Injection metallurgy and ladle furnaces are used to refine molten steel. In injection metallurgy, desulfurizing reagents are injected into the ladle through a lance using argon gas as a carrier, which helps remove sulfur. Ladle furnaces are used to reheat, stir, and refine steel in a ladle. They allow for desulfurization, alloy additions, and inclusion removal. Both processes make use of slag and can reduce sulfur levels to 0.0002%, improving steel properties.
1) The document discusses various defects that can occur during steel ingot solidification such as pipe, columnar structure, blow holes, and segregation.
2) It provides remedies for preventing these defects, such as using a hot top feeder head to avoid pipe formation and soaking ingots to minimize segregation.
3) The document also covers the mechanisms of ingot solidification, describing how killed, rimmed, and semi-killed steels solidify into chill, columnar, and equiaxed zones within the ingot.
The document describes the argon-oxygen decarburization (AOD) process used in stainless steel production. The AOD process allows for precise control of carbon and alloy element levels by diluting oxygen with argon, enabling carbon to be removed while minimizing oxidation of chromium. The process involves melting scrap in an electric arc furnace, then transferring to an AOD vessel for multiple blows using varying ratios of argon and oxygen to sequentially lower carbon levels from 0.4% to 0.018%, while maintaining the target chromium level of 16.5%, before final adjustments and tapping.
Introduction to Physical Metallurgy Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
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This document discusses the process of continuous casting of steel. It begins with an introduction and overview of the process. It then describes the three main types of continuous casting machines - vertical mould, vertical mould with bending, and curved mould. It provides details on the equipment, materials, process steps, defects, and modern developments of continuous casting. Some advantages are improved yield, quality, productivity and cost efficiency compared to ingot casting. Disadvantages include the need for a large facility and efficient cooling.
Arc welding is type of welding in Manufacturing Processes. Brief Introduction about Arc welding and types of arc welding and their introduction. There are many types of Arc welding available in the market.
This document provides an overview of copper and its alloys. It discusses the extraction of copper from ores through pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes. Pyrometallurgical processes involve smelting copper sulfide concentrates to produce matte and blister copper, while electrolytic refining produces high purity copper. The document also classifies copper alloys and describes various wrought coppers including electrolytic tough-pitch copper, oxygen free copper, and deoxidized copper. Brasses, which are copper-zinc alloys, are discussed in detail, along with their microstructures.
Injection metallurgy and ladle furnaces are used to refine molten steel. In injection metallurgy, desulfurizing reagents are injected into the ladle through a lance using argon gas as a carrier, which helps remove sulfur. Ladle furnaces are used to reheat, stir, and refine steel in a ladle. They allow for desulfurization, alloy additions, and inclusion removal. Both processes make use of slag and can reduce sulfur levels to 0.0002%, improving steel properties.
1) The document discusses various defects that can occur during steel ingot solidification such as pipe, columnar structure, blow holes, and segregation.
2) It provides remedies for preventing these defects, such as using a hot top feeder head to avoid pipe formation and soaking ingots to minimize segregation.
3) The document also covers the mechanisms of ingot solidification, describing how killed, rimmed, and semi-killed steels solidify into chill, columnar, and equiaxed zones within the ingot.
The document describes the argon-oxygen decarburization (AOD) process used in stainless steel production. The AOD process allows for precise control of carbon and alloy element levels by diluting oxygen with argon, enabling carbon to be removed while minimizing oxidation of chromium. The process involves melting scrap in an electric arc furnace, then transferring to an AOD vessel for multiple blows using varying ratios of argon and oxygen to sequentially lower carbon levels from 0.4% to 0.018%, while maintaining the target chromium level of 16.5%, before final adjustments and tapping.
Introduction to Physical Metallurgy Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This document discusses the process of continuous casting of steel. It begins with an introduction and overview of the process. It then describes the three main types of continuous casting machines - vertical mould, vertical mould with bending, and curved mould. It provides details on the equipment, materials, process steps, defects, and modern developments of continuous casting. Some advantages are improved yield, quality, productivity and cost efficiency compared to ingot casting. Disadvantages include the need for a large facility and efficient cooling.
Arc welding is type of welding in Manufacturing Processes. Brief Introduction about Arc welding and types of arc welding and their introduction. There are many types of Arc welding available in the market.
This document provides an overview of copper and its alloys. It discusses the extraction of copper from ores through pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes. Pyrometallurgical processes involve smelting copper sulfide concentrates to produce matte and blister copper, while electrolytic refining produces high purity copper. The document also classifies copper alloys and describes various wrought coppers including electrolytic tough-pitch copper, oxygen free copper, and deoxidized copper. Brasses, which are copper-zinc alloys, are discussed in detail, along with their microstructures.
Continuous casting was conceived in the 1860s and has since led to major improvements in efficiency, productivity, and cost reductions for metal production. The process involves cleaning and equalizing molten metal in a ladle before pouring it into a tundish where impurities are removed, then the metal travels through water cooled copper molds to begin solidifying as it moves downward along supported rollers. The key advantages are 100% casting yield due to no waste metal, an automatic and consistent process, and reproducible mechanical properties.
The document discusses various methods for assaying gold, including fire assaying, ICP spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, touchstone testing, and density measurement. Fire assaying is the most widely used and accurate method, involving melting a sample with lead and silver, separating out the noble metals in a cupel, and dissolving away silver to determine the gold content. The method works well for alloys with 30-99.9% gold but requires modifications if nickel, palladium, or platinum are present. Other techniques provide alternatives but with reduced accuracy compared to fire assaying.
Continuous casting of aluminum offers substantial savings over traditional casting and rolling processes. It allows the melt to be directly formed into thin strip that can be cold rolled to final gauge without hot rolling. However, it is only suitable for alloys that can solidify rapidly through the caster. Properties of continuously cast strip include very fine dendrites, reduced segregation, and a fine grain size due to the high solidification rate. The strip must then be cold rolled and heat treated. The Properzi caster is important for continuously casting aluminum wire bars which are then hot rolled into coilable stock. Common applications for rolled aluminum include transportation, packaging, and building/construction.
SINOM GROUP CO., LTD. is one of the largest manufacturer of copper mould tube in China. Based on customers requirement, we design, manufacture and install the square copper mould tube, round copper mould tube, beam blank, rectangular copper mould tube, diamond type, non-standard type etc.
1. The document discusses the Schaeffler diagram, which is used to predict the microstructure of stainless steel welds based on their composition. It also discusses modifications to the diagram by Delong.
2. The M3 concept for developing third generation advanced high strength steels is described, which aims to achieve ultrahigh strength and ductility through a multi-phase, meta-stable, multi-scale microstructure.
3. Quenching and partitioning heat treatments are summarized as a novel method to produce multi-phase steels with significant retained austenite through quenching to form martensite and austenite, followed by an isothermal treatment to partition carbon into the a
Semi-solid metal casting (SSM) involves processing metals between their liquidus and solidus temperatures, when they are partially solidified. This allows for modifying the dendritic microstructure and improving mechanical properties compared to fully liquid casting. SSM techniques include thixocasting, which uses pre-cast semi-solid billets that are reheated and injected into dies, and rheocasting, where the liquid metal is sheared as it cools through the semi-solid range. SSM offers advantages over traditional casting like reduced porosity and finer microstructures, making it suitable for high-strength automotive and machine components.
The document discusses microstructures in steels and other alloys. It includes images and descriptions of different microstructures like pearlite, martensite, bainite, and ferrite that form under various cooling conditions from austenite. It also discusses microstructures in cast irons like spheroidal graphite, flake graphite, and ledeburite. The final section discusses sealed quench furnaces and includes images of loads of components prepared for case hardening and quenching treatments.
1.This slide is about causes of breakouts during continuous casting of steel and remedies about the same
2. It will help to reduce breakouts problem during continuous casting of steel up to 80%
Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mold to create shapes. It is an economical process for producing complex shapes in a single piece, especially for low production runs or large products. Key factors that influence the casting process include solidification rate, flow of molten metal, heat transfer during cooling, and properties of the mold material. Proper gating system design is important to avoid defects from shrinkage and porosity during solidification as the metal cools and contracts.
Heat treatment of ti6Al4V parts produced by selectiveKhuram Shahzad
A literature report on heat treatment of SLMed Ti6Al4V parts. To the point and very useful for the engineers looking to optimize heat treatment process for SLMed Ti6Al4V parts for industrial applications.
Grain size measurement according to astm standardsJMB
This document discusses three standard ASTM methods for measuring grain size: the comparison method, planimetric/Jeffries' method, and intercept method. The comparison method involves comparing a grain structure to graded images or overlays at 10x magnification, with a repeatability of ±1 grain size number. The planimetric method counts grains within a known area at higher magnifications from 100-500x, achieving ±0.25 grain size units precision. The intercept method counts the number of grains intercepted by a test line, allowing measurement of elongated grains faster than the planimetric method at the same precision of ±0.5 grain size units.
This document provides information about copper mould tubes produced by Beijing Sino Equipment. Copper mould tubes are used in continuous casting machines to shape molten steel into billets as it passes through. Beijing Sino Equipment is a leading manufacturer of copper mould tubes in China, with over 20 years of experience. The document includes details on the manufacturing process, material types, product specifications, and sample testing conducted.
The document discusses different types of metals and alloys used in engineering. It describes ferrous metals like steel and cast iron, which are alloys of iron and carbon. It also discusses nonferrous metals like aluminum and copper, as well as superalloys. Key production processes for metals are described, including ironmaking in a blast furnace and steelmaking using basic oxygen or electric arc furnaces. Phase diagrams are introduced to show the different phases that can exist in metal alloys at various temperatures and compositions.
This is the 5th in our weekly series overviewing the different grades of titanium. Ti-6Al-4V or Titanium Grade 5 is hands down the most utilized alloy of titanium world wide. Over fifty percent of the worlds usage of titanium consists of Ti 5. In this presentation, you will learn about the applications of Ti5 (and titanium) as well as the different product forms it commonly comes in and given resources on where to buy titanium or learn more about this amazing metal.
Take a look and share if you like what you see!
CRGO and CRNGO are types of electrical steel used in transformers and motors. CRGO has grains oriented in one direction making it suitable for transformers where flux changes are uniform. CRNGO has randomly oriented grains, making it suitable for motors where flux direction varies. India lacks domestic production of CRGO and must import from countries with more advanced manufacturing capabilities. Standardization of testing and nomenclature remains an ongoing challenge.
Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be extracted. The main iron ores are hematite and magnetite. Hematite and magnetite are iron oxides that have been mined for centuries to produce steel and iron products. There are different forms of processed iron - pig iron has a high carbon content and is very brittle; wrought iron is characterized by its fibrous appearance and is more malleable and ductile than cast iron; cast iron contains more than 2% carbon and is used to produce parts like bridges, balusters and fences that require strength but will rust easily over time.
The Influence of Chromium of micro-structure and properties of Hadfield SteelHiep Tran
This document discusses the influence of chromium content on the microstructure and properties of Hadfield steel. Specifically, it analyzes three sets of Hadfield steel samples with chromium contents of 0.03%, 1.91%, and 2.53%. Experimental work included casting, heat treatment, mechanical testing, and microscopic analysis. Results showed that samples with around 2% chromium had the finest grain structure and highest hardness and wear resistance after impact testing, without forming martensite.
This document discusses the development of bulk nanocrystalline steel with exceptionally high strength. It describes how bainite formation through isothermal or continuous cooling transformation can produce a nanocrystalline microstructure in steel. A specific alloy composition is presented that achieves a nanocrystalline microstructure with 20-40nm thick ferrite plates after transforming at 200C for 10 days. This results in an ultrahigh strength of 2.5GPa but maintains good ductility. The technique allows large component manufacturing and is cost effective.
Diffusion bonding is a solid-state welding technique that joins materials together through atomic diffusion without melting. It involves applying high pressure and moderate heat to join carefully cleaned and mated surfaces. Diffusion occurs in two stages - initial metal-to-metal contact formation followed by atomic diffusion and grain growth across the interface to form a complete bond. Various factors like temperature, pressure, time and surface preparation influence the diffusion rate. Common diffusion bonding methods include gas pressure bonding, vacuum fusion bonding and eutectic bonding. Diffusion bonding finds applications in the fabrication of components for industries like aerospace, nuclear and others.
This course teaches the basics of Autodesk Fusion 360, including solid modeling, sculpting, sketching, direct modeling, assemblies, rendering, and collaboration. Students will learn how to navigate, sketch, model, sculpt, assemble and render designs in Fusion 360. The course is intended to provide an introduction to get students started with the main aspects of Fusion 360 so they can further explore areas that interest them most. The course is estimated to take 3 hours. A computer with Fusion 360 installed and a 3-button mouse are required.
Nokia is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics company founded in 1865. It has headquartered in Espoo, Finland and branches worldwide. Nokia's products include mobile devices, telecommunications equipment, and IT solutions. The company has had a long history in the mobile device industry, becoming the largest mobile phone maker in 1998 but later losing market share to competitors. Nokia's future plans are to improve its hardware, increase market share, release dual-core phones with advanced cameras, and improve communication technologies like 5G networks.
Continuous casting was conceived in the 1860s and has since led to major improvements in efficiency, productivity, and cost reductions for metal production. The process involves cleaning and equalizing molten metal in a ladle before pouring it into a tundish where impurities are removed, then the metal travels through water cooled copper molds to begin solidifying as it moves downward along supported rollers. The key advantages are 100% casting yield due to no waste metal, an automatic and consistent process, and reproducible mechanical properties.
The document discusses various methods for assaying gold, including fire assaying, ICP spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, touchstone testing, and density measurement. Fire assaying is the most widely used and accurate method, involving melting a sample with lead and silver, separating out the noble metals in a cupel, and dissolving away silver to determine the gold content. The method works well for alloys with 30-99.9% gold but requires modifications if nickel, palladium, or platinum are present. Other techniques provide alternatives but with reduced accuracy compared to fire assaying.
Continuous casting of aluminum offers substantial savings over traditional casting and rolling processes. It allows the melt to be directly formed into thin strip that can be cold rolled to final gauge without hot rolling. However, it is only suitable for alloys that can solidify rapidly through the caster. Properties of continuously cast strip include very fine dendrites, reduced segregation, and a fine grain size due to the high solidification rate. The strip must then be cold rolled and heat treated. The Properzi caster is important for continuously casting aluminum wire bars which are then hot rolled into coilable stock. Common applications for rolled aluminum include transportation, packaging, and building/construction.
SINOM GROUP CO., LTD. is one of the largest manufacturer of copper mould tube in China. Based on customers requirement, we design, manufacture and install the square copper mould tube, round copper mould tube, beam blank, rectangular copper mould tube, diamond type, non-standard type etc.
1. The document discusses the Schaeffler diagram, which is used to predict the microstructure of stainless steel welds based on their composition. It also discusses modifications to the diagram by Delong.
2. The M3 concept for developing third generation advanced high strength steels is described, which aims to achieve ultrahigh strength and ductility through a multi-phase, meta-stable, multi-scale microstructure.
3. Quenching and partitioning heat treatments are summarized as a novel method to produce multi-phase steels with significant retained austenite through quenching to form martensite and austenite, followed by an isothermal treatment to partition carbon into the a
Semi-solid metal casting (SSM) involves processing metals between their liquidus and solidus temperatures, when they are partially solidified. This allows for modifying the dendritic microstructure and improving mechanical properties compared to fully liquid casting. SSM techniques include thixocasting, which uses pre-cast semi-solid billets that are reheated and injected into dies, and rheocasting, where the liquid metal is sheared as it cools through the semi-solid range. SSM offers advantages over traditional casting like reduced porosity and finer microstructures, making it suitable for high-strength automotive and machine components.
The document discusses microstructures in steels and other alloys. It includes images and descriptions of different microstructures like pearlite, martensite, bainite, and ferrite that form under various cooling conditions from austenite. It also discusses microstructures in cast irons like spheroidal graphite, flake graphite, and ledeburite. The final section discusses sealed quench furnaces and includes images of loads of components prepared for case hardening and quenching treatments.
1.This slide is about causes of breakouts during continuous casting of steel and remedies about the same
2. It will help to reduce breakouts problem during continuous casting of steel up to 80%
Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mold to create shapes. It is an economical process for producing complex shapes in a single piece, especially for low production runs or large products. Key factors that influence the casting process include solidification rate, flow of molten metal, heat transfer during cooling, and properties of the mold material. Proper gating system design is important to avoid defects from shrinkage and porosity during solidification as the metal cools and contracts.
Heat treatment of ti6Al4V parts produced by selectiveKhuram Shahzad
A literature report on heat treatment of SLMed Ti6Al4V parts. To the point and very useful for the engineers looking to optimize heat treatment process for SLMed Ti6Al4V parts for industrial applications.
Grain size measurement according to astm standardsJMB
This document discusses three standard ASTM methods for measuring grain size: the comparison method, planimetric/Jeffries' method, and intercept method. The comparison method involves comparing a grain structure to graded images or overlays at 10x magnification, with a repeatability of ±1 grain size number. The planimetric method counts grains within a known area at higher magnifications from 100-500x, achieving ±0.25 grain size units precision. The intercept method counts the number of grains intercepted by a test line, allowing measurement of elongated grains faster than the planimetric method at the same precision of ±0.5 grain size units.
This document provides information about copper mould tubes produced by Beijing Sino Equipment. Copper mould tubes are used in continuous casting machines to shape molten steel into billets as it passes through. Beijing Sino Equipment is a leading manufacturer of copper mould tubes in China, with over 20 years of experience. The document includes details on the manufacturing process, material types, product specifications, and sample testing conducted.
The document discusses different types of metals and alloys used in engineering. It describes ferrous metals like steel and cast iron, which are alloys of iron and carbon. It also discusses nonferrous metals like aluminum and copper, as well as superalloys. Key production processes for metals are described, including ironmaking in a blast furnace and steelmaking using basic oxygen or electric arc furnaces. Phase diagrams are introduced to show the different phases that can exist in metal alloys at various temperatures and compositions.
This is the 5th in our weekly series overviewing the different grades of titanium. Ti-6Al-4V or Titanium Grade 5 is hands down the most utilized alloy of titanium world wide. Over fifty percent of the worlds usage of titanium consists of Ti 5. In this presentation, you will learn about the applications of Ti5 (and titanium) as well as the different product forms it commonly comes in and given resources on where to buy titanium or learn more about this amazing metal.
Take a look and share if you like what you see!
CRGO and CRNGO are types of electrical steel used in transformers and motors. CRGO has grains oriented in one direction making it suitable for transformers where flux changes are uniform. CRNGO has randomly oriented grains, making it suitable for motors where flux direction varies. India lacks domestic production of CRGO and must import from countries with more advanced manufacturing capabilities. Standardization of testing and nomenclature remains an ongoing challenge.
Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be extracted. The main iron ores are hematite and magnetite. Hematite and magnetite are iron oxides that have been mined for centuries to produce steel and iron products. There are different forms of processed iron - pig iron has a high carbon content and is very brittle; wrought iron is characterized by its fibrous appearance and is more malleable and ductile than cast iron; cast iron contains more than 2% carbon and is used to produce parts like bridges, balusters and fences that require strength but will rust easily over time.
The Influence of Chromium of micro-structure and properties of Hadfield SteelHiep Tran
This document discusses the influence of chromium content on the microstructure and properties of Hadfield steel. Specifically, it analyzes three sets of Hadfield steel samples with chromium contents of 0.03%, 1.91%, and 2.53%. Experimental work included casting, heat treatment, mechanical testing, and microscopic analysis. Results showed that samples with around 2% chromium had the finest grain structure and highest hardness and wear resistance after impact testing, without forming martensite.
This document discusses the development of bulk nanocrystalline steel with exceptionally high strength. It describes how bainite formation through isothermal or continuous cooling transformation can produce a nanocrystalline microstructure in steel. A specific alloy composition is presented that achieves a nanocrystalline microstructure with 20-40nm thick ferrite plates after transforming at 200C for 10 days. This results in an ultrahigh strength of 2.5GPa but maintains good ductility. The technique allows large component manufacturing and is cost effective.
Diffusion bonding is a solid-state welding technique that joins materials together through atomic diffusion without melting. It involves applying high pressure and moderate heat to join carefully cleaned and mated surfaces. Diffusion occurs in two stages - initial metal-to-metal contact formation followed by atomic diffusion and grain growth across the interface to form a complete bond. Various factors like temperature, pressure, time and surface preparation influence the diffusion rate. Common diffusion bonding methods include gas pressure bonding, vacuum fusion bonding and eutectic bonding. Diffusion bonding finds applications in the fabrication of components for industries like aerospace, nuclear and others.
This course teaches the basics of Autodesk Fusion 360, including solid modeling, sculpting, sketching, direct modeling, assemblies, rendering, and collaboration. Students will learn how to navigate, sketch, model, sculpt, assemble and render designs in Fusion 360. The course is intended to provide an introduction to get students started with the main aspects of Fusion 360 so they can further explore areas that interest them most. The course is estimated to take 3 hours. A computer with Fusion 360 installed and a 3-button mouse are required.
Nokia is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics company founded in 1865. It has headquartered in Espoo, Finland and branches worldwide. Nokia's products include mobile devices, telecommunications equipment, and IT solutions. The company has had a long history in the mobile device industry, becoming the largest mobile phone maker in 1998 but later losing market share to competitors. Nokia's future plans are to improve its hardware, increase market share, release dual-core phones with advanced cameras, and improve communication technologies like 5G networks.
Gold: The Most Precious of Metals - FocusEconomicsArne Pohlman
In this presention we discuss why gold is so unique by explaining how it is mined and processed and discuss how its unique physical properties make it one of the most useful metals. Finally, we end the post with a section on gold's importance to the global economy, the factors that set it apart from all other commodities, and how it can be classed as both a commodity and a monetary asset. Read the original blog post here: http://goo.gl/p2dFUs
https://www.idda.com.au
Visit IDDA for Rapid Learning of Autodesk Fusion 360
Fusion360 is the next generation of industrial and mechanical design in the cloud.
Fusion 360 brings Industrial and mechanical design together in a single easy-to-use design tool. Learn how CAD in the cloud can change the way you view design.
Why You Need To Own Gold Before It's Too LateTyler Koenig
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
The document discusses weight and purity measurements used in the precious metals industry. It explains that weight and purity determine the value of precious metal samples, with troy weight and karat/millesimal fineness measurements being most common. Various weight units like troy ounces, grams, and pennyweights are covered as well as purity metrics like karats and parts per thousand. The document aims to introduce newcomers to the terminology regularly used when appraising or selling gold and other precious metals.
1) The document discusses adding gold to a financial institution's asset mix to help ensure financial sustainability and diversification in volatile markets with low interest rates.
2) It notes increasing risks for pension funds, banks, and insurers from factors like declining confidence, country debt crises, and uncertain future of major currencies.
3) Gold is presented as a strategic asset that can provide diversification benefits and help hedge against inflation, with characteristics like a low correlation to other assets.
A handy guide showing some of the markings associated with UK hallmarks. From the Assay Office symbols, through to the Sponsor's Mark and optional Date Mark, a handy and user friendly guide which takes you through some of the typical hallmarking symbols in use in the UK.
Chemistry of paint: Where does paint come from?Joshua Eckert
Chemistry of paint: Where does paint come from?
Adaptable for High School or University level.
Deliver this short lecture midway through an "Intro to Painting" lesson.
The document discusses the motivations of early explorers who traveled to the Americas from Europe. There were generally three main motivations: finding gold which could make explorers rich; seeking glory and fame through adventure and discovery; and spreading their religious beliefs, as religion was very important at the time. Explorers took huge risks for the potential of a big reward in one of these three areas.
This document discusses noble metals and rare earth metals. It provides introductions to both topics, describing properties such as corrosion resistance. Noble metals like gold, silver, and platinum are discussed in more detail, including their sources and applications. Gold and silver are commonly used in jewelry and electronics due to their conductive and non-corrosive properties. Platinum is used in catalytic converters. Issues with mining these metals are also covered. Rare earth metals are described as important for magnets and other applications. Computer components rely on gold contacts to prevent corrosion and ensure reliable electrical connections.
Gold is a bright yellow metal that occurs naturally in the earth. It has been used for over 5000 years for jewelry, art, and technology due to its attractive color and resistance to corrosion. Gold dissolves in mercury and certain acid solutions, and is used today in dentistry, medicine, electronics, aerospace applications, and sometimes in gourmet foods for decoration due to its inert properties. The major producers of gold are South Africa, Canada, the United States, and Australia.
Gold is a bright yellow metal that occurs naturally in the earth. It has been used for over 5000 years for jewelry, currency and art due to its attractive color and resistance to corrosion. Gold is also used in electronics, dentistry and aerospace applications where its conductivity, malleability and resistance to corrosion are beneficial. It can also be used as a decorative ingredient in some foods and drinks.
There are two main types of minerals: metallic and non-metallic. Metallic minerals contain metals and are hard, conducting heat and electricity. Examples include silver, chromium, and iron. Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals and include limestone, mica, gypsum, coal, and dolomite. Painite is considered the rarest mineral on Earth.
This document discusses minerals and metals used in computer circuitry such as gold, tin, silver, and gallium. It then describes how gold is formed naturally in supernovae and planetary collisions. The document explains that gold is extracted through hard rock mining or from hydrothermal veins and placer deposits. Finally, it notes that electronic waste contains harmful materials like lead that require careful recycling to avoid health risks.
This document provides an overview of dental casting alloys. It begins with a brief introduction to the use of metals in dentistry and a history of important developments in dental casting alloys from 1907 to 1999. The document then covers interatomic bonds, physical properties, common metallic elements used in alloys, classifications of alloys, and descriptions of specific alloy types including gold casting alloys, metal ceramic alloys, and base metal alloys.
Gold has been used by humans for over 5,000 years. It gets its name from the old English word 'Geolo' meaning yellow. Minor amounts of gold are found naturally in many substances like seawater and rocks. To extract gold, ore containing traces of gold must be mined and processed. Pure gold is very malleable and ductile. It has been used in dentistry for over 1,000 years to make dental restorations like crowns, bridges and fillings. Gold alloys are classified according to their gold content and properties. Other metals like palladium, silver, copper and platinum are added to gold alloys to increase properties like strength and hardness.
Gold is the 79th element on the periodic table. It is a shiny, malleable metal that has been used for jewelry making and as a symbol of wealth throughout history. Pure gold is 24 karat, though jewelry often contains less pure gold mixed with other metals. Gold also has medical uses - radioactive gold isotopes can be injected into tumors and gold nanoparticles help some drugs target cancer cells more effectively. The discovery of gold in California in 1848 triggered the California Gold Rush.
This document discusses the mineral resources and mining industry, which is currently experiencing a boom. It provides definitions and descriptions of key terms related to mineral exploration, mining, and processing of ores. The stages involved are prospecting to find ore deposits, mine exploration and development to determine economic viability, mining to extract the ore, beneficiation to separate the ore minerals from waste rock, and refining to extract pure commodities. Common ore types and examples of important ore minerals are also mentioned.
TNR Gold owns the Shotgun gold project in Alaska which hosts a historic resource estimate of 980,000 ounces of gold. Drilling in 2012 expanded the known mineralization at the Shotgun Ridge prospect and confirmed the structural model of southwest dipping mineralized zones. 3D IP and resistivity surveys identified additional exploration targets along strike and at depth, indicating potential to significantly increase the resource size. TNR's goal is to define a multi-million ounce bulk mineable gold deposit like Fort Knox through additional exploration and drilling.
Gold is a yellow metal that is dense, soft, and ductile. It has high electrical conductivity and is resistant to corrosion and tarnishing. Gold has primarily been used throughout history as a currency and for jewelry, though it also has many industrial applications. The largest gold producers today are South Africa, the United States, Australia, Russia, and Peru. India is the largest consumer of gold, using about 25% of newly mined gold primarily for jewelry.
This presentation explores the relationship between money, time, value and wealth. What is transactional, what is valuable, where does wealth repose? This presentation delves into some of the most important philosophical underpinnings of business, economics, finance, time, and psychology.
METALS AND IT'S APPLICATION IN ARCHITECTURE.MaayeshaSayeed
The document discusses various types of metals and alloys used in construction. It describes ferrous metals like steel, cast iron, and wrought iron which contain iron. Non-ferrous metals discussed include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, and tin which do not contain iron. It outlines the extraction and processing of metals from ores, and their various applications in building materials, structures, and ornamentation throughout history.
This document provides an overview of minerals, rocks, and energy resources related to the lithosphere and hydrosphere. It defines minerals as naturally occurring inorganic substances with distinct compositions and structures. It describes how minerals are classified based on properties like color, transparency, hardness, and streak. It also discusses the formation and classification of different rock types. Finally, it examines various energy resources derived from the lithosphere and hydrosphere, including fossil fuels, uranium, geothermal, hydropower, and renewable sources.
This document discusses several important mineral resources found in Mexico and around the world. It provides details on the chemical symbol, atomic number, descriptions and common uses of gold, iron, lead, zinc, aluminum, uranium, mercury, silver, copper, platinum, carbon, nickel, nitrate, diamond, antimony, and titanium. The major producing countries of each mineral are also listed.
CBSE geography 3_minerals and power resourceschandkec
The document discusses minerals and power resources. It defines minerals as naturally occurring substances with definite chemical compositions. It describes the formation and properties of minerals and different types of minerals such as metallic, non-metallic, and mineral fuels. It also discusses the distribution of major mineral deposits around the world and the processes of mining and quarrying. The document then covers various conventional and non-conventional power resources such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, and hydel power. It highlights India's key reserves and producers of different resources.
Gold has been mined, traded, and used for thousands of years due to its attractive yellow color and resistance to tarnishing. It can be hammered thin, drawn into wire, or alloyed with other metals. Gold is found naturally in rocks and concentrated in ore deposits. It is dissolved in underground fluids and crystallizes in quartz veins as the fluids migrate upward. Gold continues to fascinate due to its use in jewelry, technology, and as an investment against economic uncertainty.
This document provides information about various aspects of mineral resources and mining. It discusses three current boom employers for geologists: mineral resources and mining, the petroleum industry, and the environmental industry. It then covers definitions and terms related to mineral resources. It outlines the steps involved in obtaining mineral commodities, from prospecting through refining and transportation. Finally, it notes that mining is an economic activity and the decision to mine depends on an analysis of costs, benefits, and risks.
Lecture 10 Mineral Resources and Mining s.pptMajidKhan858527
This document discusses mineral resources and mining. It covers several topics including the different industries that employ geologists, important ore types and deposits, steps involved in obtaining mineral commodities from prospecting through refining, factors that influence whether to mine a deposit, and various mining and processing techniques. Key employment centers for geologists include the mineral resources and mining industry, petroleum industry, and environmental industry.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
8. GOLD IN SPACE ..
• TheJamesWebbSpace Telescopeis thefirst
mostadvanced teliscopeeverbuildby NASA.
• Thehexagons arecoatedwith a thinlayerofgold
becausetheelementisthebestreflectorof
infraredlight,thewavelengththatmarks
extremelyfar-offobjects.
• Anditgiveswonderfulinformationofuniverse.
9. EFFECT ON CIVILIZATION
• Goldhasbeencalledthemostbeautifulofallchemical elements.
• Its beautyhasmadeitdesirableforuseinjewelry,coins,and
artworkforthousandsofyears.
• Itwasoneofthefirstpuremetals to be usedbyhumans.