The sun, as the center of solar system, is considered to be the richest source of electromagnetic energy mostly heat and light that makes life possible on Earth and elsewhere possibly.
The document describes the key characteristics of Earth's atmosphere. It discusses the composition of the atmosphere, the different layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. It then covers the origin of the atmosphere from outgassing, the appearance of oxygen through photosynthesis, and how human activities have impacted levels of carbon dioxide and ozone over time.
Radiation understanding by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
Here are some additional questions to test understanding of key concepts from the document:
- Changes in Earth's orbit and axis, volcanic eruptions, variations in solar output
- Carbon dioxide is the most important for modern change. Methane is the fastest growing.
- During colder periods, less CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere allowed more outgoing infrared radiation to escape to space, cooling the planet. During warmer periods, higher concentrations of GHGs trapped more heat in the lower atmosphere.
The sun is a star at the center of the solar system that comprises 99.86% of the total mass. It has a diameter of 1.39 million km and a temperature of 15.7 million kelvin at its core. The sun has several internal layers including a radiative zone where thermal radiation is the primary means of energy transfer and a convective zone where convection currents develop due to lower temperatures and densities. The sun also has an atmosphere above its visible surface, the photosphere, which includes the chromosphere, transition region, corona, and heliosphere. Exposure to sunlight can cause both immediate and long term negative effects on humans like sunburn, sunstroke, skin damage, eye disorders, and skin
The document provides information about the Earth, including its position in the solar system, composition, layers, atmosphere, and movement of tectonic plates. It notes that the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old, orbits the sun in 365 days, rotates daily, and has a molten iron core that generates its magnetic field. The crust consists of continental and oceanic plates that slowly move over time, causing phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes. The atmosphere protects the planet and is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and traces of other gases.
The atmosphere consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and trace amounts of other gases that make life possible on Earth. It protects the planet from harmful rays and meteorites. Weather occurs in the lower layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere, which extends up to 12 miles high and where temperatures decrease with altitude. Higher layers include the stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and outermost exosphere. Climate is associated with a place and includes daily, seasonal and yearly variations in elements like temperature, precipitation, humidity, pressure and wind. Factors influencing climate include latitude, altitude, land and ocean distribution, barriers and currents.
1. The document discusses the water cycle and identifies the key processes as condensation, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, and surface run-off.
2. It also discusses the composition of the atmosphere, noting it is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and trace amounts of other gases. Atmospheric circulation plays an important role in redistributing heat across the Earth's surface.
3. The layers of the atmosphere are identified as the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Details are provided about each layer, including their composition and characteristics.
The sun, as the center of solar system, is considered to be the richest source of electromagnetic energy mostly heat and light that makes life possible on Earth and elsewhere possibly.
The document describes the key characteristics of Earth's atmosphere. It discusses the composition of the atmosphere, the different layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. It then covers the origin of the atmosphere from outgassing, the appearance of oxygen through photosynthesis, and how human activities have impacted levels of carbon dioxide and ozone over time.
Radiation understanding by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
Here are some additional questions to test understanding of key concepts from the document:
- Changes in Earth's orbit and axis, volcanic eruptions, variations in solar output
- Carbon dioxide is the most important for modern change. Methane is the fastest growing.
- During colder periods, less CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere allowed more outgoing infrared radiation to escape to space, cooling the planet. During warmer periods, higher concentrations of GHGs trapped more heat in the lower atmosphere.
The sun is a star at the center of the solar system that comprises 99.86% of the total mass. It has a diameter of 1.39 million km and a temperature of 15.7 million kelvin at its core. The sun has several internal layers including a radiative zone where thermal radiation is the primary means of energy transfer and a convective zone where convection currents develop due to lower temperatures and densities. The sun also has an atmosphere above its visible surface, the photosphere, which includes the chromosphere, transition region, corona, and heliosphere. Exposure to sunlight can cause both immediate and long term negative effects on humans like sunburn, sunstroke, skin damage, eye disorders, and skin
The document provides information about the Earth, including its position in the solar system, composition, layers, atmosphere, and movement of tectonic plates. It notes that the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old, orbits the sun in 365 days, rotates daily, and has a molten iron core that generates its magnetic field. The crust consists of continental and oceanic plates that slowly move over time, causing phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes. The atmosphere protects the planet and is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and traces of other gases.
The atmosphere consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and trace amounts of other gases that make life possible on Earth. It protects the planet from harmful rays and meteorites. Weather occurs in the lower layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere, which extends up to 12 miles high and where temperatures decrease with altitude. Higher layers include the stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and outermost exosphere. Climate is associated with a place and includes daily, seasonal and yearly variations in elements like temperature, precipitation, humidity, pressure and wind. Factors influencing climate include latitude, altitude, land and ocean distribution, barriers and currents.
1. The document discusses the water cycle and identifies the key processes as condensation, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, and surface run-off.
2. It also discusses the composition of the atmosphere, noting it is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and trace amounts of other gases. Atmospheric circulation plays an important role in redistributing heat across the Earth's surface.
3. The layers of the atmosphere are identified as the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Details are provided about each layer, including their composition and characteristics.
The document summarizes key components and characteristics of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the major gases that make up the atmosphere, including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, aerosols, and ozone. It also explains the vertical layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Additionally, it discusses atmospheric temperature variations and how Earth's climate is influenced by factors like sunlight, the greenhouse effect, and atmospheric circulation patterns.
• Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
• For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F.
• The main ingredients were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive.
• As millions of years passed, energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents.
• The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center.
• This forced up the silicates that it found there.
• After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight.
• Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled.
• Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
The document discusses what is needed for a planet to be habitable and explores the possibility of life existing beyond the habitable zone. It notes that habitable planets require being a certain distance from their star, having a size that is not too big or small, and an atmosphere to regulate temperature. While most focus is on planets in the habitable zone, Europa's subsurface ocean heated by internal sources suggests life could exist beyond the zone through chemosynthesis. The document also outlines methods like the Kepler and Darwin space telescopes that search for potentially habitable exoplanets around other stars based on their effects on starlight.
The document discusses the structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere. It is divided into four layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer has distinct temperature and chemical characteristics. The troposphere contains around 80% of the atmosphere and is where weather occurs. Temperatures decrease with height in the troposphere. The stratosphere has temperatures that increase with height due to ozone absorbing UV radiation. The mesosphere has temperatures that decrease rapidly with no gases to absorb radiation.
The solar radiation that reaches Earth is the primary energy source that drives atmospheric and oceanic circulation systems and the hydrologic cycle. Most of the radiation emitted from the sun is in the visible spectrum. While some solar radiation is reflected or scattered by gases, particles, and surfaces like clouds, ice, and snow, most is absorbed by Earth and its atmosphere. This absorbed solar energy is then re-radiated as terrestrial radiation and helps maintain the planet's heat balance.
This slide contains the content about earth's atmosphere. You will able to know about different layers of atmosphere and radio wave propagation through atmospheric layers.
Near-Earth Objects EPS Conference 250914Debbie Lewis
This document discusses the risks posed by Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) such as asteroids and comets. It notes that major impacts have occurred throughout history, including impacts that caused mass extinctions. While efforts are being made to detect and characterize NEOs, the population is not fully understood and impacts between 50m-140m could have significant regional effects. The international community is working to improve detection capabilities and develop emergency response plans through organizations like the UN and ESA.
The document describes the different layers of the Sun from the photosphere to the corona. The photosphere is the deepest layer at 250 miles thick and ranges from 6500K to 4000K in temperature. Above is the chromosphere ranging from 250 to 1300 miles and 4000K to 8000K. The narrow transition region between the chromosphere and corona ranges from 8000K to 500,000K. The outer corona extends 1300 miles and reaches temperatures over 500,000K. Various solar phenomena like granules, faculae, sunspots, auroras, and prominences are also mentioned.
The atmosphere supports life on Earth by regulating temperature, transporting energy from the sun via radiation, conduction and convection, and protecting the planet from excessive solar radiation and ultraviolet rays. Key gases like nitrogen and oxygen make up the bulk of the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect, caused by gases like carbon dioxide and methane, traps heat in the lower atmosphere. Human activities like burning fossil fuels contribute to increased greenhouse gases and air pollution, threatening global warming. The ozone layer protects life from ultraviolet radiation.
The Sun is our closest star, with a diameter of 1.4 million km and a mass 330,000 times that of Earth. Its surface temperature is around 5,800 K and it is expected to exist for another 10 billion years. The Sun is composed of three main layers - the core, radiative zone, and convective zone - as well as an atmosphere with the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. Features on the Sun like sunspots and solar flares are produced by its magnetic field.
The document provides information about the history and formation of Earth 4.54 billion years ago, including five mass extinction events. It discusses Earth's atmosphere, composition, layers, facts, and natural phenomena like mountains, minerals, rocks, and volcanoes. The text also covers topics like the greenhouse effect, pollution, the ozone layer, depletion issues, and indications that the Earth is nearing an end unless preventative measures are taken.
1) An atmosphere is a layer of gas that surrounds a world and can be obtained through comet impacts, outgassing during planetary differentiation and volcanism, and ongoing volcanic outgassing.
2) Atmospheric properties like temperature and composition vary with altitude due to interactions with sunlight.
3) Key atmospheric processes include gaining gases through volcanism and impacts and losing them through escape and surface interactions, while the greenhouse effect traps heat from the sun.
The document discusses ozone depletion and the importance of the ozone layer. It explains that the ozone layer is found in the stratosphere between 10-50km above the Earth's surface and protects the surface from harmful UV radiation. It also discusses how CFCs released into the atmosphere were depleting the ozone layer by causing a chemical reaction that breaks down ozone molecules. As a result of the thinning ozone layer, more UV radiation reaches the Earth's surface, increasing risks of skin cancer, eye disease, and damage to food crops and marine life.
The Sun is the closest star to Earth and governs the Solar System. It is about 13,00,000 times bigger than Earth and composed of a dense core, radiative zone, and convective zone. Its atmosphere consists of the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. Nuclear fusion in the core powers the Sun, primarily through the proton-proton chain. Magnetic activity on the Sun includes sunspots and solar flares. The Sun will eventually exhaust its nuclear fuel and expand into a red giant star before shrinking into a white dwarf over its lifetime of approximately 10 billion years.
The Sun is our closest star and provides the energy and heat that allows life to exist on Earth. It is over 4.5 billion years old and its diameter is 1,380,000 km, which is 110 times the diameter of Earth. The Sun's mass is 745 times greater than all the planets combined and its surface temperature is over 5,500 degrees Celsius. The Sun has a photosphere with a grainy appearance made of hot granules, and darker sunspots are formed by changes in its magnetic field.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the atmosphere as a layer of gases surrounding the Earth composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. It also notes the presence of varying amounts of water vapor, ozone, and particulates. Additionally, it outlines atmospheric pressure and layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere, providing details on temperature variations and composition within each layer.
The document provides information about solar energy and the sun. It discusses:
- The sun is a continuous fusion reactor that produces energy from the fusion of hydrogen into helium. This fusion reaction is the source of energy for the sun.
- The sun has a diameter of 1.39 million km and is on average 150 million km from Earth. Its surface temperature is around 5777K and the interior is estimated to be millions of degrees.
- Solar radiation that reaches Earth is in the wavelength range of 0.25-3.0 μm. The solar constant, which is the average solar energy received outside Earth's atmosphere, is estimated to be 1367 W/m2.
• Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
• For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F.
• The main ingredients were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive.
• As millions of years passed, energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents.
• The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center.
• This forced up the silicates that it found there.
• After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight.
• Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled.
• Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
its a small view of layers of atmosphere! maximum every person have to know this type of information etiher they're engineer, doctor or accountant! it's a basic for our lives!
This document summarizes the layers of Earth's atmosphere. It describes 5 main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Each layer is defined by changes in temperature and the types of gases present. The troposphere contains around 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen and extends 4-12 miles above the surface. The stratosphere contains ozone and temperature increases with height. The document compares Earth's atmosphere to those of other planets like Venus, Mars, and Saturn. It notes how Earth's atmosphere protects us and allows life to exist.
The document summarizes key components and characteristics of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the major gases that make up the atmosphere, including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, aerosols, and ozone. It also explains the vertical layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Additionally, it discusses atmospheric temperature variations and how Earth's climate is influenced by factors like sunlight, the greenhouse effect, and atmospheric circulation patterns.
• Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
• For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F.
• The main ingredients were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive.
• As millions of years passed, energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents.
• The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center.
• This forced up the silicates that it found there.
• After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight.
• Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled.
• Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
The document discusses what is needed for a planet to be habitable and explores the possibility of life existing beyond the habitable zone. It notes that habitable planets require being a certain distance from their star, having a size that is not too big or small, and an atmosphere to regulate temperature. While most focus is on planets in the habitable zone, Europa's subsurface ocean heated by internal sources suggests life could exist beyond the zone through chemosynthesis. The document also outlines methods like the Kepler and Darwin space telescopes that search for potentially habitable exoplanets around other stars based on their effects on starlight.
The document discusses the structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere. It is divided into four layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer has distinct temperature and chemical characteristics. The troposphere contains around 80% of the atmosphere and is where weather occurs. Temperatures decrease with height in the troposphere. The stratosphere has temperatures that increase with height due to ozone absorbing UV radiation. The mesosphere has temperatures that decrease rapidly with no gases to absorb radiation.
The solar radiation that reaches Earth is the primary energy source that drives atmospheric and oceanic circulation systems and the hydrologic cycle. Most of the radiation emitted from the sun is in the visible spectrum. While some solar radiation is reflected or scattered by gases, particles, and surfaces like clouds, ice, and snow, most is absorbed by Earth and its atmosphere. This absorbed solar energy is then re-radiated as terrestrial radiation and helps maintain the planet's heat balance.
This slide contains the content about earth's atmosphere. You will able to know about different layers of atmosphere and radio wave propagation through atmospheric layers.
Near-Earth Objects EPS Conference 250914Debbie Lewis
This document discusses the risks posed by Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) such as asteroids and comets. It notes that major impacts have occurred throughout history, including impacts that caused mass extinctions. While efforts are being made to detect and characterize NEOs, the population is not fully understood and impacts between 50m-140m could have significant regional effects. The international community is working to improve detection capabilities and develop emergency response plans through organizations like the UN and ESA.
The document describes the different layers of the Sun from the photosphere to the corona. The photosphere is the deepest layer at 250 miles thick and ranges from 6500K to 4000K in temperature. Above is the chromosphere ranging from 250 to 1300 miles and 4000K to 8000K. The narrow transition region between the chromosphere and corona ranges from 8000K to 500,000K. The outer corona extends 1300 miles and reaches temperatures over 500,000K. Various solar phenomena like granules, faculae, sunspots, auroras, and prominences are also mentioned.
The atmosphere supports life on Earth by regulating temperature, transporting energy from the sun via radiation, conduction and convection, and protecting the planet from excessive solar radiation and ultraviolet rays. Key gases like nitrogen and oxygen make up the bulk of the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect, caused by gases like carbon dioxide and methane, traps heat in the lower atmosphere. Human activities like burning fossil fuels contribute to increased greenhouse gases and air pollution, threatening global warming. The ozone layer protects life from ultraviolet radiation.
The Sun is our closest star, with a diameter of 1.4 million km and a mass 330,000 times that of Earth. Its surface temperature is around 5,800 K and it is expected to exist for another 10 billion years. The Sun is composed of three main layers - the core, radiative zone, and convective zone - as well as an atmosphere with the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. Features on the Sun like sunspots and solar flares are produced by its magnetic field.
The document provides information about the history and formation of Earth 4.54 billion years ago, including five mass extinction events. It discusses Earth's atmosphere, composition, layers, facts, and natural phenomena like mountains, minerals, rocks, and volcanoes. The text also covers topics like the greenhouse effect, pollution, the ozone layer, depletion issues, and indications that the Earth is nearing an end unless preventative measures are taken.
1) An atmosphere is a layer of gas that surrounds a world and can be obtained through comet impacts, outgassing during planetary differentiation and volcanism, and ongoing volcanic outgassing.
2) Atmospheric properties like temperature and composition vary with altitude due to interactions with sunlight.
3) Key atmospheric processes include gaining gases through volcanism and impacts and losing them through escape and surface interactions, while the greenhouse effect traps heat from the sun.
The document discusses ozone depletion and the importance of the ozone layer. It explains that the ozone layer is found in the stratosphere between 10-50km above the Earth's surface and protects the surface from harmful UV radiation. It also discusses how CFCs released into the atmosphere were depleting the ozone layer by causing a chemical reaction that breaks down ozone molecules. As a result of the thinning ozone layer, more UV radiation reaches the Earth's surface, increasing risks of skin cancer, eye disease, and damage to food crops and marine life.
The Sun is the closest star to Earth and governs the Solar System. It is about 13,00,000 times bigger than Earth and composed of a dense core, radiative zone, and convective zone. Its atmosphere consists of the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. Nuclear fusion in the core powers the Sun, primarily through the proton-proton chain. Magnetic activity on the Sun includes sunspots and solar flares. The Sun will eventually exhaust its nuclear fuel and expand into a red giant star before shrinking into a white dwarf over its lifetime of approximately 10 billion years.
The Sun is our closest star and provides the energy and heat that allows life to exist on Earth. It is over 4.5 billion years old and its diameter is 1,380,000 km, which is 110 times the diameter of Earth. The Sun's mass is 745 times greater than all the planets combined and its surface temperature is over 5,500 degrees Celsius. The Sun has a photosphere with a grainy appearance made of hot granules, and darker sunspots are formed by changes in its magnetic field.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the atmosphere as a layer of gases surrounding the Earth composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. It also notes the presence of varying amounts of water vapor, ozone, and particulates. Additionally, it outlines atmospheric pressure and layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere, providing details on temperature variations and composition within each layer.
The document provides information about solar energy and the sun. It discusses:
- The sun is a continuous fusion reactor that produces energy from the fusion of hydrogen into helium. This fusion reaction is the source of energy for the sun.
- The sun has a diameter of 1.39 million km and is on average 150 million km from Earth. Its surface temperature is around 5777K and the interior is estimated to be millions of degrees.
- Solar radiation that reaches Earth is in the wavelength range of 0.25-3.0 μm. The solar constant, which is the average solar energy received outside Earth's atmosphere, is estimated to be 1367 W/m2.
• Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
• For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F.
• The main ingredients were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive.
• As millions of years passed, energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents.
• The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center.
• This forced up the silicates that it found there.
• After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight.
• Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled.
• Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
its a small view of layers of atmosphere! maximum every person have to know this type of information etiher they're engineer, doctor or accountant! it's a basic for our lives!
This document summarizes the layers of Earth's atmosphere. It describes 5 main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Each layer is defined by changes in temperature and the types of gases present. The troposphere contains around 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen and extends 4-12 miles above the surface. The stratosphere contains ozone and temperature increases with height. The document compares Earth's atmosphere to those of other planets like Venus, Mars, and Saturn. It notes how Earth's atmosphere protects us and allows life to exist.
This poem describes the speaker's memories of a past love as autumn leaves start to fall. The falling red and gold leaves outside the window remind the speaker of summer kisses and holding their lover's hands. Now that their love has gone away, the days feel long and lonely for the speaker, who misses their darling most of all when leaves begin to fall each year.
The document discusses the layers of the atmosphere according to the Quran and modern science. It notes that the Quran references the sky being made up of seven layers, and modern atmospheric science has also determined there are seven main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. The document highlights that each Quranic verse about the seven heavens references properties of the atmospheric layers, such as their composition and functions.
1) The document discusses observations of mesospheric gravity waves over the Andes Mountains from both ground-based and satellite instruments.
2) Ground-based observations have been made at the Andes Lidar Observatory in Cerro Pachon, Chile since 2009, measuring gravity wave activity in the mesosphere through OH layer measurements.
3) Complementary satellite observations have been made by the SABER instrument on the TIMED satellite, which has measured increased temperature variance in the mesosphere over the Andes during winter months that indicates stronger gravity wave activity.
The document summarizes the different layers of Earth's atmosphere:
- The troposphere is the lowest layer where all weather occurs, containing 75% of the atmosphere's mass.
- The stratosphere contains the ozone layer and is free of weather.
- The mesosphere is the coldest layer where many meteors burn up seen as shooting stars.
- Above this is the ionosphere within the thermosphere that extends up to 400km.
- The exosphere, the outermost layer, extends outward from the thermosphere for thousands of miles.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the atmosphere as a layer of gases surrounding the planet that is held in place by gravity. It notes the atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) and serves important functions like absorbing energy from the sun, protecting the surface from radiation, and supporting life. The document also outlines the main layers of the atmosphere from lowest to highest: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
The document discusses Ronald Reagan's quote about air pollution from natural and man-made sources. It then provides definitions for atmospheric science vocabulary words and describes the composition, structure and layers of the atmosphere. It discusses how human activities like fossil fuel use and CFC emissions are changing the atmosphere and depleting the ozone layer.
This was my presentation for my grand demonstration teaching. If you want to see my lesson plan for this topic just click the link. http://www.slideshare.net/ubuntu0125/detailed-lesson-plan-earths-atmosphere
The document discusses the structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere. It describes that the atmosphere extends up to 32,000 km from the surface and is made up of different layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer has different temperature and atmospheric pressure characteristics. The atmosphere also contains variable components like gases, water vapor, particulates, and aerosols that can impact air quality.
The document summarizes the layers of Earth's atmosphere. It begins with the troposphere, the lowest layer where weather occurs and life exists. Above is the stratosphere where temperature increases with altitude due to ozone absorption. Next is the mesosphere where temperatures decrease with altitude to as low as -143°C. The thermosphere follows, with temperatures reaching 2000°C from solar radiation. The outermost layer is the exosphere, where molecules can escape into space. The greenhouse effect is also mentioned, where gases trap heat radiating from the surface.
This presentations covers composition of air ,layers of atmosphere.If you like this presentation please give it a like .
for more interesting presentations visit my page - http://allfactsatonce.blogspot.in/
The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen that surrounds the Earth and is held in place by gravity. It protects life by absorbing UV rays, provides warmth through the greenhouse effect, and moderates temperature extremes. The ozone layer located 15-35km above the surface protects the Earth from UV rays by absorbing most of them. Weather occurs over short periods of time, while climate describes patterns over 30+ years and determines temperature and precipitation averages. Climate is influenced by several factors like latitude, altitude, distance from oceans, wind and pressure systems, and ocean currents.
The document discusses the components and layers of the atmosphere, as well as factors that influence climate. It provides information on the main gases that make up the atmosphere, global warming effects from increased CO2, and features like temperature, wind, and pressure that define different climates. Examples are given of different climate types based on factors like latitude, altitude, and proximity to oceans/mountains.
Astronomy is the science that studies the Universe, including planets, moons, stars, comets, asteroids, and more. Key terms include astronomy, planets, moon, sun, stars, comets, asteroids, meteorites, shooting stars, UFOs, satellites, constellations, nebulas, astronauts, telescopes, and references to Apollo 11 being the first moon landing mission with Neil Armstrong being the first person to walk on the moon.
The document discusses the composition and evolution of Earth's atmosphere. It notes that early Earth had a reducing atmosphere composed of gases like methane and ammonia released from volcanoes. Through photosynthesis over billions of years, oxygen levels rose which allowed the development of more complex life. The atmosphere protects life and influences climate and weather patterns through greenhouse gases and the global circulation of air masses.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the five main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It explains that Earth's atmosphere protects the planet from extreme temperatures, the sun's harmful rays, and provides oxygen and protects from solar radiation. The layers are identified based on temperature changes, with the stratosphere containing the important ozone layer.
Clouds form through the process of adiabatic cooling as air rises and expands. The main cloud types include cumulus, cirrus, stratus, and lenticular clouds. Global winds are driven by uneven heating of the Earth and the Coriolis effect. Air masses are classified as arctic, polar, tropical, maritime, or continental depending on their region of origin and surface characteristics. Weather fronts form boundaries between advancing and retreating air masses and can be cold, warm, or stationary fronts that bring different precipitation and cloud patterns.
This document discusses the properties of gases and air. It explains that gases have mass and take up space, have faster moving molecules than solids and liquids, expand to fill their container, have molecules spaced far apart with no bonds or fixed shape, and can be compressed. It then discusses the composition of air, temperature, pressure, density, humidity, and other gas properties.
Earth History 2: Changes in AtmosphereRobin Seamon
The document discusses the various factors that cause changes in Earth's atmosphere and climate over time. It explains that changes in one climate variable, such as the atmosphere, will affect others as they are all interconnected. The key factors identified are 1) biotic processes, 2) variations in solar radiation, 3) plate tectonics, 4) volcanic eruptions and large igneous provinces, 5) the cryosphere, 6) Milankovitch cycles, and 7) greenhouse gases. The document traces the history of scientific understanding of these climate change causes and how different evidence and techniques verified theories about ice age triggers being linked to orbital variations amplified by greenhouse gas feedbacks.
This document discusses global warming and its potential causes and consequences. It begins with an introduction that asks whether the world is getting warmer, if human actions are responsible, and what can be done about it. It then covers the history of Earth's climate over billions of years, influenced by factors like the sun's energy output, lifeforms, and orbital variations. Recent temperature changes are examined, showing a general warming trend over the last century. Potential consequences of further warming discussed include rising sea levels, stronger hurricanes, effects on wildlife and humans. The document considers a range of perspectives on both natural and human influences on the climate.
1) Changes in the atmosphere, such as variations in greenhouse gases, solar radiation levels, volcanic activity, and ice sheet size can impact climate by altering the Earth's energy balance.
2) Scientific evidence shows that small variations in the Earth's orbit and axis (known as the Milankovitch cycles) have paced climate changes over hundreds of thousands of years by changing the distribution of solar energy received in different latitudes and seasons.
3) Positive feedback loops involving greenhouse gases, ice sheets, and temperature amplified the effects of the Milankovitch cycles in the past, driving the Earth into ice ages. However, human emissions are now the dominant factor changing climate through increased greenhouse gases.
The Ozone Layer: Formation and DepletionKamran Ansari
This presentation explains the Earth's atmosphere and its composition and variation of temperature and pressure in different layers of the atmosphere. It contains atmospheric circulation in troposphere and stratosphere. It explains the process of ozone formation and how its stability affects by the other chemical components which lead to the ozone depletion and ozone hole. It also contains the cosmic ray theory of ozone hole.
The document discusses ozone depletion in the stratosphere. It notes that a thin layer of ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from harmful UV radiation. The concentration of ozone is highest at mid-latitudes in the stratosphere. The document then explains that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released into the atmosphere can travel to the stratosphere and destroy ozone molecules. It highlights that annual ozone depletion over Antarctica reaches up to 70% due to chemical reactions on polar stratospheric clouds that release chlorine. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo increased mid-latitude ozone depletion by injecting sulfur into the stratosphere. International agreements aim to phase out CFC production but developing nations
The document summarizes key aspects of the greenhouse effect on Earth. It notes that Earth's atmosphere is slightly warmer than expected due to greenhouse gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide trapping infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface. These greenhouse gases absorb and re-emit the infrared light, increasing the atmosphere's temperature. This mild greenhouse effect creates just the right conditions for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface.
The document discusses the history of Earth's climate and temperature changes over billions of years. It notes that the planet has experienced natural warming and cooling cycles in the past related to variations in orbital parameters and greenhouse gas levels. Recent warming starting in the late 19th century is outlined, with data showing temperatures rising about 0.8°C over the last century. Potential impacts of continued warming are reviewed, such as sea level rise, melting glaciers and ice sheets, and more intense hurricanes. Projections for future temperature increases this century range from 1.5°C to over 9°C depending on levels of greenhouse gas emissions.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect on Earth and how it contributes to suitable conditions for liquid water. It notes that Earth's atmosphere is slightly warmer than expected due to greenhouse gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide trapping infrared radiation emitted from the surface. A mild greenhouse effect prevents temperatures from being too hot or cold for water to remain liquid. It also discusses how water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is important for regulating Earth's temperature through a feedback loop with carbon dioxide.
The document discusses the history of Earth's climate and temperature changes over billions of years. It notes that the planet has experienced natural warming and cooling cycles in the past related to factors like carbon dioxide levels, solar activity, and orbital variations. More recently, evidence suggests global temperatures have risen sharply since the late 19th century, corresponding to increased industrial carbon emissions. The text explores potential impacts of continued warming, such as rising sea levels, stronger hurricanes, and effects on wildlife.
T-III The Earth. Earth's layers, crust, atmosphere, hydrosphere, carbon cycle...jaume2014
The Earth began forming about 4.5 billion years ago from a hot ball of material orbiting the sun. A large impact by an object the size of Mars caused debris to coalesce into the Moon. (1) Over hundreds of millions of years the Earth cooled and developed a solid crust while the Moon moved farther away, currently about 384,000 km. (2) The continents were originally joined together in the supercontinent Pangaea but have been separating and drifting to their current positions over the past 200 million years due to movements of tectonic plates in the Earth's mantle. (3)
The document summarizes key aspects of the greenhouse effect on Earth and how it enables liquid water to exist on the planet's surface. It describes how greenhouse gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide trap infrared radiation in the atmosphere, warming it and maintaining temperatures suitable for water. The greenhouse effect is mild, avoiding temperatures that are too hot or cold. The document also discusses the carbon dioxide and water cycles that regulate Earth's climate over long timescales.
Global warming is unequivocal according to climate scientists. The atmosphere is trapping rising levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, which is warming the planet. Some effects of climate change include more extreme weather, rising sea levels, and melting glaciers and ice sheets. While the climate naturally fluctuates, human activity like burning fossil fuels is the main driver of current warming trends according to the IPCC.
Ocean water is a mixture of gases, salts, and minerals dissolved in water. The average salinity is 35 parts per thousand, ranging from 33-38 ppt depending on evaporation and freshwater input. Salinity increases with depth and influences ocean layering, with warmer, fresher water at the surface and colder, saltier water in the deep zone. Density increases with depth and salinity, and decreases with temperature, influencing global ocean circulation patterns.
The document discusses the atmospheres of terrestrial planets. It begins by defining what an atmosphere is and its basic structure. It then discusses atmospheric structure and composition for Earth, Venus, and Mars. Key points are made about how planetary atmospheres developed over time based on interactions between gravity, heating from the sun, and geological processes like volcanism. The document notes that atmospheric conditions on these planets have changed dramatically since their formations.
International Ozone Day is presented to discuss the ozone layer and the threats to it. The ozone layer protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released into the atmosphere were depleting the ozone layer. This led to the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1985. In response, the Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 to phase out the production of ozone-depleting substances and allow the ozone layer to recover by 2050 to 2075.
Changes in the earth and its atmosphereSteve Bishop
The document summarizes changes to the Earth's core, mantle, crust, and atmosphere over time. It describes the theory of tectonic plates and how their movement causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It explains how early theories of continental drift were rejected but later accepted when ocean floor investigations found evidence supporting plate tectonics. It also outlines how the atmosphere was initially composed of gases like carbon dioxide and methane, and how oxygen levels increased due to photosynthesis by plants and algae.
Here are the key points about heat and temperature scales:
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The document summarizes information about the ozone layer, its formation and function, how it protects the Earth from UV radiation, and issues with its depletion. It discusses that the ozone layer is a concentration of ozone molecules in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful UV rays. It forms through interactions between oxygen and radiation, and maintains a balance through continuous breaking down and reforming. However, CFCs released into the atmosphere can destroy ozone molecules and cause depletion. This puts life on Earth at risk by increasing UV exposure.
Similar to The Ozone Layer and its Effect on Sea Surface Temperature (20)
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The Ozone Layer and its Effect on Sea Surface Temperature
1. By: Alicia Delos and Nate Tippe
Teacher: Ms. Everett
Southridge High School
Grade: 10th and 12th
2. Description of Images
• Area of the world: The Antarctic Ocean
• Dates used: October 1980- October 2010
• Parameter depicted in image: Sea Surface Temperature and
the Ozone Hole
5. • The ozone is a natural gas found in our atmosphere
• The "ozone layer" is a region in the stratosphere a few miles
above earth's surface
• The ozone layer shields humans and other living things from
harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun
• Human activity in the past several decades produce a chemical
(chlorofluorocarbons) which is "killing" the ozone layer and
making it shrink
• Ozone depletion occurs mostly in the poles
• In the Antarctic, there is a huge ozone "hole“
• With the increase of ozone harming chemicals, the ozone holes
can increase
6. • The ocean's most common elements are hydrogen, oxygen,
sodium and chloride
• The earth has and still continues to go through climate changes
• Global warming has an effect on every living thing on earth
• Earth absorbs energy from the sun and then emits some of that
energy back into space. This is called the "greenhouse effect"
• The greenhouse effect describes how water vapor, carbon
dioxide and other gasses alter the return of energy into space
therefore heating Earth's surface
7. • Question: Does the area of the ozone hole correlate with the
area of the water that is below 0° C
• Hypothesis: The bigger the ozone hole is, the warmer the water
in the Antarctic will be because the sun will have a more direct
way of getting to the ocean causing it to warm up.
8. • Independent Variable:
• Month: October
• Years: 1980- 2010
• Dependent Variable:
• The area of sea surface temperature below 0° C and the area of the
ozone hole
9. • Source of Images:
• NASA NEO
• NASA Earth Observatory World of Change
• Sources of Background Information:
• NOAA
10. 1. How to prepare the images for measurement:
a. First you have to crop the image so that it is only the area of the
world that you want (in this case the Antarctic ocean). Next, you have
to set the image so that instead of just one image it’s an RGB stack.
After that you have to choose the “green” stack.
2. Set the scale to 3120 km per 289 pixels
3. Set the threshold:
• Set the threshold to include pixel values between 11 and 67 for sea
surface temperature and 116 and 253 for the ozone hole
• This will include the sea surface temperature below 0°C and the
ozone hole size below 220 dobson units (the units used to measure
the ozone)
4. Set measurements to area and limit to threshold then
measure the image
11. Date Area of Sea Surface Area of the Ozone
Temperature Below Hole (km2)
0° C (km2)
Oct. 1981 228802502 17283560
Oct. 1985 208297492 19842643
Oct. 1990 213524156 23038053
Oct. 1995 220452045 24720683
Oct. 2000 212101589 24180584
Oct. 2005 223792228 26168614
Oct. 2010 156988578 26539278
12. The area of the Sea Surface Temperature VS the
area of the Ozone Hole
250000000
200000000
Area (in km^2)
150000000 Area of SST above 0 C
100000000 Area of the Ozone Hole
50000000
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Time (in years)
13. • The highest area of sea surface temperature occurred on Oct.
1981
• The lowest area of sea surface temperature occurred on Oct.
2010
• The highest area of the ozone hole occurred on Oct. 2010
• The lowest area of the ozone hole occurred on Oct. 1981
14. • Data Trend:
• For the sea surface temperature, the water seemed to be getting warmer
with more time. With the ozone hole size, the hole seemed to be getting
bigger with time.
• Unusual Findings:
• There were some years where the water would not follow the trend and
would actually have a larger area with below 0° C water than the past
years.
15. • Hypothesis: The bigger the ozone hole got, the warmer
the water in the Antarctic Ocean was. Without the
ozone, the suns ultraviolet rays will get further into the
earth’s atmosphere causing the water to get warmer.
Our hypothesis was supported by the data and we
found that there was a negative correlation between
the ozone hole size and the area with colder sea
surface temperature. The “R” value for the negative
correlation is -0.45.
• Future Prediction: The more that the ozone gets
destroyed the warmer the earth is going to continue to
get.
16. • 1. The pictures are flat and the earth is round. So some of the
areas near the south pole may be larger or smaller than they
actually are.
• 2. The program used to measure the area (Image J) closed
down so the scale may be off in actual size.
• 3. For the ozone hole pictures, some of the ozone was less
dense in areas we didn’t measure.
• 4. The area measurements were difficult to get after the Image
J program shut down so they might not be exact.
17. • Humans need the ozone hole to protect them from the sun’s
harmful UV rays. The ozone acts as a shield to living things on
earth. Without the ozone, it would be very difficult for anything
to survive. Humans would be getting severe skin cancer. The
ozone provides a 80 - 95% protection. If the ozone were to be
completely destroyed humans would have a major increase in
sun burns and skin cancer.
18. • Plants cannot live and grow with heavy UV rays, and neither
can plankton which would affect the ocean’s food chain. If fish
started dying off from starvation, the Earth’s intricate food web
would be ruined. Animals would have no plants to eat because
those plants would be getting burned by the sun’s UV rays.
19. • Carlowicz, M. "The World We Avoided by Protecting the Ozone Layer."
NASA’s Earth Observatory Website. 2009. Web. 14 May 2012.
<http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/ozone.php
>.
• Climate Prediction Center Internet T, . "Stratosphere: Southern Hemisphere
Ozone Hole Size." National Weather Service. 29 Aug. 2005. Web. 14 May
2012.<http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/stratosphere/sbuv2to/ozo
ne_hole.shtml>.
• http://www.noaa.gov/