of possible social consequences associated with its use,
as well as at the level of biomedical related to the rapid

4. development of biomedical technologies in area of human body
enhancement. In addition to the analysis of quality issues "sport
enhancement" in the perspective of bioethical resolving, in the
text refers to statistics showing the use of doping in sport, in
terms both time as well as spatial.
Mccalla, Sandra, and Shepherd, Neil. (2014).
“MORAL/ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE
ENHANCEMENT IN SPORTS.” International Journal of Arts &
Sciences 7.4: 371–381. Web.
From as early as human memory can go, individuals in various
cultures have engaged in various recreational and competitive
activities. It is from these recreational, entertainment and
competition activities that more organized and structured
competitive games and sports were developed. The foundation
of these competitive sports hinges on fairness and honesty but
these ethical concepts are not always upheld. It is with this in
mind that this paper seeks to offer a philosophical investigation
into the use of performance enhancing drugs in competitive
sports with a focus on the importance of ethics and fair play.
We believe that the existing system of banning performance
enhancement drugs and punishing athletes caught using same
may be warranted in order to maintain the integrity of sports. In
a quest to respond to the issues raised on fairness, our
discussions will focus on an ethical framework. From this
ethical perspective, we combine Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarian
theory with Kant's Deontology theory to show how a
combination of both theories can provide one possible response
to the ethical actions of athletes in respect to the use of
performance enhancers. We argue for a form of 'self duty' that
all athletes should have to the ethical rules as is applied to
honesty and integrity.
Mcnamee, Michael, Partridge, Bradley, and Anderson, Lynley.
(2015) “Concussion in Sport: Conceptual and Ethical Issues.”
Kinesiology Review 4.2: 190–202. Web.
The issue of concussion in sport is a matter of global public
interest that is currently under dispute by educational, legal,

5. and medical professionals and scientists. In this article we
discuss the problem from philosophical, bioethical, and sports
ethical perspectives. We articulate conceptual differences in
approaches to definition and therefore diagnosis of concussion.
We critically review similarities and differences in the leading
consensus statements that guide the treatment of concussion
diagnosis and treatment in sports. We then present a series of
ethical problems including issues that relate to paternalistic
intervention in the lives of athletes in order to prevent harm to
athletes, conflicting and competing interests, and
confidentiality.
Polly, Dianne. “Avoiding Ethical and Legal Issues in Practice
Settings. (2013).” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and
Dietetics 113.12: n. pag. Web.
Dietetics practitioners encounter many ethical and legal gray
areas in professional practice every day. These issues may
include patient-related decisions, appropriate business practices,
or relationships with professionals, customers, and employees.
In today's litigious world, with expanding and changing
practices in both institutional and private practice setting, many
professionals are experiencing an increase in ethical conflicts
and greater exposure to legal action than ever before. And,
unfortunately, sometimes making the wrong decision can have
long-lasting and significant negative consequences for their
lives and careers. Here, Polly discusses avoiding ethical and
legal issues in practice settings.
Phillips, Shaun. “Carbohydrate Supplementation and
Prolonged Intermittent High- Intensity Exercise in
Adolescents.” Sports Medicine 42.10 (2012): 817–828. Web.
In the last decade, research has begun to investigate the
efficacy of carbohydrate supplementation for improving aspects
of physical capacity and skill performance during sport-specific
exercise in adolescent team games players. This research
remains in its infancy, and further study would be beneficial
considering the large youth population actively involved in

6. team games.
Literature on the influence of carbohydrate supplementation on
skill performance is scarce, limited to shooting accuracy in
adolescent basketball players and conflicting in its findings.
Between-study differences in the exercise protocol, volume of
fluid and carbohydrate consumed, use of prior fatiguing
exercise and timing of skill tests may contribute to the different
findings. Conversely, initial data supports carbohydrate
supplementation in solution and gel form for improving
intermittent endurance running capacity following soccer-
specific shuttle running. These studies produced reliable data,
but were subject to limitations including lack of quantification
of the metabolic response of participants, limited generalization
of data due to narrow participant age and maturation ranges, use
of males and females within the same sample and non-
standardized pre-exercise nutritional status between
participants.
There is a lack of consensus regarding the influence of
frequently consuming carbohydrate-containing products on
tooth enamel erosion and the development of obesity or being
overweight in adolescent athletes and non-athletes. These
discrepancies mean that the initiation or exacerbation of health
issues due to frequent consumption of carbohydrate-containing
products by adolescents cannot be conclusively refuted.
Coupled with the knowledge that consuming a natural, high-
carbohydrate diet ∼3-8 hours before exercise can significantly
alter substrate use and improve exercise performance in adults,
a moral and ethical concern is raised regarding the direction of
future research in order to further knowledge while
safeguarding the health and well-being of young participants.
It could be deemed unethical to continue study into
carbohydrate supplementation while ignoring the potential
health concerns and the possibility of generating similar
performance enhancements using natural dietary interventions.
Therefore, future work should investigate the influence of pre-
exercise dietary intake on the prolonged intermittent, high-

7. intensity exercise performance of adolescents. This would
enable quantification of whether pre-exercise nutrition can
modulate exercise performance and, if so, the optimum dietary
composition to achieve this. Research could then combine this
knowledge with ingestion of carbohydrate-containing products
during exercise to facilitate ethical and healthy nutritional
guidelines for enhancing the exercise performance of
adolescents.
This article addresses the available evidence regarding
carbohydrate supplementation and prolonged intermittent, high-
intensity exercise in adolescent team games players. It discusses
the potential health concerns associated with the frequent use of
carbohydrate-containing products by adolescents and how this
affects the research ethics of the field, and considers directions
for future work. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
https://www.inc.com/jeffrey-phillips/are-you-chasing-a-fad-or-
a-trend.html
link for article
Essay for hotel management program, must be an argument
essay
Read 2 articles and write an argument that the hotel industry
must respond pro-activity to global trends.
Firstly, to present a summary of what you consider to be the key
points from the readings, followed by the argument supporting
your case of why the hospitality industry must respond to
trends.

8. Week 4
Assignment 4a Annotated Bibliography
Instructions: You need to put annotations in your own words.
Dr. Johnson
Armstrong, Neil et al. “Aerobic Fitness and Its Relationship to
Sport, Exercise Training and Habitual Physical Activity During
Youth.” British journal of sports medicine 45.11 (2011): 849–
858. Web.
AIMTo analyse aerobic fitness and its relationship with
sport participation, exercise training and habitual physical
activity (HPA) during youth. METHODSStudies were located
through computer searches of Medline, SPORT Discus and
personal databases. Systematic reviews of time trends in aerobic
fitness/performance, and exercise training and peak oxygen
uptake (peak VO(2)) are reported. RESULTSPeak VO(2)
increases with age and maturation. Boys' peak VO(2) is higher
than girls'. Despite data showing a decrease in performance test
estimates of aerobic fitness there is no compelling evidence to
suggest that young people have low levels of peak VO(2) or that
it is declining over time. The primary time constant of the
VO(2) kinetics response to moderate and heavy intensity
exercise slows with age and the VO(2) kinetics response to
heavy intensity exercise is faster in boys. There is a negative
correlation between lactate threshold as a percentage of peak
VO(2) and age but differences related to maturation or sex
remain to be proven. Young athletes have higher peak VO(2), a
faster primary time constant and accumulate less blood lactate
at the same relative exercise intensity than their untrained
peers. Young people can increase their peak VO(2) through
exercise training but a meaningful relationship between aerobic
fitness and HPA has not been demonstrated.
CONCLUSIONSDuring youth the responses of the components
of aerobic fitness vary in relation to age, maturation and sex.
Exercise training will enhance aerobic fitness but a relationship
between young people's current HPA and aerobic fitness

9. remains to be proven.
Caron, Jeffrey, and Bloom, Gordon. (2015). “Ethical Issues
Surrounding Concussions and Player Safety in Professional Ice
Hockey.” Neuroethics 8.1: 5–13. Web.
Concussions in professional sports have received increased
attention, which is partly attributable to evidence that found
concussion incidence rates were much higher than previously
thought (Echlin et al. Journal of Neurosurgical Focus 29:1–10,
2010). Further to this, professional hockey players articulated
how their concussion symptoms affected their professional
careers, interpersonal relationships, and qualities of life (Caron
et al. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 35:168–179,
2013). Researchers are beginning to associate multiple/repeated
concussions with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a
structural brain injury that is characterized by tau protein
deposits in distinct areas of the brain (McKee et al. Brain
136:43–64, 2013). Taken together, concussions impact many
people in the sporting community from current and former
professional athletes and their families to medical and health
professionals and researchers.
Greenfield, Bruce H, West, Charles Robert, and Greenfield,
Bruce H. (2012). “Ethical Issues in Sports Medicine: a Review
and Justification for Ethical Decision Making and Reasoning.”
Sports health 4.6: 475–479. Web.
Ethical issues present a challenge for health care professionals
working with athletes of sports teams. Health care
professionals—including the team physician, the physical
therapist, and the athletic trainer—are faced with the challenge
of returning an athlete to competition as quickly as possible but
as safely as possible. Conflicts of interest arise due to
conflicting obligations of the team physician to the athlete and
other members of the sports organization, including coaches and
the team owner. The multiple stakeholders involved in sports
teams challenge the traditional notion of confidentiality and
autonomy. The aims of this article are to explicate the ethics of
sports medicine, highlight the ethical

10. Helm, Janet. “Ethical and Legal Issues Related to Blogging and
Social Media. (2013).” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and
Dietetics 113.5: 688–690. Web.
Dietetics practitioners are increasingly turning to the Internet--
using blogs and other forms of social media--to educate the
public, promote products or services, and build a professional
brand. The fundamental principles of honesty, integrity, and
fairness outlined in the Academy of Nutrition and
Dietetics/Commission on Dietetic Registration Code of Ethics
for the Profession of Dietetics apply to all forms of marketing
and communications, including blogging and social media.
Here, Helm discusses ethical and legal issues related to
blogging and social media.
Hums, Mary, Barr, Carol, and Gullion, Laurie. (1999). “The
Ethical Issues Confronting Managers in the Sport Industry.”
Journal of Business Ethics 20.1: 51–66. Web.
The sport industry is an extremely diverse industry, including
segments such as professional sport, intercollegiate athletics,
health and fitness, recreational sport and facility management.
The industry is currently experiencing rapid growth and
development, and as it grows, sport managers in the different
segments encounter ethical issues which are often unique to
each segment. The professional sport, intercollegiate athletics,
health and fitness, recreational sport and facility management
segments of the sport industry are examined and the various
ethical issues facing managers in each of these segments are
discussed.
Lewandowska, Aleksandra and Leźnicki, Marcin. (2016).
“Doping w Sporcie Jako Problem Etyczno-Społeczny = Doping
in Sport as a Problem Ethical and Social.” Journal of Education,
Health and Sport 6.7: 548–555. Web.
The article presents the issues of doping in sport used in the
context of possible social consequences associated with its use,
as well as at the level of biomedical related to the rapid
development of biomedical technologies in area of human body
enhancement. In addition to the analysis of quality issues "sport

11. enhancement" in the perspective of bioethical resolving, in the
text refers to statistics showing the use of doping in sport, in
terms both time as well as spatial.
Mccalla, Sandra, and Shepherd, Neil. (2014).
“MORAL/ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE
ENHANCEMENT IN SPORTS.” International Journal of Arts &
Sciences 7.4: 371–381. Web.
From as early as human memory can go, individuals in various
cultures have engaged in various recreational and competitive
activities. It is from these recreational, entertainment and
competition activities that more organized and structured
competitive games and sports were developed. The foundation
of these competitive sports hinges on fairness and honesty but
these ethical concepts are not always upheld. It is with this in
mind that this paper seeks to offer a philosophical investigation
into the use of performance enhancing drugs in competitive
sports with a focus on the importance of ethics and fair play.
We believe that the existing system of banning performance
enhancement drugs and punishing athletes caught using same
may be warranted in order to maintain the integrity of sports. In
a quest to respond to the issues raised on fairness, our
discussions will focus on an ethical framework. From this
ethical perspective, we combine Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarian
theory with Kant's Deontology theory to show how a
combination of both theories can provide one possible response
to the ethical actions of athletes in respect to the use of
performance enhancers. We argue for a form of 'self duty' that
all athletes should have to the ethical rules as is applied to
honesty and integrity.
Mcnamee, Michael, Partridge, Bradley, and Anderson, Lynley.
(2015) “Concussion in Sport: Conceptual and Ethical Issues.”
Kinesiology Review 4.2: 190–202. Web.
The issue of concussion in sport is a matter of global public
interest that is currently under dispute by educational, legal,
and medical professionals and scientists. In this article we
discuss the problem from philosophical, bioethical, and sports

12. ethical perspectives. We articulate conceptual differences in
approaches to definition and therefore diagnosis of concussion.
We critically review similarities and differences in the leading
consensus statements that guide the treatment of concussion
diagnosis and treatment in sports. We then present a series of
ethical problems including issues that relate to paternalistic
intervention in the lives of athletes in order to prevent harm to
athletes, conflicting and competing interests, and
confidentiality.
Polly, Dianne. “Avoiding Ethical and Legal Issues in Practice
Settings. (2013).” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and
Dietetics 113.12: n. pag. Web.
Dietetics practitioners encounter many ethical and legal gray
areas in professional practice every day. These issues may
include patient-related decisions, appropriate business practices,
or relationships with professionals, customers, and employees.
In today's litigious world, with expanding and changing
practices in both institutional and private practice setting, many
professionals are experiencing an increase in ethical conflicts
and greater exposure to legal action than ever before. And,
unfortunately, sometimes making the wrong decision can have
long-lasting and significant negative consequences for their
lives and careers. Here, Polly discusses avoiding ethical and
legal issues in practice settings.