"THE METHODOLOGY OF TRANSLATION - WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SANSKRIT TO PERSIAN"

1. THE METHODOLOGY OF TRNSLATION
(WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SANSKRIT TO PERISAN)
Research Scholar
CHANDRAGUPTA BHARTIYA
Ph.D. (Sanskrit)
Reg. 16/12/2015
Department of Sanskrit
University of Delhi
Delhi - 110007
15 – September - 2016

2. THE METHODOLOGY OF TRNSLATION
(WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SANSKRIT TO PERISAN)

3. Translation - an introduction
1.
3.
4.
2.
Translation typically has been used to transfer written or spoken texts to
equivalent written or spoken texts.
It is a relation between sentences of a source language and the sentences of a
target language.
Dr. Puran Chand Tandan says, “Translation is a Trans-Relation between one
language to the another language or one culture to the another culture.”
It is the communication of the meaning of a source language text by means of
an equivalent target language text.

4. The purpose of translation
The Purpose of Translation is to reproduce various kinds of texts, including
religious, literary, scientific and philosophical texts – in another language and
making them available to wider readers.

5. Division of Translation
Functional Basis Trans. Material TranslationMeans Used Translation
1. Literary
1.1. Poetry
1.2. Prose
2. Informative
2.1. Advertisement
2.2. News
2.3. Technical
2.4. Legal
2.5. Scientific
1. Computer Aided
2. Machine Translation
3. Human Translation
3.1. Same Culture
3.2. Other Culture
1. Written Translation.
2. Oral Translation.

6. Computer Aided/Assisted translations and Machine Translation
CAT : Computer-Assisted Translation :
MT : Machine Translation :
MT, is a procedure whereby a computer program analyses a source text and
produces a target text without further human intervention. In reality, however,
machine translation typically does involve human intervention, in the form of
pre-editing and post-editing.
CAT, also called “Computer aided translation (CAT)” or “Machine aided human
translation (MAHT)” or “Interactive translation (IT)”. It is form of translation
wherein a human translator creates a target text with the assistance of a computer
programme.
1.
2.

7. Method or technique of the translation
1.
3.
2.
There are no standard or only one guaranteed method or technique for
translation.
We can divide them into eight types. Those are:
Everybody have their own translation method or technique, but there are some
common translation techniques.

8. Eight types of translation methodology
1.
2.
8.
5.
6.
7.
4.
3.
Word – for – word translation or word – to – word translation.
Literal translation.
Communicative translation.
Adaptive translation.
Free translation.
Idiomatic translation.
Semantic translation.
Faithful translation.

9. Word – for – word translation or word – to – word translation
1.
3.
4.
2.
Word – for – word translation is a “mechanics-translation”.
The word order of the source language is preserved and the words translated by
their most common meaning.
Usually the meaning of cultural and philosophical words are translated literally.
The main use of this method is either to understand the mechanics of the source
language or to construct a difficult text as pre-translation process.
5. यो म ां पश्यति सर्वत्र, सर्ं च मतय पश्यति।
िस्य हां न प्रणश्य तम, स च मे न प्रणश्यति।। - (भगर्द्गीि 6/30)
‫که‬ ‫کسی‬‫نیست‬ ‫پنهان‬ ‫من‬ ‫از‬ ‫او‬ ‫و‬ ،‫نیستم‬ ‫غایب‬ ‫او‬ ‫از‬ ‫من‬ ،‫من‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫همه‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ببیند‬ ‫همه‬ ‫در‬ ‫مرا‬.
(कसी के ह मर दर हमेह बेबीनद,र् हमेह र दर मन, मन अज़ ऊ ग यब नीस्िम, र् ऊ अज़ मन तपनह न नीस्ि।)
(द र शुकू ह द्व र अनूतदि भ गर्द्गीि क फ रसी अनुर् द, पृ.सां. 38)

10. Literal translation
1.
3.
4.
2.
Literal translation, also known as “word – for – word translation.”
The grammatical constructions of the source language are converted to their
equivalents of the nearest target language, but the lexical items are again
translated out of context.
It uses for the translations of scientific, technical, technological or legal texts.
The translation is known in everyday usages direct translation, denotes the
rendering of text from one language to the another language.

11. Faithful translation
1.
3.
2.
It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within
the grammatical structures of the target language.
Faithful translation is called as “dogmatic translation”
(पूर्णनियमािुसार प्रनिबनिि अथवा नसिान्िवादी)
It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical
deviation for the norms of source language.

12. Semantic translation
1.
3.
2.
Sematic translation is a personal an individual translation.
We see, where “faithful translation” is dogmatic, there “Sematic translation” is
more flexible.
It follows the thought processes of the author or translator.

13. Adaptive translation
1.
3.
2.
This is the freest form of translation.
Source language are converted to the culture of target language in this tr.
It mainly used for plays and poetry: themes or characters or plots preserved.

14. Free translation (भावािुवाद)
1.
3.
4.
2.
A free translation is a translation that reproduces the general meaning of the
original text.
It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of
the original.
Usually, it is a ‘Paraphrase’, much longer than the original.
It may or may not closely follow the form of the original.
5. In Hindi: र्र् व क सीजन है खण्ड ल ज के क्य करन , र्र् व के सीजन में ही िो मज है मेरी मैन !
In Sanskrit: र्र् वय ाः क लोSतस्ि खण्ड ल ां गत्र् तकां कु र्वाः, र्र् वय ाः क ले ह्येर् तप्रये ! आय ति आनन्दाः

15. Idiomatic translation
1.
2.
3.
Idiomatic translation, that conveys the meaning of the original or source text,
by using equivalent language and the forms and structures of the target
language, in order to produce a translation that reads, that has the meaning by
preferring idioms.
Eg. ‫آید‬ ‫می‬ ‫در‬ ‫پدر‬.
पेदर दर मी आयद ( ‫پدر‬‫در‬‫می‬‫آید‬ )
literary or word to word translation of the Persian idiom will be – नपिा घर आ गए
(Father came to home) – but the Persian idiom doesn’t give the same
meaning. In English it’s mean – “a hard nut to crack”, in Hindi we can use लोहे
के चिे चबािा अथवा खूि पसीिा एक ककरिा ।

16. Communicative translation
1.
3.
2.
Communicative Translation is social translation, it concentrates on the message
and the main force of the text.
It attempts to reader the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way
that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to
the readership.
It tends to under translate, to be simple, clear and brief, and always written in
natural and resourceful style.

17. The problems of translation
2.
1.
Translation problems can be divided into two parts:
Cultural Problems: the cultural problems refer to different situational features
of society or culture.
Linguistic Problems: in linguistic problems we include grammatical
differences, lexical and meaning ambiguity;

18. Condition for a good translation
1.
2.
A good translation is one that carries all the ides of the original as well as its
structural (Linguistic or Grammatical) and cultural features too.
A good translation is easily understood, fluent and smooth and idiomatic. It
reconstructs the cultural and historical context of the original.

19. Condition for a good translator
1.
2.
A translator should have good command on both of the source language and the target
language. In this case he/she should know about basic elements of both of the languages.
He/she should have good knowledge about the linguistic or grammatical parts as well as the
cultural parts of both of the languages. Such as:
Linguistic or Grammatical parts:
Cultural parts:
Parts of speech: Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Adjective, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection.,
Articles, Vocabulary, Spellings, Sentence Structure, Synonyms, Antonyms, Correct use of words,
Phrases and Idioms.
Myths, Beliefs, Stereotyped befiefs, blind faiths, Traditions or Heritages of the target language.

20. Conclusion
In the conclusion we can say that there are no any standard or only one method or
technique for translation.
In all of the eight techniques of translation, the ‘Free translation (भावािुवाद)’ is useful
for the translation of literature part (Prose and Poetry).
Except these eight types of translations, we can add some more types, such as:
Poetic translation and explanative translation etc.
Every person have their own translation method or technique, but there are some
common translation techniques, which we discussed above.

21.  Alekseeva, L.M., 2010, Translation as a reflection of activity, Vestnik
permskong university, pp. 45-51
 Bazyev, V.N., 2008, Semiotic translation model, Politicheskay lingvistika,
pp. 115-117
 Gile, D., 2009, Basic concepts and models for interpreter and translator
training, John Benjamins, Amsterdam; Philadelphia.
 Robinson, D, 2003, Becoming a translator: an introduction to the theory
and practice of translation, (2nd ed.), Routledge, London; New York.
 Volkova, T.A., 2012, Discourse and translation modelling, Science Book
Publishing House, Yelm
 Internet sources
Bibliography

22. Thank you