1) The document discusses physical, social, and cultural barriers that prevent females from participating in sports, particularly in developing countries. It outlines barriers like gender discrimination in society, cultural restrictions, lack of access to sports facilities, and lack of role models.
2) It also examines perceived barriers reported by female students, including socio-cultural factors, practical barriers like cost and time, and a lack of knowledge about the benefits of physical activity.
3) The document argues that policies to increase female participation in sports need to adopt a multifaceted approach that challenges gender stereotypes and provides attainable role models while also addressing practical barriers like access to facilities and programs.
This document outlines a study on factors associated with physical inactivity among first year undergraduate students at Universiti Putra Malaysia. It includes a literature review on previous research examining relationships between physical inactivity and socio-demographic factors, environmental support, mental health, self-efficacy, and body image. The document presents the study objectives, conceptual framework, and methodology, which will involve a cross-sectional study using cluster sampling of first year undergraduates to examine associations between physical inactivity and various independent variables.
Physical Activity in Australian Adults: A Public Health PerspectiveLouise Miller Frost
Physical inactivity poses health risks for the majority of Australian adults and is a modifiable risk factor for diseases like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. While guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week, surveys found about 40% of Australians do not meet this level. Individual education interventions have shown only moderate short-term effectiveness in increasing physical activity levels. Environmental interventions also have limited effectiveness, and population physical activity levels remain largely unchanged. Intersectoral actions across multiple areas may be needed to more successfully promote physical activity.
1) The physical health of college students is influenced by their exercise habits, nutrition, sleep, and stress management. However, less than half of students meet the recommended 30 minutes of exercise per day.
2) Physical activity provides mental health benefits like reduced depression and anxiety. It also positively impacts academic performance.
3) Male students are more motivated by intrinsic factors like strength and enjoyment, while females are more influenced by extrinsic factors like weight management and appearance due to societal pressures. Long-term exercise motivation requires intrinsic enjoyment of physical activity.
This document provides an overview of sociological foundations of physical education and sport. It discusses key topics in sport sociology including how sport socializes individuals, the nature and scope of sport, and problems in modern sports. Sport sociology examines the relationship between sport and society, and influences of social institutions on sport participation. While sport provides benefits, it also faces issues like discrimination, commercialization, and violence that sociologists seek to understand and address.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 9 on the psychological foundations of physical education and sport. It discusses motor learning and control models, factors that influence learning and development, and the psychological benefits of participation in physical activity. It also covers concepts like anxiety, attention, personality, and strategies to promote exercise adherence and reduce dropout.
Evidence based physical activity for school age youthbeatriz9911
This document summarizes an expert panel's review of evidence on the effects of physical activity on health outcomes in school-age youth. The panel identified over 850 relevant articles through a systematic search. They found:
1) Most intervention studies showed benefits of 30-45 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity 3-5 days per week. However, the panel believed greater amounts would be needed for benefits under normal circumstances.
2) The panel concluded that school-age youth should participate in 60 minutes or more per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity from a variety of activities.
3) Physical activity was associated with reduced adiposity, especially for overweight youth, and improved cardiovascular health factors like blood lipid levels and aer
This document discusses aging and the health of the elderly. It notes that the worldwide population over age 65 is expected to triple in the next 50 years. The aging process causes declines in many body systems. Cardiovascular function decreases as does pulmonary and neurological function. Muscle and bone mass is lost. Maintaining physical and mental function through exercise and social engagement can promote healthy aging. Public health policies aim to support the growing elderly population by promoting healthy lifestyles.
This document discusses major health issues impacting Australian youth such as eating disorders, depression, anxiety, self-injury, suicide, and substance abuse. It also examines factors influencing youth health like genetics, family, peers, and socioeconomic status. Finally, it explores how physical activity and school programs can help achieve better mental health outcomes for students.
This document outlines a study on factors associated with physical inactivity among first year undergraduate students at Universiti Putra Malaysia. It includes a literature review on previous research examining relationships between physical inactivity and socio-demographic factors, environmental support, mental health, self-efficacy, and body image. The document presents the study objectives, conceptual framework, and methodology, which will involve a cross-sectional study using cluster sampling of first year undergraduates to examine associations between physical inactivity and various independent variables.
Physical Activity in Australian Adults: A Public Health PerspectiveLouise Miller Frost
Physical inactivity poses health risks for the majority of Australian adults and is a modifiable risk factor for diseases like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. While guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week, surveys found about 40% of Australians do not meet this level. Individual education interventions have shown only moderate short-term effectiveness in increasing physical activity levels. Environmental interventions also have limited effectiveness, and population physical activity levels remain largely unchanged. Intersectoral actions across multiple areas may be needed to more successfully promote physical activity.
1) The physical health of college students is influenced by their exercise habits, nutrition, sleep, and stress management. However, less than half of students meet the recommended 30 minutes of exercise per day.
2) Physical activity provides mental health benefits like reduced depression and anxiety. It also positively impacts academic performance.
3) Male students are more motivated by intrinsic factors like strength and enjoyment, while females are more influenced by extrinsic factors like weight management and appearance due to societal pressures. Long-term exercise motivation requires intrinsic enjoyment of physical activity.
This document provides an overview of sociological foundations of physical education and sport. It discusses key topics in sport sociology including how sport socializes individuals, the nature and scope of sport, and problems in modern sports. Sport sociology examines the relationship between sport and society, and influences of social institutions on sport participation. While sport provides benefits, it also faces issues like discrimination, commercialization, and violence that sociologists seek to understand and address.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 9 on the psychological foundations of physical education and sport. It discusses motor learning and control models, factors that influence learning and development, and the psychological benefits of participation in physical activity. It also covers concepts like anxiety, attention, personality, and strategies to promote exercise adherence and reduce dropout.
Evidence based physical activity for school age youthbeatriz9911
This document summarizes an expert panel's review of evidence on the effects of physical activity on health outcomes in school-age youth. The panel identified over 850 relevant articles through a systematic search. They found:
1) Most intervention studies showed benefits of 30-45 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity 3-5 days per week. However, the panel believed greater amounts would be needed for benefits under normal circumstances.
2) The panel concluded that school-age youth should participate in 60 minutes or more per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity from a variety of activities.
3) Physical activity was associated with reduced adiposity, especially for overweight youth, and improved cardiovascular health factors like blood lipid levels and aer
This document discusses aging and the health of the elderly. It notes that the worldwide population over age 65 is expected to triple in the next 50 years. The aging process causes declines in many body systems. Cardiovascular function decreases as does pulmonary and neurological function. Muscle and bone mass is lost. Maintaining physical and mental function through exercise and social engagement can promote healthy aging. Public health policies aim to support the growing elderly population by promoting healthy lifestyles.
This document discusses major health issues impacting Australian youth such as eating disorders, depression, anxiety, self-injury, suicide, and substance abuse. It also examines factors influencing youth health like genetics, family, peers, and socioeconomic status. Finally, it explores how physical activity and school programs can help achieve better mental health outcomes for students.
This document summarizes a literature review on the sociocultural perception of attractiveness and its influence on the development of eating disorders among adolescent girls. The review examines how Western societies' emphasis on thinness leads to body dissatisfaction and unhealthy weight control behaviors in adolescent girls. Several studies cited found links between perceived pressure from peers, parents, and media to be thin and increased dieting, exercise, and body image concerns in girls. The literature review concludes that sociocultural pressure to attain unrealistic beauty standards can negatively impact girls' self-esteem and psychological well-being and increase their risk of developing eating disorders.
This document presents a new framework for gender transformative health promotion for women. It identifies current approaches as gender-specific, gender-sensitive or gender-transformative. Gender-transformative approaches actively examine and change rigid gender norms and power imbalances to achieve both health and gender equity. The framework was developed through a process that included theoretical foundations in gender theory and feedback from practitioners. It positions gender as a social determinant of health and provides examples of initiatives that reinforce or challenge gender inequities in different topics like alcohol. The document argues for health promotion approaches that challenge social norms and advocate structural changes to achieve gender and health equity.
Physical activity and Successful agingSMVDCoN ,J&K
The single most effective means by which older adults can influence their own health and functional abilities and therefore, maintain a high quality in the old age.
This study examined differences in physical fitness and physical activity self-efficacy among 1,432 4th grade students from urban and suburban schools. It found that minority and low-socioeconomic status (SES) children scored lower than white and higher-SES peers on fitness tests and a self-efficacy scale. Among girls and boys, significant effects were seen for ethnicity and SES. Post-hoc analysis revealed minority and low-SES students scored lower on mile run, curl-ups, push-ups, BMI, and self-efficacy. The study aims to use these findings to develop school-based interventions to improve physical fitness and health among underserved minority youth.
1) Sport participation provides students with life lessons and motivation that benefit their academic achievement and emotional development. Studies show student athletes have higher GPAs and standardized test scores compared to non-athletes.
2) Participating in sports is linked to improved attendance and better overall mental health for students. Athletes tend to have higher self-esteem which supports their academic motivation and performance.
3) Student athletes are more likely to continue their education beyond high school. Studies found athletes achieved 25-35% higher levels of education compared to non-athletes. Athletic participation is also associated with higher wages and career success.
The document discusses obesity and wellbeing in people with learning disabilities. It proposes an intervention project focused on promoting healthier lifestyles through a gardening project. The document provides background on health inequalities faced by those with learning disabilities, including higher rates of obesity and related comorbidities. Behavioral and environmental factors contributing to these inequalities are examined. Models of health behavior change and empowerment are discussed to guide the proposed intervention.
1) This study examined the effects of an 8-week physical exercise program on happiness among 120 older adults in Iran.
2) Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group that participated in the exercise program or a control group.
3) Results showed that the exercise program significantly improved happiness in the experimental group, while happiness did not improve in the control group.
Students in higher education are at a higher risk to miss participation in private or institutionorganized physical activities, and this can be reflected badly on their academic performance and future social and physical wellbeing. The current study aimed to identify the barriers hindering the sports participation among sports participants and non-participants in higher education in the UAE. The study demonstrated that both participants and non-participants are significantly affected by several barriers which are lack of facilities, frequent sickness, social and culture barriers, lack of interest, diseases and disabilities, lack of time, peer pressure, shortage of qualified trainers, and overload of study work and lack of transportation. This study provides important data to decision makers about the barriers that hinder sports participation and help them to find solutions in order to improve students’ involvement in physical education and sports in the higher education level in the UAE
Implementation of International Charter of Physical Education and Sport (UNESCO)Devinder Kansal
The document discusses the 1978 UNESCO Charter of Physical Education and Sport. It outlines several key principles of the charter, including that every person has a fundamental right to physical education and sport, which are essential to personality development. It promotes physical activity and sport throughout life via lifelong education. Physical education and sport contribute to health, provide leisure activities, and help people overcome issues of modern living. It also discusses the role of public authorities and institutions in supporting physical education and sport programs.
This document outlines the core courses for the Personal Development, Health and Physical Education subject. It includes 4 cores - Preliminary Core 1 on better individual health, Preliminary Core 2 on the human body in motion, HSC Core 1 on health priorities in Australia, and HSC Core 2 on factors affecting human performance.
SportCorps aims to improve community health through increasing access to physical activity and sport programs. Over 25 years, Sport in Society has used sport to promote individual and public health. SportCorps will place members in neighborhoods to conduct needs assessments, build partnerships, and implement programming to fill gaps. The long-term goal is to create sustainable opportunities for physical activity and healthy development to establish healthier communities.
This document summarizes a master's project that studied the effects of repetitive motion injuries in youth competitive sports during puberty. Specifically, it aimed to show a correlation between injuries and specializing in one sport from ages 10 to 16. The introduction discusses the rising trend of early sports specialization and notes injuries are often from repetitive motions straining joints and muscles. The literature review covers topics like parents' influence on children's sports, recommendations against specializing before age 12-13 due to injury risk, and studies finding overuse injuries in baseball pitchers and soccer players. The purpose is to encourage participating in multiple activities and sports to develop skills and prevent burnout or chronic injuries from specializing too early.
This document outlines the course content for the PDHPE (Personal Development Health and Physical Education) preliminary and HSC courses in Australia. It covers four core units:
1. Better Health for Individuals which examines factors influencing individual health and strategies to promote health.
2. The Body in Motion which explores human movement through anatomy, physiology, fitness and biomechanics.
3. Health Priorities in Australia which investigates current health issues in Australia and the role of the healthcare system in addressing these priorities.
4. Factors Affecting Performance which analyzes approaches to training, skill development, and contributions of psychology, nutrition and recovery to athletic performance.
Global Medical Cures™ | Strategies to Increase Physical Activity Among YouthGlobal Medical Cures™
Global Medical Cures™ | Strategies to Increase Physical Activity Among Youth
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Charles Hillman, Ph.D. - "The Relation of Childhood Fitness and Adiposity to ...youth_nex
The document discusses the relationship between childhood fitness, obesity, and cognitive and brain health. It summarizes research showing that higher fitness is associated with better performance on achievement tests and cognitive tasks involving inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Studies find higher fit children have larger basal ganglia volumes and better relational memory. An intervention study found an after-school physical activity program improved cognitive control as measured by ERPs. Higher adiposity is linked to poorer cognitive performance and brain health. Acute exercise benefits cognitive performance. Collectively, the findings suggest physical activity benefits academic performance and cognitive development by supporting brain health.
This document summarizes research from over 50 studies evaluating interventions to increase physical activity levels across different age groups and settings. The research shows mixed results, with some interventions like tailored walking programs and changes to the built environment effectively increasing activity, while other school-based programs had little impact. Overall, the review finds that there are no single solutions and a range of factors must be addressed to help populations become more active.
This document describes a proposed study to investigate the physical activity interests and participation of students with disabilities at West Virginia University. The study aims to (1) understand past physical activity of these students, (2) identify current activities, and (3) gather suggestions for future offerings. A survey will be distributed to collect data on activities before and during college. The results could help the university determine if current programming is sufficient and identify new classes to support physical activity among students with disabilities.
The influence of intensive physical training on growth and pubertal developm...jk_l33 mn_3l
This document discusses the influence of intensive physical training on growth and pubertal development in athletes. It finds that:
1) Intensive training can negatively influence growth, especially in artistic gymnastics where it was found to attenuate growth potential more in males than females.
2) In female rhythmic gymnasts, genetic predisposition to growth was preserved and even exceeded due to a late catch-up growth phenomenon.
3) In most other sports not requiring strict dietary restrictions, no negative impact on growth has been documented.
4) Intensive training and negative energy balance can delay pubertal development and prolong the prepubertal stage in various sports, with effects being more pronounced in gym
An investigation into the management of vehicle repair garages in the bolgata...Alexander Decker
This document investigates the management of vehicle repair garages in Bolgatanga Municipality, Ghana. It seeks to understand the demographic characteristics of garage entrepreneurs, factors contributing to success and challenges faced, and the relationship between entrepreneur demographics and performance. A survey of 52 randomly selected garage entrepreneurs found that most were young (29-39) males with no formal education and 6-11 years experience. Key success factors were management skills, entrepreneurial traits, and human capital. Major challenges were high input and operating costs, access to financing, and unfavorable laws. The study also found no relationship between entrepreneur gender, age, education or experience and garage performance.
The document provides research on the Mughal Empire in India including their social hierarchy, religions, naming conventions, dining etiquette, and marriage and funeral ceremonies. Key elements researched include the Hindu caste system during Mughal rule, Muslim influence on society, and typical Mughal costumes. Movies like Jodhaa Akbar and Taj Mahal were referenced to understand depictions of Mughal-era clothing, customs, and culture. The research will be adapted into a story featuring Yama, the Hindu god of death, observing the deeds of people from different social classes in Mughal India.
Jade Skelton describes her loving family which includes her sister Taylor, dad Brian, mom Angel, and brother Brian Jr. known as Bub. She has amazing friends who are sweet, helpful, and check on her if she gets hurt. Her favorite foods are chicken fingers, hamburgers, fries and her best of all is fried shrimp. Her hobbies include playing with friends, jumping on her trampoline, watching TV, doing bible study with her dad, shopping, and going to church. Her nicknames are Jadey poo poo, Pucun, and Jadey la hoo hoo.
This document summarizes a literature review on the sociocultural perception of attractiveness and its influence on the development of eating disorders among adolescent girls. The review examines how Western societies' emphasis on thinness leads to body dissatisfaction and unhealthy weight control behaviors in adolescent girls. Several studies cited found links between perceived pressure from peers, parents, and media to be thin and increased dieting, exercise, and body image concerns in girls. The literature review concludes that sociocultural pressure to attain unrealistic beauty standards can negatively impact girls' self-esteem and psychological well-being and increase their risk of developing eating disorders.
This document presents a new framework for gender transformative health promotion for women. It identifies current approaches as gender-specific, gender-sensitive or gender-transformative. Gender-transformative approaches actively examine and change rigid gender norms and power imbalances to achieve both health and gender equity. The framework was developed through a process that included theoretical foundations in gender theory and feedback from practitioners. It positions gender as a social determinant of health and provides examples of initiatives that reinforce or challenge gender inequities in different topics like alcohol. The document argues for health promotion approaches that challenge social norms and advocate structural changes to achieve gender and health equity.
Physical activity and Successful agingSMVDCoN ,J&K
The single most effective means by which older adults can influence their own health and functional abilities and therefore, maintain a high quality in the old age.
This study examined differences in physical fitness and physical activity self-efficacy among 1,432 4th grade students from urban and suburban schools. It found that minority and low-socioeconomic status (SES) children scored lower than white and higher-SES peers on fitness tests and a self-efficacy scale. Among girls and boys, significant effects were seen for ethnicity and SES. Post-hoc analysis revealed minority and low-SES students scored lower on mile run, curl-ups, push-ups, BMI, and self-efficacy. The study aims to use these findings to develop school-based interventions to improve physical fitness and health among underserved minority youth.
1) Sport participation provides students with life lessons and motivation that benefit their academic achievement and emotional development. Studies show student athletes have higher GPAs and standardized test scores compared to non-athletes.
2) Participating in sports is linked to improved attendance and better overall mental health for students. Athletes tend to have higher self-esteem which supports their academic motivation and performance.
3) Student athletes are more likely to continue their education beyond high school. Studies found athletes achieved 25-35% higher levels of education compared to non-athletes. Athletic participation is also associated with higher wages and career success.
The document discusses obesity and wellbeing in people with learning disabilities. It proposes an intervention project focused on promoting healthier lifestyles through a gardening project. The document provides background on health inequalities faced by those with learning disabilities, including higher rates of obesity and related comorbidities. Behavioral and environmental factors contributing to these inequalities are examined. Models of health behavior change and empowerment are discussed to guide the proposed intervention.
1) This study examined the effects of an 8-week physical exercise program on happiness among 120 older adults in Iran.
2) Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group that participated in the exercise program or a control group.
3) Results showed that the exercise program significantly improved happiness in the experimental group, while happiness did not improve in the control group.
Students in higher education are at a higher risk to miss participation in private or institutionorganized physical activities, and this can be reflected badly on their academic performance and future social and physical wellbeing. The current study aimed to identify the barriers hindering the sports participation among sports participants and non-participants in higher education in the UAE. The study demonstrated that both participants and non-participants are significantly affected by several barriers which are lack of facilities, frequent sickness, social and culture barriers, lack of interest, diseases and disabilities, lack of time, peer pressure, shortage of qualified trainers, and overload of study work and lack of transportation. This study provides important data to decision makers about the barriers that hinder sports participation and help them to find solutions in order to improve students’ involvement in physical education and sports in the higher education level in the UAE
Implementation of International Charter of Physical Education and Sport (UNESCO)Devinder Kansal
The document discusses the 1978 UNESCO Charter of Physical Education and Sport. It outlines several key principles of the charter, including that every person has a fundamental right to physical education and sport, which are essential to personality development. It promotes physical activity and sport throughout life via lifelong education. Physical education and sport contribute to health, provide leisure activities, and help people overcome issues of modern living. It also discusses the role of public authorities and institutions in supporting physical education and sport programs.
This document outlines the core courses for the Personal Development, Health and Physical Education subject. It includes 4 cores - Preliminary Core 1 on better individual health, Preliminary Core 2 on the human body in motion, HSC Core 1 on health priorities in Australia, and HSC Core 2 on factors affecting human performance.
SportCorps aims to improve community health through increasing access to physical activity and sport programs. Over 25 years, Sport in Society has used sport to promote individual and public health. SportCorps will place members in neighborhoods to conduct needs assessments, build partnerships, and implement programming to fill gaps. The long-term goal is to create sustainable opportunities for physical activity and healthy development to establish healthier communities.
This document summarizes a master's project that studied the effects of repetitive motion injuries in youth competitive sports during puberty. Specifically, it aimed to show a correlation between injuries and specializing in one sport from ages 10 to 16. The introduction discusses the rising trend of early sports specialization and notes injuries are often from repetitive motions straining joints and muscles. The literature review covers topics like parents' influence on children's sports, recommendations against specializing before age 12-13 due to injury risk, and studies finding overuse injuries in baseball pitchers and soccer players. The purpose is to encourage participating in multiple activities and sports to develop skills and prevent burnout or chronic injuries from specializing too early.
This document outlines the course content for the PDHPE (Personal Development Health and Physical Education) preliminary and HSC courses in Australia. It covers four core units:
1. Better Health for Individuals which examines factors influencing individual health and strategies to promote health.
2. The Body in Motion which explores human movement through anatomy, physiology, fitness and biomechanics.
3. Health Priorities in Australia which investigates current health issues in Australia and the role of the healthcare system in addressing these priorities.
4. Factors Affecting Performance which analyzes approaches to training, skill development, and contributions of psychology, nutrition and recovery to athletic performance.
Global Medical Cures™ | Strategies to Increase Physical Activity Among YouthGlobal Medical Cures™
Global Medical Cures™ | Strategies to Increase Physical Activity Among Youth
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Charles Hillman, Ph.D. - "The Relation of Childhood Fitness and Adiposity to ...youth_nex
The document discusses the relationship between childhood fitness, obesity, and cognitive and brain health. It summarizes research showing that higher fitness is associated with better performance on achievement tests and cognitive tasks involving inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Studies find higher fit children have larger basal ganglia volumes and better relational memory. An intervention study found an after-school physical activity program improved cognitive control as measured by ERPs. Higher adiposity is linked to poorer cognitive performance and brain health. Acute exercise benefits cognitive performance. Collectively, the findings suggest physical activity benefits academic performance and cognitive development by supporting brain health.
This document summarizes research from over 50 studies evaluating interventions to increase physical activity levels across different age groups and settings. The research shows mixed results, with some interventions like tailored walking programs and changes to the built environment effectively increasing activity, while other school-based programs had little impact. Overall, the review finds that there are no single solutions and a range of factors must be addressed to help populations become more active.
This document describes a proposed study to investigate the physical activity interests and participation of students with disabilities at West Virginia University. The study aims to (1) understand past physical activity of these students, (2) identify current activities, and (3) gather suggestions for future offerings. A survey will be distributed to collect data on activities before and during college. The results could help the university determine if current programming is sufficient and identify new classes to support physical activity among students with disabilities.
The influence of intensive physical training on growth and pubertal developm...jk_l33 mn_3l
This document discusses the influence of intensive physical training on growth and pubertal development in athletes. It finds that:
1) Intensive training can negatively influence growth, especially in artistic gymnastics where it was found to attenuate growth potential more in males than females.
2) In female rhythmic gymnasts, genetic predisposition to growth was preserved and even exceeded due to a late catch-up growth phenomenon.
3) In most other sports not requiring strict dietary restrictions, no negative impact on growth has been documented.
4) Intensive training and negative energy balance can delay pubertal development and prolong the prepubertal stage in various sports, with effects being more pronounced in gym
An investigation into the management of vehicle repair garages in the bolgata...Alexander Decker
This document investigates the management of vehicle repair garages in Bolgatanga Municipality, Ghana. It seeks to understand the demographic characteristics of garage entrepreneurs, factors contributing to success and challenges faced, and the relationship between entrepreneur demographics and performance. A survey of 52 randomly selected garage entrepreneurs found that most were young (29-39) males with no formal education and 6-11 years experience. Key success factors were management skills, entrepreneurial traits, and human capital. Major challenges were high input and operating costs, access to financing, and unfavorable laws. The study also found no relationship between entrepreneur gender, age, education or experience and garage performance.
The document provides research on the Mughal Empire in India including their social hierarchy, religions, naming conventions, dining etiquette, and marriage and funeral ceremonies. Key elements researched include the Hindu caste system during Mughal rule, Muslim influence on society, and typical Mughal costumes. Movies like Jodhaa Akbar and Taj Mahal were referenced to understand depictions of Mughal-era clothing, customs, and culture. The research will be adapted into a story featuring Yama, the Hindu god of death, observing the deeds of people from different social classes in Mughal India.
Jade Skelton describes her loving family which includes her sister Taylor, dad Brian, mom Angel, and brother Brian Jr. known as Bub. She has amazing friends who are sweet, helpful, and check on her if she gets hurt. Her favorite foods are chicken fingers, hamburgers, fries and her best of all is fried shrimp. Her hobbies include playing with friends, jumping on her trampoline, watching TV, doing bible study with her dad, shopping, and going to church. Her nicknames are Jadey poo poo, Pucun, and Jadey la hoo hoo.
This very short document does not provide enough contextual information to generate a meaningful 3 sentence summary. It contains only two abbreviated words that are not enough to understand the topic or essential ideas being conveyed.
El documento proporciona recomendaciones para reducir el calentamiento global a través de cambios en el estilo de vida, incluyendo evitar el desperdicio de energía al calentar y enfriar hogares, desenchufar aparatos electrónicos cuando no se usen, e instalar lámparas de bajo consumo. También recomienda optar por electrodomésticos y transporte público para reducir el consumo de energía.
This document outlines the components and setup of an IP network intercom system for a school application. It includes an IP-9000CA master station, IP-9000CS slave stations located in classrooms and offices, and an IP-9000SF server located in the electricity room to connect the 20 units over the LAN/WAN/Internet network. An optional IP-9000MC master controller can also be included.
Este documento presenta un cuadro comparativo de tres programas: minería de datos, Big Data y computación en la nube. La minería de datos busca grandes cantidades de datos contenidos en almacenes y utiliza inteligencia artificial y aprendizaje automático. Big Data también busca grandes cantidades de datos que se encuentran en constante crecimiento. La computación en la nube se apoya en nueva infraestructura dinámica y ofrece servicios a nivel mundial de manera accesible.
The results showed a reduction in hip measurement of 12cm, lower waist measurement decreased by 13cm, and thighs measurement was reduced by 8.5cm. Overall weight loss was 12.5kg.
La tabla muestra los nombres, ingresos, descuentos y total a cobrar de 7 empleados de la agencia de aduanas Titanic. Dos empleados ganan menos de $1,000 y la suma de sus ingresos es de $1,700. La tabla también incluye fórmulas para contar el número de empleados que ganan menos de $1,000 y sumar los ingresos de esos empleados.
El documento describe las aplicaciones de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (NTIC's) en empresas, educación y sociedad. Explica que las empresas emplean NTIC's internas como intranets y externas como internet para comunicarse internamente de manera segura y con proveedores. También señala que la educación usa NTIC's como la web, televisión y radio para estudiantes y docentes. Finalmente, indica que la sociedad se comunica de diversas formas y emplea tecnología avanzada para mantenerse informada y en contact
La persona escogió estudiar psicología porque le interesa investigar la conducta de los seres vivos como los animales y las personas. La psicología se construyó sobre las bases establecidas por filósofos antiguos como Sócrates, Platón y Aristóteles, quienes debatieron ideas sobre el alma, la mente y la realidad. La psicología estudia diversos aspectos del ser humano como los procesos cognitivos, el desarrollo espiritual y moral, y la interacción con el entorno a través del aprendizaje
El documento define la administración como la ciencia social aplicada que estudia la organización de recursos humanos y materiales para lograr objetivos. Explica que la administración incluye la planificación, organización, dirección y control de una organización. También resume las diferentes escuelas de pensamiento sobre la administración a través de la historia, incluyendo la administración científica, clásica, de relaciones humanas y enfoques más recientes. Finalmente, describe las diferentes áreas funcionales de la administración como las finanzas, mercadeo, producción
draft adult participation in excercise-3Oliver Oxby
This study examined barriers and motivations for exercise participation among adults in South Bradford. Questionnaires were given to two groups - a weight maintenance group and weight loss group. Barriers identified included lack of time, cost, lack of confidence in joining a gym, and associating exercise with boredom. The weight maintenance group exercised more minutes per week than the weight loss group, but the weight loss group exercised more times per week. Limitations included a small sample size focused only on clients of one company.
This document provides an overview of physical education, exercise science, and sport. It discusses the importance of developing a personal philosophy in this field and outlines 12 subdisciplines that have broadened the scope of the field, including exercise physiology, sports medicine, biomechanics, and sport psychology. Barriers to physical activity participation among various populations are identified. Definitions of key terms like physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness are also provided.
Some people realized about the importance of physical activity in maintaining health and wellness. This perception exists because there is a lot of efforts and studies done to improve people health and wellness through physical activity. In top of that, it is known that motivation is one of the main effects of the people participation in sports or physical activity. Therefore, whether intrinsic or extrinsic, many have agreed that motivation plays important role in determining physical activity level. Hence, this study will be conducted to determine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The researcher has randomly selected 172 students from Faculty of Education UiTM as a respondent of this study. The study was conducted using questionnaire based on the Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) which then been edited to fulfil the requirement of the study. This study is to examine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The results showed that there was significant relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The male respondent was found to have high level of physical activity better than female respondents.
Instructor’s Feedback Depth and Relevance 4.5 out of 4.5Rep.docxLaticiaGrissomzz
Instructor’s Feedback
Depth and Relevance: 4.5 out of 4.5
Reply post responds completely to all facets of another student’s initial post, incorporating different points of view, ideas or concepts related.
Utilization of Course Material and References:
4 out of 4
Reply post integrates course materials (textbook and ancillary article from student’s post).
Word Count: 2 out of 2
Reply post has between 250-350 words. (This word count does not include the actual discussion question being written or the reference list.)
Hello Samuel,
There are several ideas you have expressed in your post, which I support. First, I want to join you in your view that there is inadequate research on cultural diversity in sport psychology. The increasing population of diverse populations in sports in the United States, whereby many immigrants have been incorporated into sports and athletics, should be characterized by more research on cultural diversity to enable diverse players to understand how they can relate with their coach, fellow athletes, and sportsmen and women (Schinke & Moore, 2011). It is also important because it will ensure that all the affected parties understand and can interpret rules and regulations safeguarding sports in foreign countries. Many reports have shown that the United States is more diverse today, with a greater population of African players and athletes dominating the country.
Cultural diversity in sports has contributed to the current intense competition, innovation, and talented players and athletes in America. In your post, I agree that research on cultural diversity in sport psychology will ensure that sports psychologists gain an in-depth understanding of the athletes with whom they work. It is also key in demonstrating respect for and integration of cultural constructs in the treatment room (Ryba et al., 2013). Another important idea you have identified in your post is that intense research on cultural diversity in sport psychology is key because it helps sports psychologists maintain personal and professional self-awareness.
From your post, it is evident that a lack of research on cultural diversity in sport psychology can lead to an organization's lack of inclusive culture. This is mainly occurring due to a diverse organization that is not properly oriented and guided by organizational behaviors and culture (Gill & William, 2008). The resultant effect of a diverse culture is that it can change an organization's culture, which can make it miss its core values and general mandate.
References
Gill, D. L., & William, L. (2008). Gender, diversity, and cultural competence.
Psychological dynamics of sport and exercise. 2nd. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 267-290.
Schinke, R., & Moore, Z. E. (2011). Culturally informed sport psychology: Introduction to the special issue.
Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology,
5(4), 283-294.
Ryba, T. V., S.
Running head: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 1
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 2
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy in Schools
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between physical activities and health outcomes among adolescents. The majority of the adult population knows much about health-risk behaviours of adolescents, and knows less about their health-promoting behaviours. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between physical activity levels and self-efficacy among adolescents.
Introduction
According to Start Active, regular physical activity associates with benefits for physical and mental health (as cited in Roberts et al, 2015). Studies have indicated that health life traits and styles have an impact on lifelong health and life quality. Childhood poor diet and physical inactivity have been risk factors for a multitude of chronic health condition in adulthood (Matthews et al, 2015). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for children, only 42% of children and 8% of adolescents achieve current recommended physical activity.
Most students studying in Hoca Ahment Yesevi University were hound to have health issues emanating from lack of physical exercise and personal fitness programs (Ozkan, 2015). Up to 70 per cent of university students are reported as not participating in regular free-time physical activity or exercise (Haase et al, 2004, as cited in Roberts et al, 2014). Simon et al (2015) mentioned that majority of the adult population fails to achieve recommended daily exercise, 30-minutes moderate intensity exercise. When physical activity is conducted regularly as the researchers found out, it is likely to improve the physical fitness of the students and generally of people and therefore contributing heavily to better healthy life styles. Achieving daily exercise was shown to promote better sleep quality and higher psychological functioning in adolescents (Kalak et al, 2012, as cited in Rew et al, 2015).
Styles and activities that promote the health of humans increase their chances of wellbeing and therefore promote healthy living. In achieving well-being in health, there must be a mentioned engagement in activities which are likely to enhance the same such as proper exercises and fitness methods. Health promotion takes quite a multidimensional structure, that is, intellectual, mental, physical and social and therefore a number of behaviours which are meant at promoting behaviours are identified by health professionals and other researchers. These behaviours include life appreciation, stress management, health responsibility, social support, exercise and better nutrition. Therefore a general conclusion is arrived at that physical activity and exercise have an impact on the quality of human life and can actually aid its improveme.
A Master’s Thesis for OTH-670- Research Seminar IIJulia Christian
This document appears to be a thesis submitted by two occupational therapy students to fulfill requirements for a master's degree. It includes an abstract that summarizes a study on the effects of physical activity on adolescent well-being. The thesis contains sections on literature review, methods, results, and discussion. The literature review explores trends in adolescent physical activity, definitions of wellness, the impact of physical activity on different aspects of wellness, and environmental factors related to physical activity. The purpose is to examine the association between physical activity and adolescent wellness. The methods section describes the mixed methods study design, including surveys distributed to high school students to collect data on physical activity and wellness. The results and discussion sections analyze and interpret the findings of
According to a 2003 Ministry of Health survey: 1) One-third of adults in New Zealand are not physically active enough for good health, 2) This inactivity leads to health problems like obesity and increased risk of disease, 3) Sedentary lifestyles have become more common in developed countries and are major contributors to preventable disease and death.
The Impact of Physical Activity on Socializing Mentally Handicapped Childreninventionjournals
This research is conducted to determine socialization of individuals with moderate mental retardation by physical activity. In order to meet the needs of physical activity of individuals with mental retardation, programs including work and play are being prepared today. These games and practices are aimed on their abilities, limitations and interests. A well-planned program of physical activity can have a positive contribution to all areas of development on children with mental disabilities. In this study, which proceeds on the basis of The Focus Group Interview (FGI), a part of qualitative research strategy, 19 parents with disabled kids were interviewed. Children of parents who participated in the study have moderate mental retardation (MR) and they have been playing basketball for two days a week, swimming for one day a weekend short walking at least three times a week on a regular basis for the last two years. The study was made by Maximum Diversity Sampling as a sampling method and interview form was used as a data collection means. Verbal explanations given by parents to open-ended questions were analyzed through content analysis. Main themes of each research question were chosen by comparing a pre determined part of the creation of common themes. As a result, parents who are suffering from hyperactive or inactive children, tell that they observe a significant change in their children after doing sports. Parents who see this positive change become happy and therefore they have spare time for themselves while their kids are doing sports. Both parents and children defined the positive changes at home and social life along with sports as happiness and calmness. Parents state that they feel their kid’s sense of achievement, improved ability to make an action and communications kills. They also observe the fact that they gain acceptance in the community
This study investigated whether children's psychological self-concepts are predictive of their reported activity preferences and leisure participation. 38 healthy children aged 10-14 completed questionnaires measuring self-concept and activity participation. Results showed that children's intellectual/school self-concept predicted their overall enjoyment of participation. Freedom from anxiety predicted preferences for skill-based activities. Gender and age also predicted some activity preferences and participation, such as gender predicting participation in physical activities. The study provides evidence that children's psychological self-concept, age, and gender can predict their activity preferences and leisure participation.
AN OVERVIEW OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH LITERACY IN ADULT POPULATION WITH...IAEME Publication
This document discusses a study on physical activity and health literacy among adults in Kanyakumari District, India. The study aims to measure satisfaction and health awareness among adults due to the impact of physical activity and health literacy. It involved collecting primary data through questionnaires from 200 respondents. The results showed that most adults maintain lifestyle changes and understand the causes of health conditions. In terms of physical activity, most preferred morning walks or outdoor games. Regarding health literacy, many gained knowledge from media or read about disease prevention. The study found physical activity helped adults access correct health information and choose foods without preservatives.
Participation in everyday occupations is vital for human development and well-being. Occupational therapy focuses on enabling participation in meaningful activities. The document discusses key aspects of participation including:
1) Participation has positive influences on health, life satisfaction, and development. It is reduced by disability, leading to less diverse and social activities.
2) Occupational therapists should understand participation, how to measure and facilitate it, across all populations.
3) Meaningful participation requires balance between an activity's challenge and one's skills, feelings of choice and mastery, and a supportive environment.
AbstractThis informative report focuses on filling information.docxbartholomeocoombs
Abstract
This informative report focuses on filling information gaps regarding adherence to physical activity and exercise in the health care spectrum of older adults and an overview of the benefits of physical activity for OAs. Healthy People 2000, 2010, and 2020 are public health programs from the US Department of Health and Human Services that set national goals and objectives for promoting health and preventing disease. The programs include ten leading health indicators that reflect major health problems, which concern OAs. Exercise and physical activity are among the most important factors affecting health and longevity, but exercise adherence is a significant hindrance in achieving health goals in the elderly. Exercise adherence in OAs is a multifactorial problem encompassing many bio-psychosocial factors. Factors affecting adherence in the elderly include socioeconomic status, education level, living arrangements, health status, pacemakers, physical fitness, and depression. Improving adherence could have a significant impact on longevity, quality of life, and health care costs.
Keywords: Geriatric Medicine, Health Care, Health Professionals, Exercise Adherence
Introduction
Geriatric health care delivery is a major public health issue. Geriatrics refers to diagnosing and treating older adults (OA) with complex medical conditions and social problems. A recent report from the World Health Organization (WHO) stated, “OA are generally defined according to a range of characteristics including chronological age, change in social role and changes in functional capabilities. In high-resourced countries older age is generally defined in relation to retirement from paid employment and receipt of a pension, at 60 or 65 years. With increasing longevity some countries define a separate group of oldest people, those over 85 years. In low-resourced countries with shorter life-spans, older people may be defined as those over 50 years” (World Health Organization, 2010a). OA are the largest and fastest growing segment of the population, which present significant challenges to the health care system. Understanding the factors contributing to the health practices of OA is important for professionals, paraprofessionals, and paid and unpaid caregivers who need basic and continuing geriatric education to improve care. Adherence to physical activity and exercise programs is a critical but poorly understood area for promoting health and longevity.
The terms physical activity and exercise are often used interchangeably, but they are different. Physical activity involves movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy from metabolism. It is grouped as occupational, sports, conditioning, household, or other activities. Exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive. It promotes health, fitness, and skill and the results of the program can be measured with specific tests (Caspersen, Powell, & Christenson, 1985; F.
Frustrations in the GymThe purpose of this assignment is to .docxalisoncarleen
Frustrations in the Gym
The purpose of this assignment is to examine ethical issues for professionals working in exercise psychology, rehabilitation, and in other professions related to physical activity as a means for maintaining individual health and well-being. Ethical principles and guidelines, previously discussed, will be applied to these various environments for critical analysis and discussion. Despite the differences in environments, the ethical situations exercise psychology professionals face, often, fall within the same parameters as those of other helping professions.
For this assignment, first, read the following article from the Argosy University online library resources:
Pauline, J., Pauline, G., Johnson, S., & Gamble, K. (2006). Ethical issues in exercise psychology.
Ethics & Behavior
,
16
(1), 61–76.
Now, answer the following questions:
Are issues of competency and training more complex for exercise psychology professionals than for applied sport psychology professionals?
What ethical dilemmas are unique to the relationship between a client and an exercise psychology professional? Are there distinct differences in this relationship compared to a relationship between a client and a sport psychology professional?
Answer each question in 200–300 words. Your response should be in Microsoft Word document format. Name the file SP6300_M4_A1_LastName_FirstInitial.doc and submit it to the appropriate
Discussion Area
by
the due date assigned
.
Through the end of the module
, comment on the posts of two of your peers. In your reviews, check whether the answers given to the second question support their answers to the first one. Discuss any inconsistencies or similarities in your classmates' answers. All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
Assignment 1 Grading CriteriaMaximum Points
Identified and described the differences in competency and training issues for exercise psychology professionals as compared to applied sport psychology professionals.8Analyzed and described the ethical dilemmas unique to exercise psychology professionals.8Compared the relationship between a client and an exercise psychology professional with that of the relationship between a client and a sport psychology professional.8Reviewed the posts of at least two peers and pointed out any inconsistencies and similarities.8Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.4
Total:36
Ethical Issues in Exercise Psychology
Jeffrey S. Pauline, Gina A. Pauline, Scott R. Johnson,
and Kelly M. Gamble
School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
Ball State University
Exercise psychology encompasses the disciplines of psychiatry, clinical and counseling
psychology, health promotion, and themovement sciences. This emerging field involves
diverse mental he ...
Physical Fitness Involvement Among Young Adults and its Relation to other Act...Vinay Ghosh
You can visit our blog below, for more such kinds of free research paper downloads: --
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Physical activity is one of the major traits among young adults and children. The level of
physical activities among children is found to be directly related to some common diseases like
obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, high blood pressure, and cancer. This paper consists of
a literature review of various research papers, which have been published in the context of
physical fitness. The various papers have been discussed to prove that physical fitness is directly
related to these diseases.
This document summarizes a study on the challenges and opportunities for physical activity among teaching and non-teaching personnel at selected state universities in Central Luzon, Philippines. The study found that non-teaching personnel reported higher levels of physical activity in their jobs compared to teaching personnel. Both groups reported high levels of physical activity in transportation, housework, and leisure, but also spent significant time sitting. The main challenges to physical activity were limited promotion programs, lack of tailored and individual programs, and limited links between work and external physical activity opportunities. The study concludes that workplace wellness programs could help address challenges and maintain existing high physical activity levels among university personnel.
Crimson Publishers-Functionality and Attitudes in Relation to Aging of Elderl...CrimsonPublishersGGS
Functionality and Attitudes in Relation to Aging of Elderly Women Practicing Physical Exercises by Daniel Vicentini de Oliveira in Gerontology & Geriatrics studies
The objective was to verify the attitudes regarding old age and the functional capacity of elderly women practicing physical exercises. This is a cross-sectional study, realized with 200 women. The Functional Protocol of the Latin American Development Group for Maturity (GDLAM) and the Scale for Assessment of Attitudes in Relation to Old Age was used. There was a significant correlation only in the stand up from sitting position test, with the domains of expectations regarding activity (r=-0.31), satisfaction with life (r=0.38) and death anxiety (r=-0.27). It can be concluded that there is correlation between some domains of the functional capacity test and the attitudes towards old age.
Physical activity can effectively enhance self-esteem through improving physical self-worth and overall well-being. Exercise interventions with choice, feedback on progress, and realistic goals best support self-esteem gains by increasing perceptions of physical ability. Providing social support and a positive coaching style can also positively impact self-esteem.
Week 4Assignment 4a Annotated BibliographyInstructions You ne.docxhelzerpatrina
This document contains abstracts for 15 scholarly articles related to ethical issues in sports. The articles cover a wide range of topics including concussions in hockey, ethical decision making in sports medicine, performance enhancing drugs, and legal/ethical issues of social media and blogging for dietitians. Many of the articles discuss balancing the health and well-being of athletes with pressures to return them to play or maximize performance, as well as managing conflicts between various stakeholders in sports like teams, leagues, and medical professionals. The document appears to be providing source material for an annotated bibliography assignment on ethics in sports or a related topic.
Physical Activity Level Analyses and Chronic-Degenerative Disease Risks In Do...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- It is of common belief that physical activity can restore damages caused to people's health due to the stressful everyday work routine. The energy expenditure on physical activities is directly related to the frequency, duration and intensity of human movements developed on many tasks. Thus, the main objective of this paper was to evaluate this energy consumption in public school teachers from the city of Horizonte, Ceara, discussing about degenerative chronic disease risks. 30 teachers, 9 men and 21 women within the age of 25 to 59 years old, were evaluated. Their Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated in order to classify them as normal, overweight and obese. As an instrument, the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnarie (IPAQ) was used, once it is more recommended to national prevalence studies due to the possibility of international comparison. This instrument contains several questions related to frequency (days per week) and duration (time per day) spent on moderate and vigorous physical activities and walking. The questionnarie also captures the energy expenditure in METs, in order to classify the selected individuals according to intensity: “sedentary” (< 1,5 METs), “low” (1,5 < METs < 3,0), “moderate” (3,9 < METs < 5,9) and “high” (≥ 6,0 METs). These analyses were performed using the Epi Info™ program, which used descriptive statistics. The results showed that the teachers present a good level of physical activity with 46,67% classified as high, 40% as moderate and 13,13% as low. The individuals also presented significant degree of overweight and obesity, 43% and 34% respectively, and only 23% within the acceptable weight range. Therefore, it could be concluded that, among the modifiable risk factors, the physical activity and the body mass control play important roles when it comes to chronic-degenerative disease prevention
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An elaborative view about the physical, social and cultural barriers faced by the females in sports
1. Public Policy and Administration Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5731(Paper) ISSN 2225-0972(Online)
Vol.4, No.10, 2014
36
An Elaborative View about the Physical, Social and Cultural
Barriers Faced by the Females in Sports
Saqib Khan1
Irfanullah Khan2
Farhatullah Khan1
Hamid Rauf1
Tufail Nawaz1
Nafid Khan1
Syed Zia-ul-Islam3
1.Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail khan, Pakistan
2.Department of Public Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail khan, Pakistan
3.Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Gomal University, Dera Ismail
Abstract
Many efforts have been made to encourage physical education, coupled with the benefits of physical activity and
the risks of physical inactivity, but a substantial portion of young adults are not physically active and remain
sedentary. This situation raises several questions; Why this trend? What are the factors that prevent people to
engage in physical activity? Is it possible to change the attitude of inactive individuals toward physical activity,
and if so, how? To examine whether there is any differences in perceived barriers to physical activity among
male and female students. The current study also investigate the relationship between perceived barriers, self-
efficacy and physical activity. To see the mediation effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between perceived
barriers and participation in physical activity. The study attempts to examine the barriers to perform physical
activity among the female students.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the male dominated societies, the socio-cultural barriers against the female activities have become a
prominent issue in the modern world. The females are being cornered in every social activity let-a-side the sports.
Already, due to present wave of terrorism the sports stadium and grounds at the both local and national level are
lying vacant. Moreover, the cultural barriers also restrict the females to participate in the sports. “The regular
physical activity remains an important behavior for promoting health. But, unfortunately, research indicated that
physical activity rates decline consistently during the adolescent years” (Leslie, Sparling & Owen, 2001).
Examination of perceived physical activity barriers was considered important to contribute to physical inactivity.
“The present study was conducted to explore the perceived barriers to physical activity among female students
and it looks at the mediation effects of self-efficacy in the relation between perceived barriers and physical
activity”. Research has also clearly suggested a positive association between exercise and psychological health
and well-being. This appears especially true for improvements in mood and the ability to cope with stress
(Macintyre, 2004). In addition, exercise has been shown to improve many psychiatric problems such as
depression, anxiety and stress disorders.
The social justice does not allow the gender discrimination at any level. Still, in the developing countries, the
females are not allowed by their family members and the society as a whole to come out from their homes for
any healthy activity. “The gender based physical activities and physical education because access and regular
participation is a fundamental human right. It is a fundamental human right because regular participation in
physical activity is an essential component of a healthy lifestyle”. Programs that prepare female students for
lifelong physical activity must be formally organized, well designed and professionally led (Trudeau & Shepherd,
2005). “Quality, school physical education programs provide young people with opportunities to develop the
values, knowledge and skills they need to lead physically active lives, build self-esteem and to promote and
facilitate physical activity in the lives of others”.
2. PHYSICAL BARRIERS TOWARDS SPORTS
The divine has gifted the females with immense power and endurance. In sports, they can perform much batter
as compared to males in the fields of swimming, running, jumping etc. “With exercise and activity habits
commencing early in life and the development of healthy lifestyle behaviors among children and adolescents
translating into reduced health risks in adulthood” (Van Daalen, 2005), quality education at an early ages is
paramount. Hence, schools have been identified as key health settings and are being called upon to give greater
attention to their physical education and physical activity programs. “Today, despite Participation in sports
activities is available and relatively cheap; however, few people would like to pay to physical activity and
exercise”. Although from the theoretical point, almost everyone knows that sporting activities can enhance
physical health and also is an entertainment, but unfortunately from the practical point view, a few are interested
in regular exercises.
Regarding the participation of the female in the sports, the picture is very bleak right from the school level. The
2. Public Policy and Administration Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5731(Paper) ISSN 2225-0972(Online)
Vol.4, No.10, 2014
37
educational institutions, in this regard, can play the role of sports centers and nurseries for the future athletes and
players. Physical activity, fitness and relaxation have many benefits for the human body. Trudeau & Shepherd
(2005) identified physical activity can be very effective in improving the human respiratory system, while
strengthening the heart muscle and increasing its volume is the benefits of physical activity. “People with
physical activity and those who exercise regularly are able to adopt an active lifestyle, have an attractive
appearance and changes in mood and experience confidence”. Allender (2006) believed that physical activity can
be described as an activity that involves stimulus throughout the body that results human skeleton muscles
contraction and increases energy levels. Flintoff & Scraton, (2006) believed that, student perceptions and
positive attitude towards physical activity is one the important elements in evaluating the success of a physical
education curriculum. They believed develop and strengthen students' attitudes toward sports is the instructors
and coaches key task.
Presently, the promotion of physical exercise has become one of the government’s main objectives with respect
to public health. “This is due to the fact that, among the goals to be achieved by the government, is the
prevention of the illnesses caused by sedentarism, as well as the boost of a healthy and suitable lifestyle and is
linked to the health and quality of life of the person” (Gidlow, 2006). This concept has gained increasing
importance in the last decade. “This can be proved by the epidemiological researches, consensus agreements and
reports elaborated for Health Authorities in Europe, Canada, England, The United States and Latin America”
(World Health Organization, 2007). They all clearly pointed out the existing relations between physical activity,
everyday life sport and health not only on an individual level but also on a public one.
2.1 Socio-cultural Barriers
In the under developed societies, the females are confined to only domestic affairs. In the wake of cultural
restrictions they cannot spare themselves for any outdoor activity like sports. The overall social environment
gives them no space to make themselves prominent in the outdoor games. They are barred due to religious
fanaticism which has marked the whole society especially the female community. With reference to the specific
social and cultural practices, beliefs and traditions within a community or society and how they cause impact on
self-perceptions and the perceptions of others (Nixon, 2007). “Of particular significance in this area are
discourses of sport and physical activity dominated by exclusive notions of elitism and masculinity. A lack of
positive and attainable role models is a related issue for most groups examined”.
2.2 Practical Barriers and Knowledge Barriers
“Refer to the physical, medical and economic obstacles to activity that individuals encounter in their daily lives.
Issues such as cost, safety, access, time pressures and health issues were significant for each group (although
different groups were impacted in different ways)”. “Include the correlation between higher educational
achievement and higher levels of physical activity. Knowledge gaps also appear to be linked with socio-cultural
factors, self-perceptions and the perceptions of others”. Evidence suggests that individuals in specific groups
(particularly people from ethnic minority communities and older people) might not be fully aware of all the
benefits of physical activity (Sit, Kerr & Wong, 2008). “There is also evidence to suggest that some service
providers might not be fully equipped to provide for and understand the needs of specific groups”.
3. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS
“Assumed the multiple barriers to participation and the manner in which these intersect between and within
social groupings, policy interventions and/or promotional activities are likely to be more successful if they adopt
a multivariate approach rather than a ‘one size fits all’ approach”. Policy interventions might be beneficial if they
seek to challenge the notion of sports and physical activity as elite, masculine, young and white pursuits. “The
dominance of these myths may exclude women, people with disabilities, older people and members of ethnic
minority and communities (Cerin, 2008)”. “Promotional and marketing materials might benefit from providing
positive, attainable role models for all of the groups considered. It is evident that most groups face practical
barriers to participation”. Policy interventions may wish to consider the wider community, neighborhoods and
infrastructure and examine how these can be redesigned to facilitate and encourage activity.
3.1 Barriers for girls
At this age, girls (and boys) are greatly influenced by their families and schools. “Therefore, barriers to their
participation in sport and active recreation may be due to their home and school environment. Barriers at home:
Time constraints (work and family commitments); Lack of knowledge of available opportunities; and
membership fees, travel and equipment can be expensive, especially for single income families. Barriers at
school: Peer pressure; The diversity of activities offered (for example offered traditional sports which can be
thought of as more relevant for males); and overcrowding of the curriculum, physical activity can often be
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viewed as the lowest priority”.
3.2 Perceived Barriers
Many reasons have been given for not performing tasks or behavior, and many difficulties in performing these
tasks and activities have been reported. “Perceived barriers are certain events, pressures, and situations that are
perceived to impede one’s ability to perform certain behavior”. The barriers in this study consist of two
categories: “perceived internal barriers” and “perceived external barriers”. Perceived internal barriers include
“lack of energy”, “lack of motivation”, and “lack of self-confidence”. Perceived external barriers include “lack
of resource”, “lack of support”, and “lack of time” (Trudeau & Shepherd, 2005). “Example statements of
perceived internal barriers are ‘I have been thinking about exercise is difficult and too tiring’, ‘I have been
thinking about other recreational activities with my friends are more entertaining than exercise’, and ‘I have been
worried about my looks when I exercise’. While examples of statements of perceived external barriers are ‘my
family or friends do not encourage me to exercise’, ‘I have no leisure time for exercise because of my busy
lesson schedule’ and ‘there is no fitness center that I could get to’ (Flintoff & Scraton, 2006)”. Perceived barriers
to physical activity in this study were measured using exercise barriers scale. The scale has been used in previous
studies among young adults.
3.3 Self-Efficacy and Self-determination
Self-efficacy is defined as people's beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance
that exercise influence over events that affect their lives. “Self-efficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think,
motivate themselves and behave, through cognitive, motivational, affective, and selection processes. It is one’s
perception of his or her ability to accomplish certain behaviors or achieve certain outcome”. Self-determination
theory is about students perceiving what they want rather than have to do (Gidlow, 2006). It recognizes students’
basic needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness in physical activity that lead to a desirable motivation and
sense of accomplishment. “Positive feedback is fundamental to competence. Beliefs in competence strongly
influence choices. Autonomy includes feelings of freedom from pressure and opportunities to choose among
several options. There are examples of students’ perceived competence being high but intrinsic motivation being
low because autonomy was low”. Students thrive when they believe they are in an autonomy supportive
environment (Nixon, 2007). Relatedness refers to feelings of loving and caring for others. Students who
perceived their teacher to be compassionate are also more likely to experience higher levels of intrinsic
motivation.
3.4 Girls in physical education
Physical activity is defined as “any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles and resulting in an increase
in energy expenditure”. “Physical activity in this research is classified into leisure time physical activity. The
intensity might be strenuous, moderate and mild physical activity performed three or more sessions per week for
20 minutes.” Examples of strenuous intensity of physical activity include running, jogging, football, basketball,
and long distance bicycling. We need to understand more about age-related declines in self-efficacy for physical
activity, particularly in girls by the end of primary school (Cerin, 2008). “In general, teachers wouldn’t argue
that discomfort with physicality is more likely to increase with age in girls than boys. Within the limitations of
trend analyses, fewer adolescent girls than boys have positive experiences in physical education” (Jenkinson &
Benson, 2009). Everyone would stand around and watch, and if you missed everyone laughed I dropped gym
because I was afraid of looking dumb and feeling worse about myself.
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Figure 1.1 Theoretical Framework
4. DISCUSSIONS
For girls who are able to attend school, physical education is thus of central importance. Because of its emphasis
on developmentally appropriate and carefully sequenced physical activities, physical education makes a unique
contribution to their education in ways that ad hoc physical activity, manual work and informal leisure
participation cannot (Trudeau & Shepherd, 2005). “Widespread, regular, beneficial and sustainable participation
by girls in physical education is only possible, however, when programs are well designed, appropriate to
specific groups of girls, led by trained and competent teachers, and are well resourced” (Flintoff, 2006). First
while girls and women as a group experience inequality in relation to boys and men, not all females experience
inequality to the same degree. “This crucial insight suggests that strategies for change need to be targeted at
specific groups of girls and women and significant others such as fathers, husbands and sons, taking into account
their particular circumstances” (Nixon, 2007). Failure to recognize this key point may explain why so many
initiatives in the past have been ineffective in bringing about real and sustainable change.
How sport, physical activity and appropriate levels of both are defined may have an impact upon participation or
an individual’s perception of their own participation level. “The following paper focuses on barriers to
participation as they affect specific socio-cultural and socio-economic groups, specifically: women; people with
disabilities; people from areas of social disadvantage; older people; people from black and ethnic minority
communities” (Sit et al., 2008). In considering desirable levels of participation the paper refers to the World
Health Organization recommendation of at least ‘30 minutes of daily moderate intensity activity’. Barriers are
considered under the following broad headings: Socio-cultural Barriers; Practical Barriers; and Knowledge
Barriers (Jenkinson & Benson, 2009). “In examining these barriers and how they impact specific groups it is
important to recognize that: The life experiences of individuals will vary between and amongst the groups
examined; Specific groups should not be considered as unified entities, they are by contrast heterogeneous
groupings of individuals with individual motivations and needs; and it is likely a degree of overlap will exist
amongst each group, further complicating matters – for example there is a tendency for more vigorous activity
women among higher socio-economic positions and more incidences of sedentary lifestyles among women from
lower socio-economic positions”.
5. CONCLUSION
Feelings of success and failure are fundamental to the continuum of impact that physical education can have on
students’ lives. Similarly, competency is not optimal when the one same test is the only means of evaluating
responses in physical education. Competency may best be nurtured in an environment with an emphasis on self-
improvement and minimal comparisons with others. Winning should not be the only outcome from competition.
Alternatives to winning can include; keeping the main emphasis on the learning environment such as
understanding more about personal contributions, skill development, satisfaction and or self-improvement.
Competition in school sport and physical education should always provide an outstanding opportunity to educate
female students about personal and collective successes, independent of outcomes. The physical activity
practiced on a regular basis is associated with a great amount of physical, psychological and physiological
benefits and plays an exceptional role in preventing a variety of illnesses. Leading a sedentary lifestyle, on the
contrary, is closely connected with the pathologies mentioned above and can become a serious health problem
both in childhood and in adolescence and particularly among the female students.
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References
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3. Flintoff, A. & Scraton, S. (2006). Girls and physical education, pp. 767-783. Kirk, D., Macdonald, D. and
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