This document discusses contraception and various methods of birth control. It defines contraception as the voluntary prevention of conception using artificial means to prevent the union of sperm and egg. Some key points made in the document include: - Contraception is synonymous with terms like family planning and birth control. - Various natural, mechanical, chemical, hormonal, surgical and behavioral methods of contraception are described. - Justifications for the use of contraception discussed include allowing individuals to determine their own fertility and the number of children they support. - Different ethical theories like natural law, utilitarianism and pragmatism are applied to discussions around contraception and sterilization.

1. Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University
College of Nursing 1

2. Contraception
 Voluntary prevention of conception
 Uses artificial means that prevents the union of sperm
and egg
 Synonymous with
 Family planning
 Planned parenthood
 Responsible parenthood
 Birth control
Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 2

3. BIRTH CONTROL???
Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 3

4. Birth control is a misnomer!!!!
The birth of a baby cannot be prevented from being
born or coming out once it is conceived in the womb
Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 4

5. STERILIZATION
 Positive use of artificial methods
 Cutting off the sexual capacity in a man and woman
 Usually done surgically
 Types: (according to willingness)
 Voluntary
 Involuntary
 Types: (according to purpose or ends)
 Therapeutic
 Contraceptive
 Eugenic
 Social
 Punitive
Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 5

6. 1.Therapeutic sterilization
 Removal of part or all of the reproductive organ
 To save ones life or promote bodily integrity
 Principle of totality (under natural law ethics)
Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 6

7. Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 7

8. Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 8

9. Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 9

10. 2. Contraceptive sterilization
 Justification:
1. Serious illness of either husband of wife
 TB, epileptics, syphilitics and lepers
2. Probability of genetic abnormality
 Carrier of defective gene
3. Financial burden
4. Child-bearing puts one’s health in danger
Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 10

11. 3. Eugenic and social sterilization
 Purpose of hindering the conception of undesirable
and physically or mentally unfit offspring
 Social engineering
 Society free from individuals afflicted with social
diseases
 Grave mental defects
 Lepers, idiots
 Imbeciles
 Morons
 Insane
 Carriers of congenital defective genes
Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 11

12. 4. Punitive sterilization
 Done as punishment for crime or antisocial behavior
 Catholic theologians defended this under the double
effect principle
 The sterilization is not “direct” since the primary and
intended effect is punishment and the contraceptive
effect is therefore “indirect” or secondary
Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 12

13. Justifications of contraception
1. Parenthood and birth are matters of moral responsibility
and intelligent choice.
2. An individual should be the one to determine his/her
fertility and should be able to control his/her fecundity
3. One should be able to decide how many children one is
able to bear and support
4. Contraceptive technology makes men and women
persons of will and decision, and not inert and powerless
bodies subject to church proscriptions or to the divine
will.
5. Contraception checks the transmission of recessive
disorders or genetically-linked diseases.
 Genetic testing and chromosomal analysis
Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 13

14. Methods of Contraception
1. Folk methods
 Precoital/Poscoital Douche
 Prolonged Lactation
 Withdrawal- coitus interruptos, coitus reservatus
2. Mechanical methods
 condom
 Diaphragm
 Sponge
3. Chemical methods
 Vaginal suppositories and tablets
 Vaginal jellies, creams, and foams
Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 14

15. 4. Hormonal methods
 Contraceptive pills
 Injections and implants
5. Abortifacients
 Intrauterine Device
 DES( diethylstilbestrol
 Prostaglandin
 Antipregnancy vaccine
 Low-dose of contraceptive pills
Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 15

16. 6. Surgical methods
 Tubal ligation
 Vasectomy
 Hysterectomy
7. Natural or behavioral methods
 Rhythm or calendar method
 Temperature method
 Ovulation (Mucus) Method
 Sympto-thermal method
 Sex relations during menstruation
Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 16

17. Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN Central Mindanao
University College of Nursing 17

18. Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN Central Mindanao
University College of Nursing 18

19. Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN Central Mindanao
University College of Nursing 19

20. Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN Central Mindanao
University College of Nursing 20

21. Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN Central Mindanao
University College of Nursing 21

22. Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN Central Mindanao
University College of Nursing 22

23. Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN Central Mindanao
University College of Nursing 23

24. Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN Central Mindanao
University College of Nursing 24

25. Application of ethical theories
 Natural law ethics had two division
 only rhythm method and abstinence
 Voluntary sterilization as WRONG
 Utilitarianism
 Justify contraception and sterilization for the greatest
happiness and benefits
 Pragmatism
 Contraception and sterilization is
practical, useful, beneficial
Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 25

26. Mevelle L. Asuncion, RN
Central Mindanao University College of Nursing 26