The passive voice
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The document discusses the passive voice in English. It is formed using the verb "to be" plus the past participle of the main verb. The passive voice places more emphasis on the action rather than the subject performing the action. It is used when the subject performing the action is unknown or less important. The passive transforms sentences by making the direct object of the active sentence the subject of the passive sentence.
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The passive voice is used when the action is more important than the subject performing the action. It is used when the agent is unknown, unimportant, obvious, or to avoid mentioning them. The passive structure consists of the subject, a form of "to be" plus the past participle of the main verb. Only transitive verbs can be changed to the passive voice. Examples are provided of changing active sentences to the passive voice.
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The document discusses the passive voice in English grammar. It explains that the passive voice is formed using some form of "to be" plus the past participle of the main verb, and that in passive sentences the thing receiving the action becomes the subject. It provides examples of changing sentences from active to passive voice and discusses specific cases involving verbs like "let" or verbs with two objects. The document also notes some important rules for forming passive questions and using gerunds or infinitives after certain verbs in passive constructions.
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The passive voice is formed using the appropriate form of 'to be' plus the past participle of the main verb. The passive voice is used when the subject is affected by the action rather than performing the action. When changing an active sentence to the passive voice, the subject and object swap places and the agent performing the action can be included after the verb using 'by'. Sentences with indirect objects require different transformations depending on whether the indirect object remains or becomes the subject.
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2. In active voice, the subject performs the action of the verb. In passive voice, the subject receives the action.
3. To form the passive voice in English, the object of the active sentence becomes the passive subject, the verb "to be" is added, and the original subject becomes an optional prepositional phrase introduced with "by".
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3. To form the passive voice in English, the object of the active sentence becomes the passive subject, the verb "to be" is added, and the original subject becomes an optional prepositional phrase introduced with "by".
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
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The passive voice
- 1. The passive voice is used to give more importance to the action that the person using the action. - Example active voice: She keeps all toys. - Example passive voice: All toys were kept. How is it formed? The passive voice is formed with the verb "to be" plus the past participle of the verb. Estructura Sujeto + Verbo auxiliary “to be” + Participio pasado Ejemplos: - The table is clean for dinner. - The car was built for competitions. - You has been chosen for the job.
- 2. To transform active sentences into passive must take into account the following points. The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. The main verb is replaced by the auxiliary "to be" at the same time along the main verb participle. The subject of the main clause becomes the passive agent addition. If we mention in the prayer of the subject who performs the action (subject agent), this will usually preceded by the preposition "by". Ejemplos: - Fernando Alonso won the race; the race was won by Fernando Alonso. The priest will clean the church; the church will be cleansed by the priest.
- 3. Uses We use the passive voice when we do not know who has done the action. - The phone was stolen. - The car has been broken off. We use the passive voice when we want to give more importance to what happened, than who performed the action or when not to say who made it. - The speech was given. - the class was interrupted. Note: We can not use the passive voice with intransitive verbs as "die", "arrive" or "go". Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not take a direct object.