What are metals? Their types, characteristics, and their application in architectural field.

1. METAL AND METAL
ALLOYS
PRESENTED BY:
MAAYESHA MOHAMMED SAYEEDPESHIMAM
VI-SEM
S.A.U.D.P , SSPU.

2. METAL
oA METAL IS A MATERIAL THAT, WHEN
FRESHLY PREPARED, POLISHED, OR
FRACTURED, SHOWS A LUSTROUS
APPEARANCE, AND CONDUCTS
ELECTRICITY AND HEAT RELATIVELY
WELL.
oTHEY ARE MALLEABLE (THEY CAN BE
HAMMERED INTO THIN SHEETS) OR
DUCTILE (CAN BE DRAWN INTO WIRES).
o A METAL MAY BE A CHEMICAL
ELEMENT SUCH AS IRON; AN ALLOY
SUCH AS STAINLESS STEEL; OR A
MOLECULAR COMPOUND.
oTHE EARTH'S CRUST IS MADE OF

3. ALLOY
oAN ALLOY IS A SUBSTANCE WITH METALLIC
PROPERTIES THAT CONSISTS OF TWO OR
MORE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS,ATLEAST ON
OF WHICH IS A METAL. EXAMPLES OF
ALLOYS ARE STEEL,BRONZE,BRASS ETC.
oALL THE METALLIC ALLOYS IN USE TODAY,
THE ALLOYS OF IRON (STEEL, STAINLESS
STEEL, CAST IRON, TOOL STEEL, ALLOY
STEEL) MAKE UP THE LARGEST
PROPORTION BOTH BY QUANTITY AND
COMMERCIAL VALUE.
oOTHER SIGNIFICANT METALLIC ALLOYS ARE
THOSE OF ALUMINIUM, TITANIUM, COPPER
AND MAGNESIUM.

4. EXTRACTION
o METALS ARE OFTEN EXTRACTED FROM THE EARTH BY MEANS OF MINING ORES
THAT ARE RICH SOURCES OF THE REQUISITE ELEMENTS, SUCH AS BAUXITE (BAUXITE
IS A SEDIMENTARY ROCK WITH A RELATIVELY HIGH ALUMINIUM CONTENT).
o MINERAL SOURCES ARE GENERALLY DIVIDED INTO SURFACE MINES, WHICH ARE
MINED BY EXCAVATION USING HEAVY EQUIPMENT, AND SUBSURFACE MINES.
o ONCE THE ORE IS MINED, THE METALS MUST BE EXTRACTED, USUALLY BY CHEMICAL
OR ELECTROLYTIC REDUCTION.
o PYROMETALLURGY(IT CONSISTS OF THE THERMAL TREATMENT OF MINERALS AND
METALLURGICAL ORES ) USES HIGH TEMPERATURES TO CONVERT ORE INTO RAW
METALS, WHILE HYDROMETALLURGY (HYDROMETALLURGY IS A METHOD FOR
OBTAINING METALS FROM THEIR ORES) EMPLOYS AQUEOUS CHEMISTRY FOR THE
SAME PURPOSE. THE METHODS USED DEPEND ON THE METAL AND THEIR
CONTAMINANTS.
o HEAVY METALS ARE EXTRACTED BY THE PROCESS OF ROASTING AN REDUCTION i.e,
COPPER,NICKEL, LEAD,IRON.

6. CATEGORIES
oMETALS CAN BE CATEGORISED ACCORDING TO
THEIR PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
METALS
FERROUS NON-FERROUS BRITTLE
REFRACTORY
METAL

7. FERROUS
oFERROUS METALLURGY IS THE METALLURGY OF
IRON AND ITS ALLOYS.
oFERROUS METALS MOSTLY CONTAIN IRON.
THEY HAVE SMALL AMOUNTS OF OTHER
METALS OR ELEMENTS ADDED, TO GIVE THE
REQUIRED PROPERTIES.
oFERROUS METALS HAVE A HIGH CARBON
CONTENT WHICH GENERALLY MAKES THEM
VULNERABLE TO RUST WHEN EXPOSED TO
MOISTURE.
oMOST FERROUS METALS ARE MAGNETIC WHICH
MAKES THEM VERY USEFUL FOR MOTOR AND

8. oSTEEL
• STEEL IS AN ALLOY OF IRON AND CARBON, AND
SOMETIMES OTHER ELEMENTS.
• STEEL IS WIDELY USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES.
oALLOY STEEL
• ALLOY STEELS INCORPORATE ELEMENTS SUCH AS
CHROMIUM, NICKEL AND TITANIUM TO IMPART GREATER
STRENGTH AND DURABILITY WITHOUT INCREASING
WEIGHT
• STAINLESS STEEL IS AN IMPORTANT ALLOY STEEL MADE
USING CHROMIUM.
• ALLOY STEELS ARE USED IN CONSTRUCTION, MACHINE
TOOLS, AND ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS.
• SOME APPLICATIONS ARE HIGHLY VISIBLE AND STAINLESS
STEEL IS BOTH AESTHETIC AND FUNCTIONAL, SUCH AS
CURTAIN WALL AND ROOFING
• OTHERS ARE PRACTICAL, SAFETY RELATED AND
SOMETIMES HIDDEN, LIKE MASONRY AND STONE
ANCHORS, BOLLARDS AND SAFETY RAILINGS.
• THE MORE HIGHLY ALLOYED MOLYBDENUM CONTAINING
STAINLESS STEELS ARE PREFERRED BY LEADING
ARCHITECTURAL AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN AND

9. STAINLESS STEEL CLADDING IS USED ON THE WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL,DE

10. oCarbon Steel
• CARBON STEEL HAS A HIGHER CARBON CONTENT IN
COMPARISON TO OTHER TYPES OF STEEL MAKING IT
EXCEPTIONALLY HARD.
• IT IS COMMONLY USED IN THE MANUFACTURING OF
MACHINE TOOLS, DRILLS, BLADES, TAPS, AND SPRINGS. IT
CAN KEEP A SHARP CUTTING EDGE.
oCast Iron
• CAST IRON IS AN ALLOY MADE FROM IRON, CARBON, AND
SILICON. CAST IRON IS BRITTLE AND HARD AND RESISTANT
TO WEAR.
• IT’S USED IN WATER PIPES, MACHINE TOOLS, AUTOMOBILE
ENGINES AND STOVES.
• CAST IRON WAS A MAJOR 19TH CENTURY BUILDING
MATERIAL OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
• ALTHOUGH BRITTLE, IT IS REMARKABLY STRONG IN
COMPRESSION.
• IT WAS FREQUENTLY USED FOR STRUCTURAL PURPOSES,
SUCH AS COLUMNS, BUILDING FRONTS, DOMES AND LIGHT
THE IRON BRIDGE OVER THE RIVER
SEVERN AT COALBROOKDALE,
ENGLAND (FINISHED 1779)

11. THE IRON ARCH BRIDGE THAT
CROSSES THE RIVER SEVERN IN
SHROPSHIRE, ENGLAND.
DECORATIVE CAST IRON STRUCTURE OF
THE BIBLIOTHÈQUE SAINTE-
GENEVIÈVEREADING ROOM, PARIS, BUILT
1843-51.

12. oWROUGHT IRON
• WROUGHT IRON IS AN ALLOY WITH SO LITTLE
CARBON CONTENT IT’S ALMOST PURE IRON.
• DURING THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS, SOME
SLAG IS ADDED WHICH GIVES WROUGHT IRON
EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO CORROSION AND
OXIDATION, HOWEVER, IT IS LOW IN HARDNESS
AND FATIGUE STRENGTH.
• WROUGHT IRON IS USED FOR FENCING AND
RAILINGS, AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, NAILS,
BARBED WIRE, CHAINS, AND VARIOUS
ORNAMENTS.
• WROUGHT IRON WAS USED FOR MINOR
STRUCTURAL AND DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
STARTING IN THE 18TH CENTURY.
• UNTIL THE MID-19TH CENTURY, THE USE OF
WROUGHT IRON IN BUILDINGS WAS GENERALLY
LIMITED TO SMALL ITEMS SUCH AS TIE RODS,
STRAPS, NAILS, AND HARDWARE, OR TO
THE IRON PILLAR OF DELHI LOCATED IN THE
QUWWAT-UL MOSQUE.

13. EIFFEL TOWER TRACERY AND COLUMN

14. NON-FERROUS
o IN METALLURGY, A NON-FERROUS METAL IS A METAL, INCLUDING ALLOYS, THAT DOES
NOT CONTAIN IRON (FERRITE) IN APPRECIABLE AMOUNTS.
o THEY ARE COSTLY THAN FERROUS METALS, NON-FERROUS METALS ARE USED BECAUSE
OF DESIRABLE PROPERTIES SUCH AS LOW WEIGHT (E.G. ALUMINIUM), HIGHER
CONDUCTIVITY (E.G. COPPER),[1] NON-MAGNETIC PROPERTY OR RESISTANCE TO
CORROSION (E.G. ZINC).
o NON-FERROUS METALS INCLUDE ALUMINUM, COPPER, LEAD, ZINC AND TIN, AS WELL AS
PRECIOUS METALS LIKE GOLD AND SILVER.
o THEIR MAIN ADVANTAGE OVER FERROUS MATERIALS IS THEIR MALLEABILITY
o THEY ALSO HAVE NO IRON CONTENT, GIVING THEM A HIGHER RESISTANCE TO RUST AND
CORROSION, AND MAKING THEM IDEAL FOR GUTTERS, LIQUID PIPES, ROOFING AND
OUTDOOR SIGNS.
o THEY ARE NON-MAGNETIC, WHICH IS IMPORTANT FOR MANY ELECTRONIC AND WIRING
APPLICATIONS.

15. oAluminium
• IT IS A SILVERY-WHITE, SOFT, NON-MAGNETIC AND
DUCTILE METAL IN THE BORON GROUP.
• ALUMINUM IS LIGHTWEIGHT, SOFT AND LOW STRENGTH.
• ALUMINUM IS EASILY CAST, FORGED, MACHINED AND
WELDED.
• IT’S NOT SUITABLE FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE
ENVIRONMENTS, AS ALUMINUM IS LIGHTWEIGHT, IT IS A
GOOD CHOICE FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF AIRCRAFT
AND FOOD CANS.
• ALUMINUM IS ALSO USED IN CASTINGS, PISTONS,
RAILWAYS, CARS, AND KITCHEN UTENSILS.
• ALUMINUM IS USED IN EXTERNAL FACADES, ROOFS AND
WALLS, IN WINDOWS AND DOORS, IN STAIRCASES,
RAILINGS, SHELVES, AND OTHER SEVERAL APPLICATIONS.
• ALUMINIUM IS REMARKABLE FOR ITS LOW DENSITY AND
ITS ABILITY TO RESIST CORROSION THROUGH THE
PHENOMENON OF PASSIVATION (REFERS TO A MATERIAL
BECOMING "PASSIVE," THAT IS, LESS AFFECTED OR
CORRODED BY THE ENVIRONMENT OF FUTURE USE.)
• EXAMPLE:-THE FIRST EXTENSIVE USE OF ALUMINUM IN
CONSTRUCTION WAS THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, WHERE
THE ENTIRE TOWER PORTION IS ALUMINUM, AS WELL AS
EMPIRE STATE BUILDING,MANHATTAN,NEW
YORK CITY.

17. oCOPPER
• COPPER IS RED IN COLOR, HIGHLY DUCTILE, MALLEABLE
AND HAS HIGH CONDUCTIVITY FOR ELECTRICITY AND
HEAT.
• COPPER IS PRINCIPALLY USED IN THE ELECTRICAL
INDUSTRY IN THE FORM OF WIRE AND OTHER
CONDUCTORS.
• IT’S ALSO USED IN SHEET ROOFING, CARTRIDGE CASES,
STATUTES, AND BEARINGS.
• COPPER IS ALSO USED TO MAKE BRASS, AN ALLOY OF
COPPER AND ZINC.
• THE INITIAL COST OF COPPER WAS TRADITIONALLY HIGH,
BUT ITS LENGTH OF SERVICE MORE THAN COMPENSATED
FOR THE PRICE.
• COPPER WAS ALSO USED FOR DECORATIVE PURPOSES,
INCLUDING ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTS, SIDING,
CEILINGS OR SCULPTURES.
EXTERIOR COPPER CLADDING ON A MODERN
BUILDING AT YIFEI ORIGINALITY STREET,SHANGHAI

18. JURASSIC MUSEUM OF ASTURIAS
(MUJA) IN SPAIN, WITH THREE-
LOBED COPPER ROOF DESIGNED TO
RESEMBLE A DINOSAUR'S FOOT
STATUE OF LIBERTY HAS 80 TONNES (88 SHORT
TONS) OF COPPER SHEETING. NEW YORK CITY, U.S

19. oLead
• LEAD IS A SOFT, HEAVY, MALLEABLE METAL
WITH A LOW MELTING POINT AND LOW
TENSILE STRENGTH.
• IT CAN WITHSTAND CORROSION FROM
MOISTURE AND MANY ACIDS.
• LEAD IS WIDELY USED IN ELECTRICAL POWER
CABLES, BATTERIES, BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION AND SOLDERING.
• LEAD IS NOT SUBJECT TO RUST AND HAS
BEEN A POPULAR ROOFING MATERIAL .
• LEAD CAME (A CAME IS A DIVIDER BAR USED
BETWEEN SMALL PIECES OF GLASS TO MAKE
A LARGER GLAZING PANEL)WAS ALSO
FREQUENTLY USED FOR WINDOW PANES IN
SKYLIGHTS AND STAINED GLASS
• LEAD-BASED PAINT WAS ONE OF THE MOST
DURABLE MATERIALS DEVELOPED AS A
PROTECTIVE EXTERIOR COATING.

21. oZINC
• ZINC IS A SLIGHTLY BRITTLE METAL AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE AND HAS A BLUE-SILVERY
APPEARANCE WHEN OXIDATION IS REMOVED.
• ZINC IS A MEDIUM TO LOW STRENGTH METAL WITH
A VERY LOW MELTING POINT.
• ZINC IS DURABLE, CORROSION-RESISTANT AND
ATTRACTIVE METAL FOR USE IN ROOFING AND
CLADDING.
• ZINC IS MOST WIDELY USED IN GALVANIZING, THE
PROCESS OF APPLYING A PROTECTIVE ZINC COATING
TO IRON OR STEEL TO PREVENT RUST.
• PURE ZINC WAS USED FOR ROOFING IN BELGIUM,
FRANCE AND GERMANY, WHERE IT REPLACED MORE
EXPENSIVE COPPER AND LEAD IN ROOFING
• THE USE OF ARCHITECTURAL GRADE ZINC CAN HELP
BUILDING QUALIFY FOR LEED CERTIFICATION DUE TO
ITS HIGH RECYCLED CONTENT AND SUSTAINABILITY.
STACKED ZINC BOXES FROM MULTI-GENERATIONA
HOUSE IN MELBOURNE.

23. oTIN
• TIN IS VERY SOFT AND MALLEABLE, DUCTILE WITH LOW
TENSILE STRENGTH.
• IT’S OFTEN USED TO COAT STEEL TO PREVENT CORROSION.
• TINPLATE STEEL IS USED TO MAKE TIN CANS TO HOLD
FOOD.
• IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY, TIN FOIL WAS COMMONLY
USED TO WRAP FOOD PRODUCTS, BUT HAS SINCE LARGELY
BEEN REPLACED BY ALUMINUM FOIL.
• TIN CAN ALSO BE ALLOYED WITH COPPER TO PRODUCE
TIN BRASS AND BRONZE.
• TINPLATE WAS A TYPE OF ARCHITECTURAL MATERIAL
CONSISTING OF SHEET IRON OR STEEL COATED WITH TIN.
• “TIN ROOFS,” A TYPE OF TINPLATE, WAS ORIGINALLY USED
FOR ARMOR BUT EVENTUALLY AS A ROOFING MATERIAL
• TINPLATE WAS ALSO USED FOR DECORATION, SUCH AS
ORNAMENTAL WINDOWS, DOOR LINTELS AND STAMPED
CEILINGS.
PRESSED TIN CEILING OVER A STORE
ENTRANCE IN BELLINGHAM,
WASHINGTON, U.S.A.

24. ADVANTAGES OF
METAL
• BUILDINGS MADE OF METAL ALSO STAND
UP WELL TO WEATHER,UNLIKE BUILDINGS
MADE OF WOOD.
• THEY ARE FIRE RESISTANCE.
• THEY ARE DURABLE.
• METAL ROOFS ARE LIGHTWEIGHT, BUT
ALSO VERY STRONG.
• SINCE METAL ROOFS CAN BE INSTALLED
OVER EXISTING ROOFS, THEY ARE AMONG
THE FASTEST AND EASIEST TO INSTALL.
• METAL BUILDINGS ARE KNOWN FOR BEING
DIFFICULT TO SEAL COMPLETELY FROM WATER
PENETRATION.
• THEY ARE EXPENSIVE,AS THEY HAVE HIGH
INTIAL COST.
• PROVIDES LESS INSULATION .
• METAL ROOFS CAN BE TRICKIER TO REPAIR
AND MAINTAIN THAN SHINGLE OR
COMPOSITE ROOFS.
• STARTS RUSTING AND HENCE MAINTENANCE
IS REQUIRED
DISADVANTAGES OF
METAL

25. REFRENCE
• https://homesteady.com/how-6406447-remove-rust-metal-roof.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_metals
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/metal-extraction
• https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/the-difference-between-ferrous-
and-non-ferrous-metal/
• https://www.dezeen.com/tag/zinc/
• http://www.singleply.co.uk/why-is-zinc-roofing-and-cladding-so-
popular-with-architects/