The Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is a male-dominated sport, which indicates less participation by women and children. There are several reasons why women have shown less interest in sports in general. From a cultural perspective, women are supposed to take care of the home and children while the sport is considered stereotypically a male affair (Chrisler and McCreary, 2014). However, research studies have confirmed the significance of physical activities to health outcomes, functionality, and improvements in general quality of life. According to Alters, and Schiff (2015), taking part in physical activities reduces the risk of contracting coronary heart complications as well as some cancers. Therefore, participating in sporting activities is beneficial to all people, irrespective of their gender or any other socio-economic background. Although various studies on the importance of sports to women and children have been conducted, these studies are general. For example, there is a lack of studies on how women and children can be motivated to take part in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu. The current study seeks to identify the strategies for attracting women and children to take part in the Brazilian Jiu Jitsu.

1. PARTICIPATION IN JIU JISTU 1
Women and Children Participation in Brazilian Jujitsu
Rafael Jovet-Ramos
SPT -501- Q5645
Research Methods in Sports Management

2. PARTICIPATION IN JIU JISTU 2
Table of Contents
1.0. Background of the Research Issue........................................................................................... 3
2.0. Primary Research..................................................................................................................... 3
2.2. Secondary Research................................................................................................................. 4
3.0. Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review ...................................................................... 5
3.1. Annotated Bibliography........................................................................................................... 5
3.2. Literature Review..................................................................................................................... 6
3.2.1. Barriers to Participation .................................................................................................... 6
3.2.2. Benefits of Sports.............................................................................................................. 6
4.0. Analysis of Primary and Secondary Research ......................................................................... 7
4.1. Barriers to Participation........................................................................................................... 7
4.2. Methods of Increasing Participation ........................................................................................ 7
4.3. Suggestion for Future Research ............................................................................................... 7
5.0. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 8
6.0. References................................................................................................................................ 9

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Women and Children Participation in Brazilian Jujitsu
1.0. Background of the ResearchIssue
The Brazilian Jiu Jistu is a male dominated sport, which indicates less participation by
women and children. There are several reasons why women have shown less interest in sports in
general. From a cultural perspective, women are supposed to take care of the home and children
while sport is considered stereotypically a male affair (Chrisler and McCreary, 2014). However,
research studies have confirmed the significance of physical activities to health outcomes,
functionality, and improvements in general quality of life. According to Alters, and Schiff
(2015), taking part in physical activities reduces the risk of contracting coronary heart
complications as well as some cancers. Therefore, taking part in sporting activities is beneficial
to all people, irrespective of their gender or any other socio-economic background. Although
various studies on the importance of sports to women and children have been conducted, these
studies are general. For example, there is a lack of studies on how women and children can be
motivated to take part in Brazilian Jiu Jistu. The current study seeks to identify the strategies for
attracting women and children to take part in the Brazilian Jiu Jistu.
2.0. Primary Research
Primary research is the firsthand data collected by a researcher from the respondents.
Primary research is carried out using surveys, interviews, observation, and questionnaires. Using
primary research is an important method of understanding the topic because one can understand
the problem from the perspective of the participants or respondents. However, the problem with
primary research is that it consumes a lot of time and is expensive, as opposed to secondary
research.

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To get an in-depth insight on the topic, the researcher settled on a qualitative interpretive
methodology because it would assist in developing a holistic and in-depth understanding on the
topic. The data for the study results from an online survey with 20 women working in different
sectors. The researcher relied on a semi-structured interview with the respondents to find out
how women and children can be attracted to participate in the Brazilian Jiu Jistu. To improve the
response rate, the researcher relied on salience by communicating the importance of the research
to the participants (Bryman and Bell, 2015). However, there are potential response and results
analysis issues when using a qualitative approach. The researcher relied on the opinions and
views from the participants, which might be subjective. To avoid bias in the analysis of the
findings, the researcher will relied on data from the respondents. The potential ethical issues
would include ensuring participants take part in the study voluntarily, are from harm and that any
information they provide would be kept confidential (Farrell, 2005; Hammersley and Traianou
2012).
2.2. Secondary Research
Secondary research involves getting data from published sources on the subject under
investigation (Bryman and Bell, 2015). This would include data from journals, websites, and
books, among others. The main benefit of secondary research is that it saves time and is less
expensive (Bryman and Bell, 2015). However, there are some controversies with secondary
research. First, data collected might not be relevant, as it could have been gathered to answer a
different problem.

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3.0. Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review
3.1. Annotated Bibliography
Eitzen, S. (2012). Fair and foul: beyond the myths and paradoxes of sport. London:
Rowman & Little field
Eitzen (2012) provides helpful insights on the role of sports, including monetary rewards.
Besides being an entertainment activity, sports also offer huge monetary compensation to
sportswomen and men. However, as the writer also argues, sports are also associated with their
dark sides including discrimination on race, class, and gender, which are some of the barriers to
participation.
Hardman, E. A. and Stensel, D. J. (2009). Physical activity and health: the evidence
explained. London: Taylor & Francis
This book is helpful because it provides insights on the benefits of engaging in sports as
well as the role of the government in promoting physical activities among children. In addition,
Hardman and Stensel (2009), explore modern trends that can increase the prevalence of lifestyle
diseases. The modern tends include “obesity, inactivity ion children, and the increasing age of
the population” (Hardman and Stensel, 2009, p. 4).
Tremblay, S, M, Inman, W. J. and Willms, D. J. (2000). The relationship between physical
activity, self-esteem, and academic achievement in 12-year-old children. Pediatric
Exercise Science, 12, 312-323
Tremblay, Inman, and Willms (2000) undertook an empirical study to determine the
impact of physical exercises on several variables including self-esteem, academic performance,
and BMI on grade 6 students from New Brunswick. According to the researchers, physical
activity was associated with improvements in self-esteem in both males and females. The study

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Tremblay, Inman and Willms (2000) links physical activities with improvements in self-esteem
and academic achievements. The researchers also explain the health benefits of physical
exercises such as the reduction of health complications including Type II Diabetes, hypertension,
and hyperlipidemia, among others health problems. Although the benefits of physical exercises is
stronger among adults, Tremblay, Inman and Willms (2000) argues that the likelihood of being
active is mostly influenced by decisions people make during their childhood. Therefore, this
study helps in understanding the health and psychological benefits of taking part in sports.
3.2. Literature Review
3.2.1. Barriers to Participation
The barriers to participate in any sports can be internal or external. Internal barriers are
categorized as intrapersonal and interpersonal. Intrapersonal factors refer to those attitudes,
beliefs, value systems, knowledge and skills that each person builds based on their surrounding,
culture, or previous experiences (Charlton et al. 2015). On the other hand, interpersonal factors
relate to one’s environment. For example, family members can motivate one to take part in
sports. There is also the element of social pressure to participate in sports (Charlton et al. 2015).
The external forces are the most likely factors that can hinder or motivate one to take part in
sports. Some of the external factors include ease of access, stimuli such as advertisements
(Charlton et al. 2015). Another important external force is the use of role models who promote
the sport. Role models can explain the benefits of taking part in the Jiu Jistu.
3.2.2. Benefits of Sports
Evidence from literature review shows several benefits of taking part in sporting
activities. These benefits include health benefits and monetary rewards (Hardman and Stensel,

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2009; Eitzen, 2012). In addition, taking part in sports has been shown to lead to improvements
self-esteem (Tremblay, et al. 2000).
4.0. Analysis of Primary and Secondary Research
4.1. Barriers to Participation
Table 1 summarizes the barriers to participation of women and children in Brazilian Jiu Jistu.
Factor Number of respondents (N) Response (%)
Culture 5 25%
Health not good 4 20%
Not interested 5 25%
Difficult to find time 6 30%
Total 20 100%
4.2. Methods of Increasing Participation
Table 2 provides a summary of what the respondents felt was the best way of attracting women
and children to take part in Brazilian Jiu Jistu.
Factor Number of respondents (N) Response (%)
Create awareness 8 40%
Provide facilities 6 30%
Marketing and communication 3 15%
Peer Networks 3 15%
Total 20 100%
4.3. Suggestion for Future Research
This research focused on how to attract women and children to take part in Brazilian Jiu
Jistu. However, the current study has not identified the underlying causes of the barriers to
participation. For example, the lack of interest in Brazilian Jiu Jistu could not be pursued further
in this study. It is possible that the lack of interest results from cultural factors or one’s feelings.
In addition, subjective ideas such as “lack of time” are easier to verbalize. Therefore, future

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research should use in-depth interviews that probe individuals’ social circles, and why people
lack interest in Brazilian Jiu Jistu.
5.0. Conclusion
The current research attempted to find out how women and children can be attracted to
participate in the Brazilian Jiu Jistu. The review of secondary data shows that the motivation to
participate comes from one’s expectations, confidence, and opportunities provided by the
external environment. Some women are not aware of the benefits of the Brazilian Jiu Jistu. It is
imperative that the government and other stakeholders to take active measures to overcome the
identified barriers. The government and other stakeholders should create awareness on the
benefits of Jiu Jistu at the individual, community, and national level. Secondly, the government
should provide facilities for training in schools and communities. Thirdly, sports personalities
should be used to explain the benefits to women and children. Lastly, women and children who
are already taking part in Jiu Jistu can play a huge role in marketing Jiu Jistu through their social
networks.

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6.0. References
Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Charlton, A. et al. (2015). Barriers to participation. Analysis to inform the development of the
2010/11 taking part survey. Retrieved from;
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/137997/TP
_Barriersrreport.pdf
Chrisler, C. J. and McCreary, D. R. (eds.) (2014). Handbook of gender research in psychology:
volume 2: gender research in social and applied psychology. London: Springer
Eitzen, S. (2012). Fair and foul: beyond the myths and paradoxes of sport. London: Rowman &
Littlefield
Farrell, A. (2005). Ethical research with children. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Hammersley, M. and Traianou, A. (2012). Ethics in qualitative research: controversies and
contexts. London: SAGE.
Hardman, E. A. and Stensel, D. J. (2009). Physical activity and health: the evidence explained.
London: Taylor & Francis
Tremblay, S, M, Inman, W. J. and Willms, D. J. (2000). The relationship between physical
activity, self-esteem, and academic achievement in 12-year-old children. Pediatric
Exercise Science, 12, 312-323
Williams, M.J. (2014). The basics of Brazilian Jiu Jistu. London: Michael John Williams.